Help me introduce the origin and history of Tibetans.

People in Xizang is an ancient nation with a long history, hard work, courage and wisdom. Many archaeological excavations in Tibet fully show that human beings lived in this vast land 20,000 years ago and experienced the Paleolithic Age and the Neolithic Age. They are the ancestors of Tibetans today.

Like other ancient nationalities, in its initial development process, with the understanding of nature and the slow improvement of productivity, many tribes gradually formed, among which the Yalong River tribe in Shannan area of Tibet developed the fastest, and the legend of "monkeys turning into people" believed by Tibetans was born here.

When it comes to the origin of Tibetans, we have to mention several legends related to the origin of Tibetans. Among the legends about the formation of the ancestral home of the Tibetan people, the most famous is the legend that the sea turned into a mulberry field: a long time ago, it was an endless sea, and the waves rolled up and slapped the coast covered with conifers, hemlocks and palm trees, making a loud noise. Above the forest, the mountains are green and the clouds are lingering; The forest is full of all kinds of exotic flowers and grasses, groups of sika deer and antelope are running, and groups of rhinoceros are stumbling along the lake and drinking water leisurely. Rhododendrons, thrushes and larks are jumping around on the treetops, singing cheerful songs; Rabbits run carefree on the lush green grass ... what a charming picture of peace and stability! One day, a huge five-headed dragon suddenly appeared in the sea, which shattered the forest, stirred up waves and destroyed flowers and trees. All the animals and birds living here have a premonition that disaster is coming. They jumped to the east, and the forest in the east dumped and the grassland flooded; They rushed to the west again, and the west was also rough, and no one could breathe. Just when the birds and animals were cornered, suddenly, five colorful clouds floated across the sea and became five clever dakini. They came to the seaside and used their boundless magic to subdue five poisonous dragons. The devil was conquered and the sea was calm. Deer, antelopes, monkeys, rabbits and birds living here worship fairies and thank them for saving their lives. Empty people want to leave and return to heaven, but all beings beg that they stay here and benefit all beings. So the five fairies were merciful and agreed to stay and enjoy a peaceful day with all beings. The five fairies ordered the sea to recede, so the east became a dense forest, the west was fertile land, the south was a garden with lush flowers and plants, and the north was an endless pasture. The five fairies have become the five main peaks in the Himalayas, namely Shouxian Peak, Cuiyan Peak, Huizhen Peak, Guanyong Peak and Shiren Peak, standing on the southwest edge, guarding this happy paradise; The Emerald Fairy Peak headed by it is Mount Everest, the highest peak in the world today, which is affectionately called "goddess peak" by local people.

The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has changed from a sea to a sea, which has been proved by more and more scientific investigations and discoveries. However, lofty is not formed overnight, but changes slowly. It is only the crustal changes in recent millions of years that have led to the sharp rise of Gaoyuan uplift. In recent years, the determination of Mount Everest, the main peak of the Himalayas, proves that the plateau is still rising, which is amazing in the history of local rescue, but it only rises by one or two centimeters a year.

The Tibetan people have always believed in the myth of Tibetan origin: According to legend, Guanyin Bodhisattva of Putuo Mountain taught a macaque transformed from a god from the South China Sea and ordered it to practice in the snowy plateau of Tibet. This macaque came to the cave in Yalong River Valley to practice compassion and bodhicitta. A female demon tried her best to seduce it and said, "Let's combine!" " The macaque replied, "I am a disciple of Guanyin Bodhisattva, and I was ordered to practice here. If I marry you, I will break my commandments. " The female demon said, "if you don't combine with me, I'll have to commit suicide." Because I was destined to be a demon in my last life, you and I can't be a loving couple. In the future, I will be a devil's wife and give birth to countless demons and grandchildren. At that time, the snowy plateau will become the devil's world, and thousands of creatures will be destroyed. So, I hope you will agree to my request. "Marrying a banshee will break the rules, and not combining with a banshee will cause great sin. The contradictory macaque returned to Putuo Mountain and asked Guanyin Bodhisattva for instructions. Avalokitesvara said, "This is an auspicious sign. It is a great good thing that you can combine with her and reproduce in the snowy plateau. As a bodhisattva, be brave and fearless, and quickly marry a banshee. "Macaques and witches became partners and gave birth to six little monkeys. They have different temperaments and hobbies. They each look for food and live in a fruit forest. Three years later, when macaques went to visit their children, they found that the children had multiplied to 500, and the fruits in the forest were about to dry up and their lives were miserable. The old macaque once again returned to Putuo Mountain to ask Guanyin Bodhisattva for help. He took out natural grain seeds from Xumi Mountain and scattered them on the earth, which was full of all kinds of grains. Because monkeys get enough food, their tails get shorter, they can talk, and they gradually become people. This is the ancestor of the snowy plateau. Legends are legends after all, but it is a miracle that ancient legends can coincide with Darwin's theory of evolution that apes become human beings.

With regard to the survival and development history of Tibetan people in modern times, it is said that one day in 237 BC, herders in Yalong River valley found a talented young man in Zantang Kuoxi. His words and deeds were different from those of the local aborigines, and the herdsmen went back to the settlement to ask how to deal with the young man. Presbyterian 12 Linggu went up the mountain to ask where the young people came from. The young man pointed to the sky with his finger. The elders and believers thought that the young man was from the sky and was "the son of the gods". He was very happy. /kloc-The leader of 0/2 people craned their necks to sit in a sedan chair and became a "Son of God". They rushed back to the tribe, deified him, and even made him the leader of the tribe. People respectfully call him "Nezzizamp". In Tibetan, "Nie" means neck, "Chi" is the throne, and "Zanpu" is the king of valor. Because he was carried around his neck by a shepherd, he was called "Ying Jie who regards his neck as a throne". Nie Chizamp was the first leader of the Tubo tribe. Nie Chizamp unified the Yalong tribe and built the first palace-Yongbulakang, which is located on the Yalong Valley Hill, not far from the southeast of Zedang Town, Naidong County, 40 kilometers away from Lhasa/Kloc-0. This building without any luxury is called Yongbulakang, Yong is the mother, Bu is the child, and Lacan is the temple, so it can be called Palace. Yong bulakang is small in scale. It is located on a hill, facing west. The front is a three-story building, and the back is a high-rise building in the form of a bunker. Nie Chizamp became the first tribal leader in Tibetan history.

During the period from Zampa I to the 5th century 1000, Tibet's agriculture and animal husbandry economy developed rapidly and mastered the smelting technology of copper, silver and iron. During this period, Bonism, the primitive religion in Tibet, occupied the ideological field in Tibet. The early Boni religion was similar to Shamanism, worshiping nature and believing in animism. The main religious forms were sacrifice, divination and disaster. At that time, when the productivity was very low, Bonism won the hearts of the people and played a huge role in the ruling class. During the 28th Zapato Rizan period, Buddhism began to be introduced into Tubo. Due to the powerful influence of Buddhist groups, Buddhism was only introduced without spreading and developing. It was not until the 32nd generation Zagambo unified Tibet and established the first Tubo dynasty that Tibet entered a new stage of civilization and historical development.

Especially in recent years, archaeological excavations in Tibet have provided a lot of evidence for the theory of Tibetan origin. Especially the discovery of Karo site is of great significance. Karuo site is located at 12km south of Qamdo, Tibet, and was discovered at 1977. On the triangular secondary platform near Xikaruo, west of Lancang River, it is 3 100 meters above sea level. This is the highest Neolithic site excavated in China. During the two excavations, 28 house sites, 7,968 stone tools, 366 bone implements, more than 20,000 pottery, 50 ornaments, millet and animal bones were found. The Kaka site was identified by radioactive carbon, and it was four or five thousand years ago. The primitive culture it represents has a strong local color. First of all, in terms of production tools, the site shows all the characteristics of the Neolithic Age, but forged stone tools, fine stone tools and ground stone tools still coexist, with giant stone tools accounting for the majority. Secondly, pottery, pottery is mixed sand pottery, handmade. Decorative patterns are mainly descriptive patterns, tapered patterns and additional pile patterns. The shape of the vessel is a small flat-bottomed vessel, which consists of a pot, a basin and a bowl. Thirdly, in architecture, stone is widely used as raw materials, such as stone-walled houses, stone roads, national stone platforms, stone paddocks and so on.

These characteristics of Karuo site show that Karuo culture is the representative culture of the Neolithic age in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. In the past, paleolithic tools were found in Sur, Shenzha, Zabu, Rishang, Hall and Pulan counties, and microliths were found in Naqu, Shenzha, Shuanghu, Bango, Nyalam and Ritu. Neolithic cultures found in Linzhi, Medog, Lhasa, Zada, Naidong and Xiaoenda are similar to Qamdo Karo culture, and there seems to be some similarities.

Karuo culture is not an isolated primitive culture in Tibet Plateau, but is more or less related to the primitive culture in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River. Some forged stone tools were found in the loess accumulation in the Yalong River basin and Dadu River basin in the east, and Majiayao and Racecourse in the mid-levels were found in Gansu and Qinghai provinces in the north four or five thousand years ago. There seems to be a close ancient cultural exchange between Kaku and two neighboring areas. In terms of making stone tools, the disc-shaped smashing devices of card culture can be found in Sibatan, Yongjing Dahezhuang and Jiuquan Xiahe Qingmachang sites in Gansu Province. Knives were found in Majiayao cultural sites such as Luohantang and Qijiaping near Lanzhou. Exquisite stone tools and ground stone tools have also been found in Neolithic cultural sites in the upper reaches of the Yellow River. As for the round and square semi-cellar houses, braised earth walls and living surfaces in the early Karuo culture, they belong to the cultural tradition and living form of Majiayao in Gansu and Qinghai. Millet found in Karuo site is a traditional crop in the Yellow River basin, which is drought-tolerant and rarely planted in the south. The millet of Karo culture may come from Li Wenhua, Majia.

The excavation of Karuo site is of epoch-making significance to the study of Tibetan primitive culture and provides detailed information for the origin of Tibetans. It shows that the Qiang people who went south from Hehuang only formed a part of the Tibetan ancestors, and only later joined the integration. In fact, as early as the Paleolithic, primitive people lived in Tibet. According to the data excavated from Karuo site, human beings have lived here since ancient times and opened up this vast land.