Introduction to Metaphysics

During the Northern Dynasties, the trend of metaphysics continued to develop and had a wide influence in Hexi region, Hebei region and Guanzhong region with Chang 'an as the center. Scholars in the Northern Dynasties often used both metaphysics and etiquette, and often quoted Laozi and his Gongzhu on the River when talking about classics. Obviously, they are influenced by Taoist thought, and it can be seen that Confucianism and Taoism are consistent. Besides Lao Zi, I also absorbed Shu Wei's thoughts. For example, in Liangzhou, Hexi, Yun Teng, Sony Ericsson, Song Xian, Li Guo, Qijia and other scholars all started as sinologists like their predecessors, such as the study of divination, etiquette and law, and the study of yin and yang. For example, "it is more enlightening to think about the art of yin and yang and write more articles on astronomy and geography"; (Book of Jin, volume 94, Biography of Living in Seclusion and Attacking) Suotong "I studied business in the capital and studied classics, so I became a scholar. In the Ming Dynasty, yin and yang were astronomical, and the number of good skills accounted for the waiting (Book of Jin, volume 95, Suo Tong Chuan Shu). Guo Da-da's Book of Jin (Volume 95) and Biography of Yi Wen Zhi Guo Mo said that as an official monarch, he was "a little ignorant of the Book of Changes". In the last years of Zhang Tianci, every time he asked about the Western Expedition, Zhao Ning, the satrap, told him to grind ... "... and treat Yin and Yang. Song Xian called him "a man of insight with latitude and longitude, and his disciples accepted his post of 3,000" in Book of Jin (volume 94) and Biography of Song Xian. He talks about longitude and latitude and is also a sinologist. Guo Wei's Book of Jin Hermit Li Guochuan (Volume 94) records him: "... wrote The Book of Spring and Autumn Mohism and the Book of Filial Piety, and recorded more than a thousand disciples"; The Book of Jin, Biography of Qi Family, Volume 94, Biography of Hermit Qi Family, said that he was "sexually harmonious and tireless in teaching others, and wrote Erjiu nerves according to the Book of Filial Piety. "The two of them also taught chapters and sentences about longitude and latitude. Moreover, these scholars are mostly based on metaphysical rites, such as Guo Wei. The Book of Jin Biography says that he "has rarely made extraordinary achievements, traveled in Zhangye, studied under Guo He, and made the best of his career. "... Lotus pawn, born by his father, was a teacher and a monarch, and made five clothes. The teacher didn't pay attention to clothes, and the sage was modest. He took it and died. Lu Tomb was three years old"; Teng Teng used to "raise filial piety" and attacked "raising filial piety, being virtuous and upright". Celebrities at that time all loved Taoism. Suogong, the Book of Jin said that he "does not communicate with the contemporary world, or laughs alone, or sighs, or asks nothing", so Suogong was named Xuanju by posthumous title; Song Xian in the Book of Jin is said to be "far away, Shen Jing lives in seclusion in Nanshan, Jiuquan", which is regarded as mysterious; However, Li Guo, "... hidden in the pine valley, was born by chiseling stones and served the white stone with a light man fit", and Li Guo seems to be a Taoist. Tan Teng, a Taoist hermit, said in Biography of the Book of Jin: "Raising a dutiful son, except a doctor, belongs to the chaos of the world, going to the official and returning home. ..... sigh for Sun: Born in troubled times, you can be poor, but you can avoid it. Scattered family wealth of 500,000 yuan, donated to clan relatives, irrigated gardens in Chai Men, and adapted piano books. Zhang Gui was appointed as an official Sima, Teng said, once the door is opened, it can be opened! Truth. " You can abandon your wealth and reputation to protect yourself. After their death, they were branded as Taoists, such as Xuanju and Xu Xuan, and their thoughts should also have the tendency of Taoist metaphysics. Even from the limited available materials, we can see some traces. For example, when Song Xian refused Zhang Zuo to sign him as the teacher of the Prince, he went to Japan: "I was born outside the party, and my heart yearned for Taigu, and I was born without joy, and I died without sorrow ..." It was completely Zhuangzi's tone. It is worth mentioning that the king of Zhao, in the Book of Jin, said that he was "a little studious, generous, good-natured, well-versed in classics and history. The dragon, who is quite martial arts, recites Sun Wu's Art of War. " However, the first few lines of Li Xuansheng's "Xu Zhi Fu" contained in the biography are: "Take advantage of the air to drive, take advantage of this, and be metaphysical and Xing Tao, and inherit the ghost symbol of the elves." There are metaphysical and Taoist terms such as "absolute emptiness", "ontology" and "Xuanyuan" mentioned here. The general who was born in Longxi and became Ji was also affected by it. Also, Master Ju Qu Meng Xun of the Northern Liang Dynasty recorded in Volume 96 of Supplement to the Sixteen Countries in the Spring and Autumn Period: "In September (14th year), Cheng Tang (Ju Qu Meng Xun) hosted a banquet for his ministers to talk about classics. Gu said, Dr. Liu Sunri said, How's it going? Sun said: saints are also. Sun Mu: A saint can keep pace with the times without sticking to things. Fear of rectification, shame on Chen, cut down trees and cut down traces. Are saints solid? Sun is wrong. " In Zhuangzi and Metaphysics, it is the same saying that a saint "can live with the world without clinging to things". The irony of Confucius's "fear of opening up, insulting Chen, cutting down trees and cutting off traces" can be found in Zhuangzi Fisherman. Ju Mengxun knows Zhuangzi and likes to speak freely. Many literati and even emperors in the Northern Wei Dynasty were influenced by metaphysics since the Wei and Jin Dynasties. If Cheng Jun is a master of metaphysics, the Book of Wei, Volume 60, Biography of Cheng Jun, says: "It is called filial piety to be lonely and poor. Teacher Liu Ping is quick-thinking, studious and tireless day and night. ..... You mean basking in the sun: Confucianism, a world-famous religion, has become a false saying of Laozi and Zhuangzi, which is not practical. It can be used for reference from the world, and it is suitable for natural purposes. If so, it can be said that it is the most smooth. If a person is good, he will be annoyed by a fake life, and if he is cold, he will be really sad. Sunbathing: youth is still young, and it will be beautiful when it matures! ..... The ancestors repeatedly quoted the monarch to discuss the meaning of righteousness and old age, saying that it was the day of the minister: I talked with this person with great meaning. ..... Jun played Ode to Virtue and Art again, starting from solid industry and ending in inaction, with ten articles. Many words are not carried. " Get one ",from Chapter 39 of Laozi:" Get one past, the sky was clear, the land was peaceful, the gods were full of spirits, the valley was profitable, and everything was animistic. The prince of Hou thought that the world was virtuous. "Yi" and "Lao" are the main topics of Wei's conversation. It can be seen that Cheng Jun not only worships Taoism and metaphysics, but also speaks clearly. The legacy said: "Since this life is clear, it is not my ambition for Baidu to follow the ceremony. "Say don't stick to moral codes, Cheng Jun and celebrities. It can also be seen that the ancestors of the Northern Wei Dynasty also liked to say it clearly. " "Biography of Shu Wei as an Army" contains: "After five years' delay, the ancestor Pingliang moved to the capital, which was known by Situ Cui Hao. ..... The ancestors quoted your words many times to discuss the meaning of righteousness and old age, and Gu said to the ministers,' I am very open-minded about this man.' "Visible after the middle of the Northern Wei Dynasty, metaphysics spread, and the influence of Hexi scholars began to appear. When talking about Cheng Jun's role, Lv Simian said: "It is the wind of talking, spreading to Hexi and returning to Charlotte." [4] (P 1385) ① It is like this. Emperor Xianwen became the first Northern Wei emperor to advocate metaphysics. (2) Emperor Xiaowen is educated. Book of Wei, Volume 7, The Story of the Emperor Gaozu, says, "You are so fond of reading that you can't put it down. The meaning of "Five Classics" is easy to understand, but it is difficult to learn from it and explore its essence. History has told hundreds of stories, none of which should be involved. Good at talking about "Zhuang" and "Lao", especially. " Emperor Xiaowen was good at talking about Laozi and Zhuangzi and naturally fell in love with metaphysics. Emperor Xiaojing of the Eastern Wei Dynasty also studied Zhuangzi and other classics. (3) Du Bi was the most famous metaphysical scholar in the Northern Dynasties. The Book of Northern Qi (Volume 24) Du Bi's Biography called him: "Bi is famous for his good reason, exploring Xuanzong, being free in the army, and learning from the scriptures with him. Note Laozi's Tao Te Ching, Volume II. " Another cloud said, "Be good at Hyunri. As you get older, you will become more and more honest. He also mentioned Zhuangzi's "Joining the Teachers" and "Yi". Go up and down the west, and the name of the heart is the same as the world. " Lao, Zhuang and Yi Du Bi all have annotations. In this sinicized atmosphere, many figures in the upper class of Xianbei royal family showed obvious metaphysical color in their life style, words and deeds. This is especially evident after Xuan Wudi and Ming Di. For example, The Biography of Shu Wei (Volume 18) King Taiwu and King Tan Linhuai said: "There is less literature as his brother An Yanming and Zhongshan as the imperial clan of Bo Gu, so one cannot judge whether it is good or bad. Shang, Lu Dao said to Qinghe and Cui Xiu, the official department:' Although there are no advantages and disadvantages in learning talents, there are fewer blessings than expected, and there are too many soaps in Zhongshan, which is not as elegant as Jinan. The artificial language at that time said:' The King of Chu is beautiful, but not as round as Jinan. The posture is idle, the spit is flowing, and the evil king is fascinated by celebrities. After the "change of river shade", he ran south, and "sent Mr. Chen to pick him up and regarded him as a human being." Sun Jian politician retaliated by saying that he was carefree and handsome. Yan is also famous first, deeply impressed. He was happy to see him in the garden because of the banquet. " It also says: "I am beautiful and graceful, and I am good at making progress." Under my clothes, I am elegant and tolerant. Read more books, not chapters. " Wang Yuancheng in Rencheng, Shu Wei (19) and Wang Yunchuan in Rencheng, the Twelve Kings of Mu Jing, recorded that they were "eager to learn". ..... sent to Korea, seeing its elegance, said the guest of honor, Zhang Yi,' Wei Rencheng is famous for its martial arts, and now Wei Rencheng is famous for its literary beauty.' Yuan Chengzi Yuanshun is flattering, lighter than glory, good at drinking, playing the drums and playing the piano, singing and sighing through the ages, and keeping the room empty. "Jiang Yi," young and sensitive, beautiful appearance, high-impedance love. Wang Xie of Pengcheng was quite different from his interest, saying,' This son is magnificent in the wind and moist in the yellow. If it is a festival, it will be better than two men.' He is knowledgeable and has a comprehensive word group. He is literate, good at reasoning, tolerant and patient, and his emotions are invisible. (2) It can be seen that Tuoba's royal temperament changed in the middle and late Northern Wei Dynasty. In addition, other Xianbei people who entered Luohan Flower also studied metaphysics. For example, Volume XXVIII, The Biography of Lu Teng, carries Lu Teng as the generation, while his father is "elegant in nature, good at learning from the old and learning from the old, and writing five-star essence and two-instrument true pictures, which is quite meaningful." In addition, there are Northern Wei Yuan chemists who entered the customs from Luoyang. The Biography of Lu Lin in Zhou Shuru records the situation of Lu Guang when he was young. He is Lu Bian's younger brother. He is "gentle and honest, well-read, proficient in three rites, good at yin and yang, good at understanding the rhythm of clocks, and good at metaphysics", and has a chapter on Tao Te Ching. However, from Jing Yu's and Jing Ren's ways of studying, we can see signs of accepting the style of study in the Southern Dynasties. And (Volume 46) Chuan Zhang, whose father is from Hejian, said, "Less studious, more wet behind the ears, ... Since Liang Wudi entered the customs, ... officials of the Zhou Dynasty, many military commanders, only admired being self-taught, which was very important at that time. ..... I wrote the meaning of Laozi and Zhuangzi, called Daoyan, and there are 52 articles. " Zhang is a studious and loving father. Sui Shu (Volume 5/KLOC-0)/The Biography of Ancestors Attached to Sun Tzu contains: "Minhui is affectionate, beautiful and graceful, involved in many books, and also good at martial arts. At the beginning of Jiande, Emperor Wu was a Taoist, especially good at metaphysics. He studies history, is good at talking, and has a bachelor's degree in Tongdao Pavilion. The pool should be selected, and it is related to the handsome tour. " Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty "learned classics and history, and was a good talker, and he was a bachelor in Tongguan", which showed that his tolerance for metaphysics was obviously enhanced. "The rough wind at the beginning of the week has changed slightly since then." Most of the above personnel entered the Sui Dynasty, and the style of study continued in the Sui Dynasty.