Ancient royal wedding

It was not until the Zhou Dynasty that men and women were allowed to get married and perform six rites. According to the Book of Rites, the Law of Tang Dynasty and the Law of Ming Dynasty, the six rites are repeatedly accepted, asked for names, accepted, accepted, announced and welcomed. Even the emperor can't help buying and selling marriage. Ming Shenzong Zhu Yijun's wedding cost more than 90,000 taels of silver for weaving alone. The wedding of Zai Chun, the Tongzhi Emperor of the Qing Dynasty, cost more than 20 million taels of silver.

In the seventh year of the Ming Dynasty (1442), Zhu Qizhen was sixteen years old and should get married.

Perhaps, except the world, it is the emperor; Perhaps, the emperor's wedding scene is big, the action is big, the rules are big, and the trouble is big ... Anyway, the emperor's wife is called "big wedding".

At the same time of the big wedding, the queen will be engraved with gold books and treasures (certificates and seals); Choose one or four concubines at the same time

Not every emperor can catch up with the grand wedding. An emperor who married an adult before he ascended the throne, after he became emperor, only held the ceremony of conferring the queen, and did not reissue the wedding.

Zhu Qizhen this boy is really lucky, caught up with the wedding. For this matter, Zhang Taihou, Empress Wu, as well as the court etiquette, racked their brains and made a thousand choices, which broke their hearts. Wang Zhen, Li Si and Zhu Qizhen's eunuchs, who forget to make friends, are also very busy. Whether from personal friendship, flattery, business, or even taking the opportunity to make big money, Wang Zhen sincerely advocated "doing big things and doing special things" and sent purchasing delegations to order samples all over the country early.

Zhu Qizhen's "lamp" costs a lot of oil, so you must never find another "crazy girl" to match him! Zhang Taihou weighed the matter, integrated opinions and suggestions from all sides, and resolutely broke the ancestral training that "empresses come from the people" and made a decision: Qian Yunming, Minister of Industry and Trade, had the eldest daughter as the queen and Shi Yuyunxiang's daughter as the princess. After the meeting, does not fully agree with and firmly support the wise decision of Empress Dowager Tai. Subsequently, the Hanlin Academy was responsible for drafting certificates and other related documents, and the Ritual Department was responsible for making stacks and treasures, and preparing supplies and gifts together with the Ritual Department and the Neifu Department. Qin's burden is not light. He is responsible for choosing an auspicious day to "perform six rites".

"Limited to men and women, marriage, the instrument of six rites" began in the Zhou Dynasty. In the Book of Rites, the six rites are "crown, marriage, funeral, sacrifice, hometown and meeting". "Crown" is a "ceremony of adoption"; Getting married before adulthood is "indecent assault" without "rite of passage". The Book of Rites, the Law of the Tang Dynasty and the Law of the Ming Dynasty stipulate that the procedures of "marriage" are: receiving gifts, asking names, receiving gifts, announcing dates and welcoming relatives, also known as "six rituals".

Receiving gifts means giving gifts to discuss marriage, and asking the matchmaker to find out the truth. The ancients thought that geese "sang with their husbands" and were single-minded and worth learning. So, take a wild goose as a gift when picking. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the ceremonies were rich and could keep up with each other. We can't wander around with a wild goose anymore.

Q. Name

Seeking a name is to hold a ceremony to ask the other person's name and date of birth to see if the "fate" is appropriate.

On the reception day, officials of the Ministry of Rites drew up etiquette procedures and norms, and arranged ceremony venues with a large group of eunuchs and maids. Press "chang yi", set up a ceremonial ceremony outside Gan Qing's gate, and set up women who are willing to do the work of clearing the palace. In the main hall of Gan Qing Palace, two tables were set up temporarily, which were covered with apricot satin tablecloths. On one table, "Festival" was written, and on the other table, "Ask the name" was written. Gifts for Qian Shangshu's family were also displayed in broad daylight.

The wedding etiquette of royal family members and court officials is rare, and it may only happen once in a lifetime. Although the officials of the Ministry of Rites shouted, they actually "crossed the river by feeling the stones" according to the relevant provisions of ancient books and documents, and learned in practice. Other central government officials who came to watch the ceremony felt fresh, busy watching the excitement and forgot to observe discipline. Crack hon temple officials (in charge of the concierge) finally caught the opportunity to show their faces and ordered the ceremony team to maintain order, which provoked many "bookworm" officials to look askance.

Qin officials proudly reported: auspicious moment has arrived! Dressed as a monster, Zhu Qizhen made a grand appearance surrounded by ministers, guards and eunuchs, entered the main hall of Gan Qing Palace and ascended the throne to the music. Princes and ministers fell to their knees and shouted long live. The official announced the imperial edict, stood on the east side of the single pen, loudly announced the imperial edict, and appointed two messengers to go to Qian Shangshu's house to collect names. In The Sound of Music, two angels were awarded honors and letters. Li Cheng, Zhu Qizhen retired from North Korea.

Is to hold a festival and agree on the name of the imperial edict; The guard of honor and the drum band led the way, and the gift-giving official followed the second envoy's ass. They set out from the Qing Palace and rushed to Qianfu with great fanfare.

"adoption ceremony"

Qian Shangshu knelt at the gate to greet the angel, gave orders and accepted gifts, expressing his gratitude. At the ceremony of seeking names, Qian Shangshu submitted a "form" to the angel, which contained her daughter's name, resume, date of birth and so on. After the ceremony, the Qian family hosted a banquet for the angel. Guards of honor and drummers can only eat "box lunch".

After a hearty meal, the angel led a team back to the Forbidden City. Enter the meridian gate, stop at the Taihe gate, and give the "festival" and "table" to the eunuch of Li Si prison, even if the task is successfully completed. Eunuchs in Li Si Prison guarded festivals and dining tables, and went to Qinggong to reply to the "imperial edict". Zhu Qizhen "reported" the situation of collecting and asking names to the princes and ministers.

The royal family held a grand ceremony to commemorate this, which is called "crown ceremony" in the Book of Rites Week and.

This ceremony is similar to the "coming of age ceremony" which is still practiced in some regions or nationalities in the world, in order to announce that a male anonymous has come of age and symbolically put on his or her adult clothes. Since then, he (she) has the freedom to socialize and negotiate marriage.

Mosuo people who live in Lijiang City, Yunnan Province, China frankly call this ceremony "trouser-wearing ceremony" or "skirt-wearing ceremony", which is held by uncle or mother for boys and girls who have reached the age of thirteen respectively. When the sun shines into the room, boys and girls step on food pockets and large pieces of pork, boys hold spears and silver dollars, girls hold jewels and materials, and the owner takes off the children's clothes and puts them on adult clothes or skirts. Men and women who have "grown up" always propose a toast to their guests and accept gifts from them.

Zhu Qizhen wore a hat called "Tian Tong Crown" at the ceremony. In this way, he can pretend to be "human". Empress Dowager Tai, Empress Dowager Cixi and other royal elders watched the ceremony on the spot; The princes and ministers knelt three times and knocked nine times to express their warm congratulations. After the ceremony, Zhu Qizhen went to worship his ancestors, and then went to the living rooms of Empress Dowager Cixi and Empress Dowager Cixi, kneeling to thank him for his kindness in raising him.

As an adult, no matter what Zhu Qizhen did before he put on his hat, he had to have an important physiological lesson after he put on his hat. It is said that since ancient times, after the crown prince or little emperor of each dynasty entered adolescence, the royal family had to send people (also known as masters) to teach human relations; Only in this way can they be competent for the important task of "respecting the temple with things and inheriting the future generations" This kind of sexual enlightenment education is both serious and lively; Not only impart theoretical knowledge, but also show the operation method through "erotic pictures" and models.

According to Wanli Wild Collection, the Happy Buddha enshrined in the Forbidden City in the Ming Dynasty is one of the teaching AIDS for the sexual enlightenment education of the Crown Prince or the little emperor. Happy Buddha is a Buddha statue of a man and a woman, embracing each other. There are organs for controlling male and female genitals on the Buddha statue; Press the organ and the Buddha will have intercourse. When you first enter a Buddhist temple, you must hold a ceremony. The teacher took the students to burn incense, sacrifice and worship. Then, the teacher explains and demonstrates. Only with the teacher's permission can students touch the Buddha's body and even operate and practice it. In the classroom, both teachers and students should be "dignified" and "serious"; Never laugh and laugh, fight and treat them as "children's play"

As mentioned above, it is unknown whether the Five Blessingg Buddha enshrined in Yuhua Pavilion in the northwest of the Forbidden City is "teaching assistant" as mentioned in Wanli Wild Collection.

The sexual enlightenment education of the royal family in the Qing Dynasty is said to be more standardized and systematic than that in the Ming Dynasty. Before getting married, the little emperor took a "theoretical knowledge class", and then selected eight beautiful older ladies-in-waiting to be the little emperor's "secretary", "shopkeeper" and "secretary's bedroom", to be responsible for the little emperor's "bed affairs", to act as his staff and consultant in his husband and wife's life, to accompany him to practice and accumulate practical experience.

After "Upper Middle Plum", he performed "Naji" and "Zheng Na Plum" according to the auspicious day and hour chosen by Qin.

Najib, to put it bluntly, is divination, that is, the ancients divined good or bad luck for marriage; If it is "auspicious" and the birthday is appropriate, please ask the matchmaker to bring a gift for engagement.

The application is for an engagement present. The ancients said: "Men and women have no media, no money and no wealth." Therefore, the sign is also called "Nabi". Coins are jade or silk articles used as engagement gifts by the ancients.

After the ceremony of Naji and Zheng Na, the corresponding ceremony will still be held in the palace, and angels will be sent to celebrate the festival and go to Qian Shangshu's house with gifts and relevant documents. This time, everyone who can move is kneeling outside the door to meet the angel. Of course, they have reason to feel excited and happy. The emperor's son-in-law "doesn't pick his son", which is very thoughtful. In the gift, there are both cash and physical objects; Not only the rich woman's, but also the wealthy businessman Shangshu and his family, even the servants and servants, everyone has a share. It is indeed "rain falls" and "the emperor's kindness is mighty." Moreover, after Najib and Zheng Na, even if the "royalty" dust settles, even if what happened to the emperor's son-in-law before entering the bridal chamber, the title of "Queen" and the glory of royalty are in hand. According to traditional customs, once engaged, Miss Qian Da is a member of the Zhujiajian family. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, Yuan, the daughter of Interior Minister Qingshan, was engaged to the eldest nephew of Empress Dowager Cixi, and everything was ready, just waiting for the wedding. At this juncture, the eldest nephew of the Queen Mother passed away. However, A Yuan is already a member of Yehnala's family, so he can't talk about lifelong marriage. Huang Hua's daughter has just turned eighteen and is called "Grandma Yuan". She didn't live up to her name until she was twenty. It seems that she is a little old woman in her forties.

In the folk, the wedding will still be held as soon as the wedding day arrives when the fiance dies. Bride and unmarried sister-in-law, or worship heaven and earth with rooster; After that, either live alone or sleep with a wooden dummy.

The real drama is staged on the wedding day.

Notice is to inform each other of the date of marriage. At this point, the prelude to this grand wedding is over. The real drama is staged on the wedding day.

Dear, that's a requirement for ordinary people. The emperor can't condescend to pick up his new wife at the old mother-in-law's house. He sent representatives who had both children and borrowed some fairy tales from them. On this day, Zhu Qizhen got up early. He didn't fall asleep at all, thinking over and over again: What does Miss Qian look like? If every step of the operation had not been carried out according to what Qin called "auspicious time", he would have wanted to get up early. Zhu Qizhen put on a dress, put on a little makeup at random, and went to worship the ancestors, and happily worshipped Empress Dowager Cixi and Empress Dowager Cixi. Then, in the music, the Royal Hall of Supreme Harmony. Festivals, certificates, gold seals, etc. Everything used for the wedding ceremony and the queen's coronation is placed on the temporary table in the hall. Zhu Qizhen went over and pretended to watch it again before he was promoted.

There are lanterns and colorful decorations everywhere in the palace. Firecrackers and red, gold and bronze double happiness candles are found in all major palaces. Royal Avenue is carpeted with red carpet.

Zhonghe Shaole is located in front of the Hall of Supreme Harmony, and the single Da Yue is located in Taihe Gate. Legalists' halogen books are displayed in the courtyard of Shan Pen and Hall of Supreme Harmony. The Queen's ceremonial display is outside the noon gate, including a Queen's ceremonial jade embroidered with gold thread Taihō on the apricot satin curtain outside. Female Music is located behind Gan Qing Palace and in front of Jiaotai Hall. The princes and ministers stood in the hall of supreme harmony and the courtyard of the hall of supreme harmony. The static whip sounded three times, and the drum music sounded, and the ministers "bowed three times and nine times" to the emperor, and the sound of "Long live" shook the earth. After the ceremony, the music stopped, and the minister of rites presented Jin Shuzhen Bao and read it out; Then, give festivals, books and treasures to the wedding messenger. Goodbye, princes and ministers. Zhu Qizhen in the music, driving back to the palace, waiting for the beautiful woman.

The best man put the gold album and treasure in the Long Ting. The guard of honor and drum band are in front, the guard is in the middle, followed by wedding officials, eunuchs and guards. They went out of the noon gate, saluted the queen, and went straight to Qianfu with a large number of gifts. A line of people, colorful, stretching for miles, is definitely a rare "beautiful scenery." There are many people who follow the crowd along the way.

A thousand men are small; Since Najib, it has been a big fight; Up to now, the whole government has mobilized, up and down, and no one can be idle, decorating houses and engaging in environmental sanitation; Although we can't "take over" and make it magnificent as a palace, we should also be dazzling and try our best to make people feel "caring for each other". The whole family was so busy that they bought three new outfits. Besides, we have to decorate the house, arrange wedding banquets and distribute "invitations" widely!

Putting makeup on the bride is the most nerve-racking. It's so big that almost the whole world knows. Raw rice has basically become a cooked rice, and it is impossible to "return". However, if the emperor's son-in-law lifts the hijab, is dissatisfied and unhappy, and his relatives are not close, the emperor's kindness will not be terrible. As a result, I can't wait to rub a layer of skin off Miss Qian! After bathing, repeatedly use skin care agent made of mung bean powder and western perfume to wipe your face and body; Then use facial cleanser made of honey, rose petals and other raw materials to coat the surface, and gently wipe it with a high-grade paper film that is rare for court ministers; Skin cream made of sheep fat, white incense and other raw materials is applied repeatedly. The last step is to apply powder, eyeliner, eye shadow, eyebrows and red lips to your face; Then two faces turned out two "blushes".

As for the hairstyle, of course, we should choose several ways to deal with it according to the "documents". That's called "level". It's too bad to look like a concubine or an imperial concubine. Whether it is a romantic "flying bun" or a novel "flying bun", we should consider the convenience of wearing a phoenix crown and the face of Miss Qian Da. Two locks of sideburns, no matter what, should "droop naturally", just like flowing cicada wings, and when the emperor's son-in-law sees them, his eyes will glow.

Speak quickly, and then speak slowly. After repeated deliberation, repeated experiments, repeated arguments and repeated rehearsals, it was not until the first night of the wedding that the "plate" was finally decided. Fortunately, with such a slap in the face, it seems that Miss Qian is like a porcelain man with no vitality at all. However, both her parents agree that the most important thing is "modesty".

At this moment, Miss Qian Da is armed to the teeth, sitting on the embroidered floor, hearing the drums and music getting closer and closer, and the "drums" in her heart are getting more and more urgent. Not yet, I don't know if this look will win the favor of "customers"!

Later experience proved that Miss Qian's worry was justified. She didn't enjoy going out this time and suffered a lot.

Qian Shangshu led the whole family, old and young, kneeling at the gate to meet the wedding procession. The wedding messenger announced loudly. Accompanied by the sound of drums, the Royal Guards carried Long Ting to the front yard, and then the eunuchs carried them to the "embroidery building" in the backyard, and parked them in the "auspicious direction" designated by Qin officials. Miss Qian, dressed in a queen's dress and gown, made her debut, knelt down to accept the golden book and treasure, and went back to the "building" to wait for an auspicious opportunity.

When the auspicious moment came, the bride got up and drove. This large group of people went through the front door, along the Imperial Road, through the Daming Gate, into Tiananmen Square and Duanmen, and came to the Wumen Gate. The bell and drum chimed on the rostrum. The procession entered the Forbidden City from the middle entrance of the meridian gate, passed the Taihe Gate and reached the Gan Qing Gate. The Queen entered the Gan Qing Gate with courtesy, and eunuchs and maids lined up to applaud "a warm welcome". Under Dan's majesty, the wedding messenger will come back to me. In the sound of drum music, officials of the Ministry of Rites presented the Queen's gold album and gold treasures to relevant people and displayed them in the Jiaotai Hall behind Gan Qing Palace. The bride's sitting ceremony is received, carried, helped or accompanied by the wife, female official and maid-in-waiting, and sent to the Palace of Kunning to worship heaven and earth as a big gift.

The wedding reception has begun. That's an exclusive. In ancient times, a gourd was cut into two spoonfuls, and the bride and groom each held a spoonful and drank a glass of wine, which meant "to be one". It seems that the ancients have long realized that "men are half women". However, as the saying goes: press the gourd and you won't get up. It seemed unlucky, and then people toasted with cups. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Empress Dowager Cixi had a special "jade cup"-two conjoined cylindrical cups, about 75 cm high, with a dragon and phoenix hollowed out in relief and two sentences of "doggerel". This special cup is now in the Palace Museum. It is a national second-class cultural relic, and people will definitely not rent it out or lend it out. Besides, anyone who uses it is susceptible to SARS, AIDS, cholera, typhoid and so on. Nowadays, people don't hesitate to spend money on marriage and pay attention to ostentation and extravagance; It's better to spend less money and copy one. Miss Qian Da and Zhu Qizhen are sitting opposite each other in the Palace of Kunning. The bride poured a glass of wine and handed it to the groom; The groom took a sip and handed it to the bride, who gulped it down. The groom poured a glass of wine and handed it to the bride; The bride took a sip, then returned it to the groom, who drank it dry. After drinking a glass of wine, Miss Qian, as the queen, settled down in Kunning Palace.

The wedding is over, but the funeral is not over yet.

Go to worship ancestors with the money queen; The bedroom of Empress Yitai and Empress Dowager Cixi, and held an audience ceremony; Zhu Qizhen imperial palace, "imperial edict" wedding, the queen rate concubines, etc. To worship her husband. The Empress Dowager and the Empress Dowager presented gifts to the newlyweds and held a banquet to congratulate them. Zhu Qizhen Royal Hall of Supreme Harmony, accept the congratulations of the princes and ministers. The emperor gave a banquet in honor of the Queen's family and presented gifts.

Marriage is limited to men and women, and the emperor can't fool around. In the fifth year of Wanli, Li Taihou made a queen candidate for Zongshen Zhu Yijun. After repeated argumentation, Qin decided that only December was the "suitable month for marriage". Zhang Zhiye, a college student: After the New Year, the Emperor was only sixteen years old. Isn't it "early marriage" and "indecent assault" to marry in the twelfth lunar month? However, when we hold another happy event in the twelfth lunar month, Zhu Yijun will be "impatient"; What should we do?

Fortunately, Li Taihou had a good impression on Zhang, and she still listened to him. Zhang asked to see the Queen Mother and said to her, "Yingzong, Wuzong and Sejong were all married at the age of sixteen, so they can't violate the rules of their ancestors. If we wait until the twelfth lunar month next year, it will be a little late. I think March and April next year is more suitable. Although Qin thinks this is not good, it is the knowledge of ordinary people. Who is the emperor? The favored son of heaven, a blessing outweighs all difficulties, and any deity and Buddha must sell this face and bless him. "

After careful consideration, Li Taihou decided to take the "golden mean" and do things in February next year.

When Ming Shenzong and Zhu Yijun got married, weaving alone cost more than 90,000 taels of silver. When he married his son, he spent more than 24 million taels of silver on jewelry.

Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, made a rule for later generations: "The queen comes from the people." During the implementation of the regulations, "being close to the people" became "disturbing the people". Under the orders of local officials, unmarried girls aged 13 to 16 were recruited and sent to Beijing, and the local authorities immediately fell into chaos. Cry if you don't want to be elected; If you want to jump the dragon gate, laugh; Those who are reluctant to leave their parents and their lover's brother will throw themselves into the river.

During the Wanli period, the folklore "The Emperor is going to have a beauty pageant again". For a while, I was busy marrying my daughter-in-law and recruiting a son-in-law. A man in qingtian county, Zhejiang Province, found a husband's family for his daughter in order to gain time. In desperation, I have nothing of value at hand, so I have to use a belt as a "token". At that time, people didn't have such things as mobile phones, so it was difficult to communicate with each other. His wife is at home and I don't know when her husband will come back. In desperation, she decided to give her daughter to a rich family. When the husband came back, the "husband" said that the husband was right, and the "wife" said that the wife was right. The quarrel was a mess. When the rich man heard the news, he came to "get the moon first" and went there first to marry the bride. This girl is very stubborn. She only obeyed her father's orders, not her mother's wishes, and cut her throat in the sedan chair.

In the first year of the Apocalypse (162 1), Emperor Zhu Youxiao, the first emperor of Xizong, made preparations for the wedding and widely selected all the beautiful women in the world. The news came that many parents in Jiangsu and Zhejiang are worried that once their daughters are selected, they will take the time to talk about marriage. No matter how handsome and ugly a bachelor is, his worth has increased sharply, and even there has been a phenomenon of "lang lang Pei"-pulling a man indiscriminately from the street and forcing him to marry his daughter when he comes home. In 1950s, Hong Kong Phoenix Film Company produced the color film "Grab the Groom", which vividly described a similar scene.

Thousands of beautiful women gathered in Beijing. This is really a beautiful place, with many kinds of flowers and customs. Along the way, many people didn't see what the Forbidden City really looked like, so they were eliminated in the primary election. The rest, every 100 people, queue up to enter the palace according to their age in order to participate in the "selection". Eunuchs with great responsibilities, looking far and near, pull out the slightly taller, shorter, fatter and thinner and send them back to their original places. Those who stay will be grouped by age and enter the "first trial".

The eunuch looked at every girl with critical eyes, observed their appearance, and distinguished their voices, hair, ears, foreheads, eyebrows, eyes, nose, mouth, chin, shoulders, back, legs, feet and voices. As long as there was anything that was not pleasing to the eye or ears, they would "return it" on the spot.

At the second trial, the eunuch took a ruler, measured the girl's hands, arms, waist, legs and feet, and then let the girl "move". Anyone whose size does not meet the requirements, whose parts do not match and whose manners are not good will be sent back to their hometown.

The "third trial" is controlled by female officials and elderly maids. The girl went into a secret room alone, stripped off her clothes, and the female officer and maid-in-waiting touched her breasts, explored her secrets, smelled her, and examined her skin ... Those who passed the training were trained in the palace for about a month. In the process of getting familiar with palace rules and learning etiquette norms, the female officials in charge of training examine their intelligence and personality style; Of course, those who bite their teeth and fart, talk in their sleep and have hysteria will not be tolerated and will be surprised in the future. This is no joke!

After thousands of searches, there are only dozens of "elites".

Empress Dowager is generally responsible for the partial "final review" of Emperor Guangxu's wedding map, and sometimes the emperor himself takes the lead. They passed on the elites one by one according to the list on the table in front of them. The girl didn't stand on her knees and answered some questions about her name, family status and knowledge. The examiner judges the shape, distinguishes the sound, and screens out a queen, a concubine or several concubines. The rest are given to princes, county kings and grandsons, or stay in the palace as "female officials" and maids. There were "six bureaus" in the Ming Dynasty, which were run by female officials, and each bureau had "four divisions", with more than 100 female officials. They are the "reserve army" of the emperor's empresses.

During the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty, when choosing a queen for Sejong Zhu Houzong, Libu was responsible for the primary election and Zhang Taihou was responsible for the final judgment. She heard from the officials who watched the celestial phenomena in Qin Tianjian that Daming House in Hebei was "good" and most of the girls who entered the finals came from Daming House. Zhang Taihou sat behind the green gauze curtain. The girls were introduced in three groups, "one positive and two negative". Zhang Taihou's girl got a bracelet with red gold and jade, which was brought to her by the maid-in-waiting on the spot, and the girl was firmly handcuffed. Unsuccessful girl, Zhang Taihou asked the maid-in-waiting to put some silver coins in her sleeve.

In the Qing Dynasty, Kunning Palace was no longer the queen's bedroom, but only the "bridal chamber" of Dongnuange. A grand wedding is similar to a wedding in the Ming Dynasty. "Qing Draft" said that Zai Chun, the emperor of Tongzhi, got married and "received, received, sent and greeted, and followed the rules." According to some historical records, Zai Tian's wedding procedures in Guangxu period were: accepting gifts, receiving gifts, giving gifts, welcoming gifts, tying gifts, celebrating gifts and giving banquets.

Some of the above records simplify the "Six Rites" and some are detailed. Different views, the same practice.