What was the rank and official system of the Han army?

After Shang Yang's political reform, Qin gradually formed a twenty-product system, as follows:

The first category is male scholar, the second category is male scholar, the third category is male scholar, the fourth category is male scholar, the fifth category is male scholar, the sixth category is male scholar, the seventh category is male scholar, the eighth category is male scholar, the ninth category is male scholar, the eleventh category is male scholar, the twelfth category is male scholar, the thirteenth category is male scholar, the fifth category is male scholar, the sixth category is male scholar, the ninth category is male scholar, the tenth category is male scholar, the eleventh category is male scholar, the thirteenth category is male scholar, the fourteenth category is male scholar, the sixth category is male scholar

The system of three officials and nine ministers in Qin and Han Dynasties

In 22 1 BC, Qin Shihuang unified China, and the Qin Dynasty became the first centralized feudal empire in China. Under such historical conditions, the feudal political system has also developed to a new stage. During this period, in order to strengthen the rule of centralization and absolute monarchy, the feudal landlord class established the system of "three officials and nine ministers" in the central court and continued to implement the local county system. The system of "three public officials and nine ministers" was just beginning to take shape in the Qin Dynasty. Due to the short life span of the Qin Dynasty, this system was further adjusted and improved in the Western Han Dynasty.

First, central officials such as three public officials and nine public officials.

According to Han Shu Gongqing Table, the Prime Minister, Qiu and Fu were the three officials who presided over the state affairs in Qin and Han Dynasties, collectively called officials, and were the central officials of the imperial court. In fact, they also have a process of development and evolution.

1.3 Fairness

The prime minister is the highest chief executive of the imperial court, "in charge of the emperor and assisting various machines." (6) Both the Qin Dynasty and the early Western Han Dynasty had left and right prime ministers (both Qin and Han Dynasties put the right first). In Qin Ershi, the Prime Minister was added, with Zhao Gao as the Prime Minister. Because Zhao Gao is a eunuch, "Zhong" refers to the imperial palace. A particularly respected prime minister can be awarded the title of "Guo Xiang". Lv Buwei in Qin Shihuang's time and Xiao He in Emperor Gaozu's time were both prime ministers. Under the prime minister of the Han Dynasty, there were several prime ministers' histories, all of which were secretaries, and the long history was their long history. During the period of Liang Wudi, the Prime Minister's Office set up a department to supervise officials who violated the law.

In order to strengthen the autocratic imperial power, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty often promoted some talents from humble origins and appointed them as Chinese medicine practitioners and Zhulang. , usually around the emperor to make suggestions, forming the so-called "imperial court officials". Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty used them to compete with the court administrative officials headed by the prime minister, the so-called "foreign ministers"; At the same time, imperial edicts are often drafted by the Shaofu Shangshu Department and conveyed to the throne, which gradually weakens the power of the prime minister. After the death of Emperor Wu, Huo Guang presided over the state affairs with the title of Fu and General, and his power was above that of the Prime Minister. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, the Prime Minister was renamed as Da Situ, and his power and rank were all under Fu, and he was also called "Three Fairs" with Fu and Da.

In the war to seize the world, Liu Bang often awarded the title of prime minister to some military commanders, so the word "false" was often added before the title in history books.

At the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Qiu, Situ, also known as the three fairs, were collectively called the three divisions. When he was emperor, Deng Zhi rode a general with three divisions, so he had the name of "Yitong" outside the three divisions, which meant that although there was no name of Sangong, he was treated the same as Sangong. Most of the emperors in the Eastern Han Dynasty were young heirs, so they often took Fu Shangshu as a supplement to preside over state affairs. In this way, teachers are more above the three fairs, which is called going to the palace, or together with the three fairs, it is called the four palaces. In order to concentrate power on himself, the emperors of the Eastern Han Dynasty often gave orders through Shangshutai, so the power of Sangong was further weakened and they could only handle some daily affairs. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the three fairs were abolished, and the post of Prime Minister and suggestion was established.

Qiu's official list says that he is an official, but this has not been confirmed in other documents. Qin Wei, a general who led troops to fight, was not in a very high position. Autumn in Han Dynasty may have evolved from Guo Wei.

In the early Western Han Dynasty, Tai Wei was the highest military officer. After Liu Bang's death, Qiu's official position was intermittent. In the early years of Liang Wudi, this official was removed. Later, Fu was set up, and before the "one general", he became the country's highest military commander. After Liang Wudi's death, Huo Guang presided over the state affairs with the title of Fu and General. His position was far from military affairs, and his power gradually surpassed that of the Prime Minister. At the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Fu was cancelled and Qiu's name was restored.

As the deputy of the prime minister, Yushi has two responsibilities: first, he is in charge of the world's literature and classics, presenting letters to officials and ministers, and issuing letters, similar to the emperor's confidential secretary-general; Second, he is in charge of the internal and external supervision of the imperial court and is the highest supervisor of the country. According to Gao Di Ji, the imperial edict of the Western Han Dynasty was issued by Jinshi to (prime minister) and by (prime minister) to princes. At the same time, it was promulgated to the heads of counties. The post of prime minister in the Han Dynasty was often replaced by an ancient scholar. Liu bang also awarded the title of physician to the general of the whole army. In order to strengthen the autocratic monarchy and personally rule political affairs, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty gradually handed over the confidential secretarial work undertaken by the Imperial censor to the Shangshu Department, and the authority of the Imperial censor was shrinking. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, those who changed the imperial history into universities were called scholars in the Eastern Han Dynasty.

During the Qin and Han Dynasties, there was an imperial envoy, Zhong Cheng, who was in charge of several imperial envoys and was specifically responsible for supervising the court officials of Lantai and the books and archives collected by the state. At the same time, the local competent secretariat is responsible.

During the Qin Dynasty, local counties and counties had censors to supervise local officials.

At the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty, the system of examining counties was abolished. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the whole country was divided into thirteen states as prison areas. Each state has several counties, and the chief executive is the secretariat. The Secretary of State supervises local officials according to six standards set by the imperial court. In his later years, Liang Wudi also set up a captain Li Si, who was responsible for investigating the illegal acts of officials and people in the counties of Jingsanfu, Sanhe (Hanoi, Hedong and Henan) and Hongnong, and became an important official in the supervision system. The official position of the censorial supervision system in the Western Han Dynasty was called the censorial mansion or the imperial doctor's hall, and in the Eastern Han Dynasty it was renamed the censorial platform or the Lantian hall, so the ancients also called the supervisory officials "Taiwan officials".

2. Jiuqing

Jiuqing refers to nine important officials and positions of the Central Court. They are:

In the Han Dynasty, Feng Chang was renamed Taichang, in charge of temple etiquette, divination and sacrifice, and subordinate historians and doctors.

A doctor, a doctor, a worshiper, and so on are the officials under the doctor. Lang is the bodyguard of the emperor's attendants, including corps commander, assistant minister and doctor. Dr. Tazhong, etc. Yi Lang is an unarmed man, and they are responsible for the discussion.

During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Lang Zhongling changed his name to Guang Luxun, and his position remained unchanged. He also appointed Menlang and Yulinlang as the armed attendants of the emperor when he went out hunting.

Wei Wei is in charge of the guards at each palace gate, and his officials include servants, shooters and conductor. In the Han Dynasty, the army commanded by Wei Yan was called the Southern Army.

Servants are responsible for the management of the emperor's horses and military horses.

Ting Wei is in charge of the criminal court and is the highest judicial official in the country. When the imperial court met with Dayu, it was tried by Ting Wei.

Dianke is responsible for the reception of ethnic minorities and vassal countries to the DPRK. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, it was renamed Dahonglu, who was in charge of the hajj of governors, governors and surrounding tribes.

Zong Zheng is in charge of the royal family (including the princess). People who commit crimes in the imperial clan are generally handled by officials.

Shi Su is in charge of the national grain silk rent and tax. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty changed its name to Dasinong. In the early Han dynasty, the civil servant who managed millet only cared about agriculture and granaries, while another official was in charge of national finance. After changing to Dasinong, Ouchi became its subordinate officer, named Dunei, in charge of goods and treasury.

Shaofu is in charge of the tax revenue of mountain and sea ponds throughout the country for the emperor's private use. The emperor's food, clothing, housing, transportation, medical sacrifices and vessel making are all under his command, so he is the general manager of court affairs. After Liang Wudi, his authority gradually decreased, but his subordinate Shangshu Province, as the confidential secretariat of the emperor, became increasingly powerful. Later, he finally left Shaofu and became an independent bookshop, with Cao in charge of affairs.

In fact, in addition to Jiuqing, there are some important senior officials in the Central Court, such as:

The lieutenant is in charge of security in Shi Jing. When Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty was renamed Emperor Wudi of Zhili, he usually patrolled the city, and the emperor's patrol was the leader.

He will be responsible for the civil works of palaces, ancestral temples and cemeteries. Emperor Han Jingdi changed his name to Master.

Traditional countries manage the affairs of ethnic minorities who join the country. The Han Dynasty proclaimed itself emperor, and the subordinate countries were merged into Dahonglu.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty set up a water scale to take charge of the navigation management of Shanglinyuan and other ponds.

Add officials

In the Qin dynasty, there were Chinese officials, riding scattered officials, Chinese officials and Chinese officials. Most of them were eunuchs who served the emperor. Following the Qin system in the Han Dynasty, there were titles such as Shi Zhong, San Qi Chang Shi, Gui Zhong and Zhu Li. If court officials have these titles, they can go in and out of the Forbidden City at any time and let consultants handle it. These official figures are called officials. Among them, ministers can audit things, officials can picket and impeach officials in the imperial palace, and after riding on the emperor, they can make suggestions at any time.

Second, the system of local officials in Qin and Han Dynasties

The county system was implemented in Qin and Han Dynasties. By the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, a three-level administrative system had been formed.

1. Shi Jing

The administrative organization of Qin capital is responsible for managing the internal history. The rank of literature and history is equal to that of Lieqing, and he also participates in discussing state affairs. After Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty, the capital was divided into three parts, namely, Beijing Zhao Yin, Zuo Fengyi and You Fufeng, which were governed by three officials respectively, and were called three assistants. Three auxiliary officials, like ministers, can participate in state affairs.

Luoyang was established as the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and the capital was changed to Henan Yin.

2. Status

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Taishou and Cishi gradually mastered the administrative and military powers, so Taishou became a county-level administrative division and Cishi became a local official with administrative, military and supervisory powers.

3. County and Kingdom

A county is an administrative division below the national level, and its leader was called "Shou" or "County Shou" in the Qin Dynasty, and was later renamed "Taishou" by Emperor Han Jing. Under the rule of Jun Cheng, he was helped by him. There was also a county magistrate who was in charge of the ranks of a county and was later renamed a captain by Emperor Han Jingdi.

There were also vassal States at the same level as the county in the Han Dynasty. After Liu Bang proclaimed himself emperor, except for kings with different surnames, except Changsha, only Liu's children were made kings, and their fiefs were called countries. At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, each kingdom had its own army, and its offices were the same as those of the central court. At that time, the imperial court appointed only one teacher (to tutor the king) and one prime minister (to command the officials of the kingdom) to the kingdom, and the officials below the imperial censor were appointed by the king himself. After a period of time, the influence of the vassal States became more and more threatening to the central court, which eventually led to the rebellion of the seven kingdoms of Wu and Chu in BC 154. In order to limit and combat the influence of local vassal states, Han Jing accepted Chao Cuo's proposal of "cutting the vassal state", ordered the vassal state not to ask about the administrative affairs of the kingdom, revoked the appointment and dismissal of officials by the king, and changed the prime minister to be in charge of the civil affairs of the kingdom and be directly responsible to the court. In addition, some officials were abolished. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty further carried out the "favor decree": "Let the princes divide their land and their sons by private favor, and Han is a custom title, so it belongs to Han County." (7) From then on, "the vassals had to pay taxes on food and clothing, but not politics" (8). The kingdom system in the Eastern Han Dynasty is the same as that in the Western Han Dynasty.

4. County and Houguo

During the Qin and Han Dynasties, several counties were under the jurisdiction of the county. In counties with more than 10,000 households, the chief is the county magistrate; County orders below 10,000 households are appointed by the court. Under the county magistrate, there is a county magistrate, who is an auxiliary official; There is also a county commandant in charge of a county's armored army. According to Yunmeng Qin bamboo slips unearthed in Hubei Province, there was more than one commandant in each county in the Qin Dynasty, and many counties could have four governors. Sometimes in history books, Cheng and Wei of a county are called county officials. Low-level officials in the county, such as fighting for food and assisting history, are called county officials. In the county government office, Cao Cao is also in charge of affairs. For example, Gong Cao, known as the chief official, is in charge of the selection and performance evaluation of a few officials in the county. In addition, there are officials in charge of documents, prison officials and so on.

According to Hanshu Guanbai Gongqing Table, there are townships, pavilions and villages under the county. "There are pavilions in ten miles, and the pavilions are long. Ten pavilions and one township, where there are three old people, Rank, Miser and You. Three old hands realize. Misers listen to complaints and collect taxes. You are forbidden to steal. " The rulers of the Han dynasty emphasized the ideological control of the people, so they attached great importance to the "three elders" system. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, they even set up "three elders" in counties and kingdoms. The setting of the exhibition hall is related to the postal system.

The food city of Liehou is called Houguo. In the Han dynasty, the county magistrate and the governor were in charge of the state of Hou. They did not submit to the vassal state, but only provided land rent.

Third, rank and title.

1. rank

During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the official rank was called rank, which was distinguished by the number of "stones", and the salary and rice at each level were calculated by the number of hoops. Although Yan Shigu introduced this in Han Shu Guan Bai Gong Qing Biao in the Tang Dynasty, it actually changed in different periods. According to historical records, the official ranks of the Han Dynasty generally have the following levels: Shiwan, Zhongqian, Zhenqian, Shiqian, Biqian, Shiqian, Biqian (not in the Eastern Han Dynasty), Bibaishi (these two levels were abolished when the Western Han Dynasty proclaimed itself emperor), Bibaishi, Bibaishi, Bibaishi and Bibaishi.

According to Nie Chongqi's inquiry about official salaries in the Han Dynasty, there were about 20 official positions in the Western Han Dynasty and 16 in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Salaries in the Western Han Dynasty were sometimes paid in the form of money and grain, but it seemed that they were all converted into money in the later period. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, money and grain were roughly the same.

2. Knight

After Shang Yang's political reform, Qin gradually formed a twenty-product system, as follows:

The first category is male scholar, the second category is male scholar, the third category is male scholar, the fourth category is male scholar, the fifth category is male scholar, the sixth category is male scholar, the seventh category is male scholar, the eighth category is male scholar, the ninth category is male scholar, the eleventh category is male scholar, the twelfth category is male scholar, the thirteenth category is male scholar, the fifth category is male scholar, the sixth category is male scholar, the ninth category is male scholar, the tenth category is male scholar, the eleventh category is male scholar, the thirteenth category is male scholar, the fourteenth category is male scholar, the sixth category is male scholar

Jue was originally an official title reflecting different political status within the ruling class. Because Qin vigorously promoted the military title system in the war with six Shandong countries, the use of the title expanded to civilians, which greatly enhanced the social role of the title, so the official position and title of Qin people were often confused.

There was no king in the Qin Dynasty, but a number of kings with the same surname and different surnames appeared in the early Han Dynasty. Later, Liu Bang made a vow to make the only child with the same surname king, so the highest title in the Han Dynasty was actually king. In addition, the Han dynasty also copied the system of the twentieth rank of the Qin dynasty, but avoided the name of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and changed the title of Chehou to Tonghou. During the Qin and Han dynasties, the following eight products were called civilian products, and the above were official products. Ordinary officials and people are not allowed to exceed the eighth grade of the public riding grade. After the establishment of a unified feudal empire in Qin and Han Dynasties, the military title system was difficult to implement, so the use of titles gradually returned to the ruling class.

In the war against the Huns, in order to reward the meritorious military service and ease the financial shortage, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty once set up eleven martial arts titles, allowing the rich to buy titles with money, but it soon stopped.

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, titles such as County Hou, Township Hou and Pavilion Hou were added. Although these places are commensurate with the place names of a county, a township and a pavilion, they are actually just a name, not in the food city.

put on

In the Han dynasty, the main clothing that distinguishes the ranks of officials is the crown belt.

There is a prominent beam on the crown of Ignace Koehler, a civil servant in Han Dynasty. According to "Yu Fu in the Later Han Dynasty", "Gong and; Below 2000 stones to two beams of doctors; From the doctor to the disciples of Xiao's private school, there is one beam, and the imperial clan Liu also has two beams. " This is to distinguish official positions by the number of beams on the crown.

During the Qin and Han dynasties, money was the most obvious symbol to distinguish between high and low official positions. In the pre-Qin period, money was a colorful jade belt when nobles and officials wore jade ornaments, also known as the group. Officials in the Qin and Han Dynasties tied official seals with ribbons and wore them on their bodies. Later, in order to show official rank and power, officials could not wear official seals, but they had to wear seals to make it clear at a glance. The book Yu Fu Zhi of the later Han Dynasty recorded the color and length of ribbons worn by officials from the emperor to Baishi. During the Qin and Han dynasties, senior officials such as Sanpinguan and Jiupinguan used gold-printed purple ribbons and silver-printed silver-green ribbons respectively, so people often used "golden purple" or "silver green" as pronouns of senior officials. And resigned as "Mao Jie" and "Tuantuan".

During the Qin and Han dynasties, officials' clothes were all black. Qin Shihuang thought that virtue and water were black, so the official clothes were also black. Han inherited the Qin system, and the official uniform was also black.

Compared with the official system of various countries in the Warring States Period, the system of "three publics and nine nobles" and the system of local counties and counties in the Qin and Han Dynasties are conducive to strengthening the rule of the feudal landlord class, and the establishment of centralization is also conducive to the formation of national unity. However, the official system in Qin and Han dynasties also had its limitations. For example, in the Nine big noble, a senior official of the imperial court, there are both officials in charge of military affairs and officials in charge of imperial affairs, which are mixed together, which is not conducive to effectively handling state affairs; In addition, although the chief officials at all levels are appointed by the imperial court, their subordinates can be removed by these officials themselves, which makes it easy to form parties among officials and engage in separatist activities. The system of appointing officials will also contribute to the growth of feudal privileges and the decline of the quality of officials. All these indicate that the feudal official system in China will be further developed and improved.

After Qin and Han Dynasties, the establishment of military attache can be divided into three aspects:

(1) generals guarding the palace and the capital;

(2) Wu Zhi is in charge of military and political affairs;

(3) the general who led the troops to fight.

Qiu (called Sima by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty) is in charge of the national military and political affairs.

Dadu Lake

Duhu

General Wei

Zhenjun general

senior general

The title of general in ancient China

General on a bicycle

General Zuo

Right general

Former general

lieutenant general

Chief strategist

Pioneer general

Pianjiangjun

Captain Wei Fen.

Captain Zhechong

primary

Qimen

Heroic cavalry

primary school