What are the world cultural heritages in Henan?

The historical building complex of "Tiandi" in Dengfeng is located in Songshan area, Henan Province, and includes eight outstanding historical buildings, including Zhougong Observation Deck, Dengfeng Stargazing Deck, Song Yue Temple Pagoda, Taishige Temple, Zhongyue Temple, Quemen, Pagoda, Songyang Academy, Huishan Temple and Shaolin Temple Complex, which experienced the Han, Wei, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and 0 dynasties.

Brief introduction of buildings

Zhongyue Temple is located at the foot of Taishi Mountain at the southern foot of Songshan Mountain in Henan Province, 4 kilometers east of Dengfeng City in Henan Province. It existed during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (BC 156-87), and the existing architectural pattern can be traced back to the Jin Dynasty. Most of the existing buildings were rebuilt in Ming and Qing Dynasties. They are the representatives of official buildings and a group of Taoist ancient buildings with the largest scale, the highest specifications and the most complete preservation in China.

Han Sanque (Taishique, Shao Shi Quemen, Qimu Pagoda) was built in the Eastern Han Dynasty (A.D. 1 18- 123), which is the earliest existing temple in China and represents a model of national-level sacrificial ceremony architecture in ancient China. The pictures, seal characters and inscriptions carved on the three towers in the Han Dynasty are very exquisite, which are precious materials for studying the architectural history, art history and social history of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Left: Qi Mu Tower (partial). Upper right: Taixuque (place). Bottom right: Cuju map, a relief stone carving on the gate of Shao Shi.

Song Yue Temple Tower is a national key cultural relic protection unit, located in Song Yue Temple at the foot of Ji Junfeng in the south of Songshan Mountain, 5 kilometers northwest of Dengfeng City, Zhengzhou City. It was built in the fourth year of Zheng Guang in the Northern Wei Dynasty (AD 523), and its top was rebuilt in the Tang Dynasty. After 1400 years of wind and rain erosion, this tower still stands tall. It is the earliest existing brick tower in China, and it is also an isolated case among the ancient pagodas in China.

Dengfeng Observatory is the oldest astronomical observation building in China, which was built in the 13th to 16th years of Yuan Dynasty (1276- 1279). Astronomer Guo Shoujing observed and calculated the most advanced calendar in the world at that time, which was only 26 seconds less accurate than the current Gregorian calendar, but it was built 300 years earlier. Stargazing platform is located in Gaocheng Town, Dengfeng City, one of the eight scenic spots in Songshan Scenic Area. The Observatory was founded by Guo Shoujing, an astronomer in Yuan Dynasty. It is the oldest existing observatory in China and one of the most famous astronomical science buildings in the world. It reflects the outstanding achievements of ancient scientists in China in astronomy and is of great value in the history of astronomy and architecture in the world. On March 4th, 2008, it was announced by the State Council as the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units.5438+0961.

Songyang Academy is located at the southern foot of Songshan Mountain in Dengfeng City, Zhengzhou, Henan Province. Founded in the eighth year of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty (AD 484), it is called Songyang Temple. In the Tang Dynasty, it was changed to Songyang Temple, and in the Five Dynasties it was changed to Taishi Academy. Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi, founders of Neo-Confucianism "Luoxue" in Song Dynasty, both gave lectures at Songyang Academy, and since then Songyang Academy has become one of the birthplaces of Neo-Confucianism in Song Dynasty.

Songyang Academy is an ancient institution of higher learning in China. It, together with Yingtian Academy in Shangqiu, Henan Province, Yuelu Academy in Hunan Province and Bailudong Academy in Jiangxi Province, is called the four major academies in ancient China. National key cultural relics protection units. Songyang Academy is located at the southern foot of Songshan Mountain in Dengfeng City, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, at the foot of Taishi Mountain, hence its name.

Shaolin Temple, located in Songshan Mountain, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China, is the birthplace of Shaolin Wushu and the ancestral home of Zen Buddhism. Because it is located in the dense jungle under Shaoshi Mountain in the hinterland of Songshan Mountain, it is named "Shaolin Temple". During the Tang Dynasty, Shaolin Temple was famous. It was also called Zen and Wushu. During the Republic of China, it was almost burned by warlord Shi Yousan. The current abbot of Shaolin Temple is Shi Yongxin 1982 version of Jet Li film Shaolin Temple, which enjoys a good reputation at home and abroad.

Shaolin temple in Tallinn

Located about 250 meters west of Shaolin Temple, it is the cemetery of monks of past dynasties, covering an area of about 2 1 000 square meters. There are more than 230 ancient pagodas since the Tang Dynasty, which is the largest Tallinn in China, and there are all kinds of tomb towers with mixed structure of brick, stone and masonry. Among them, there are 2 Tangta and 2 Songta. Jinta 10, Yuanta 46, Mingta 148, and the rest are Qing towers or towers with unknown age. There are single-story pagodas with single eaves, single-story pagodas with dense eaves, Indian slope pagodas and various Lama pagodas. There are squares, rectangles, hexagons, octagons, circles and so on. With various styles and shapes, it is a treasure house of comprehensive research on ancient masonry and sculpture art in China. Tallinn in Shaolin Temple has preserved 24 ancient pagodas and 2 modern pagodas from 689 to 1803. It is the largest existing pagoda in China, and is known as "China Pagoda Art Museum". Huishan Temple is located at the foot of Jade Peak in Songshan Mountain, with beautiful scenery, deep forests and lush flowers and trees. It is such a scenic spot that captures the aura of Songshan Mountain and creates a famous longevity star in the history of Buddhism-Daoan Zen Master. He stayed in the palace for Emperor Xiaowen of Wei (47 1 ~ 499) and rebuilt the Guiyin Temple in the first year (520). In the fifth year of Emperor Yangdi's reign (585), it was renamed Song Yue Temple, and later Emperor Wendi gave it the name Huishan Temple. In the Tang Dynasty, Wu Zetian visited this temple in person, worshipped Zen master Dao An as a teacher, gave him the name ankokuji, and placed the Buddha statue of King Kong in the temple. In the Tang Dynasty, temples, altars and towers were built on a large scale, and many eminent monks appeared, such as Tong Yuan, Jingzang and astronomers. During the Five Dynasties, the Songshan glass altar, also known as the "Fengchan Temple", was forbidden to practice: the back beam was abandoned. Song Taizu opened its treasure for five years (972) and named it "Song Yue Glass Ring Altar" and "Dahuishan Temple". From Yuan Dynasty to the first year (1264 ~ 1295), it was also called "manjuji".

The ancestral temple of Shaolin Temple is located on a small mound under Wuru Peak in Shaoshi Mountain of Songshan Mountain, which is about 0.3 km away from Shaolin Temple/kloc-0. This temple is a memorial building built in Song Dynasty to commemorate Dharma, the ancestor of Zen Buddhism. Because Dharma often travels between Song and Luo, the main way to practice meditation is to sit quietly on the side wall, so the temple is also called "Dharma Face Wall Temple". You will feel relaxed and happy when you are in front of the ancestral temple. There are valleys on three sides and five peaks on the back. Although the building is not big, it is impressive. In addition to this magical environment hidden among mountains, the ancient and exquisite temples are unforgettable.

Yin ruins

As a world cultural heritage, Yin Ruins covers an area of nearly 36 square kilometers, extending 3 kilometers from east to west and north to south, and is a magnificent ancient capital site. The plate it protects includes the ruins of the Yinxu Palace ancestral hall where we are now; On the north bank of He Huan River, the site of the tomb of the late Shang King, which is now open to the public at the same time; There is also the site of Huanbei Mall, which is located 3 kilometers east of the site of the Imperial Palace ancestral temple.

This is the ruins of the capital city in the late Shang Dynasty. It has a history of more than 3300 years. Around 1300 BC, Pan Geng, the 20th king of Shang Dynasty, moved his capital to Xiaotun Village in Anyang from Qufu, Shandong Province. This land was called Yin in Shang Dynasty. It has been established here for 255 years and has been handed down to eight generations of 12 kings. The history of Shang Dynasty here is called Yin. It was not until 65438 BC+0046 BC that Zhou Wuwang cut down the merchants, which gradually became barren and reduced to ruins due to war. Historically, it was called Yin Ruins.

Until the end of Qing Dynasty, when the local villagers were plowing the land, they found Oracle Bone Inscriptions engraved with Shang Dynasty characters. Only by taking this opportunity, did we gradually discover this ancient city that has been dusty for more than 3,000 years.

Judging from the ruins of Yin Ruins, today we are only in the places where ancient kings lived, worked and sacrificed, that is, the ruins of palaces and ancestral temples.

Yin ruins culture has three important components, namely, Oracle Bone Inscriptions, bronze civilization and capital ruins.

Shibei

On the stone tablet in front of you, you can clearly see the big letters we carved: the place where Oracle Bone Inscriptions found it. The reason why it stands still is that we want to take this landscape to point out to you that Chinese characters, the most important cultural bearing system of China's contemporary civilization, and its early form, Oracle Bone Inscriptions, were born on the bank of Huan River where we live today.

gate

In front of this door, it is designed according to Oracle Bone Inscriptions's word "door". The whole gate you see is based on the word "door" in the three Oracle Bone Inscriptions. The reliefs on both sides of the door are based on the dragon jade unearthed from the tomb of 1976. This is one of the earliest images of dragons in China.

Musvudine

Just now, we all saw the famous Simuwu Dafang Ding, which is the heaviest bronze found in the world so far. Unearthed at 1939 Wuguan village tomb site. The original is1.33m high, 1 10 cm long and weighs 875 kg. Ding was originally used to cook food. With the improvement of productivity, it has become a symbol of power in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties. According to legend, King Dayu of Xia Dynasty divided the world into Kyushu when he ruled the country. Each state is represented by a tripod. Dayu's possession of Jiuding means that he ruled the territory of Fiona Fang, Kyushu. This is what we usually call "keeping your mouth shut". Like the weight of this tripod, it doesn't matter if our traveling friends ask now. But at that time, no one dared to say how heavy it was. Because if someone won at that time, it means that this person has ambition. Chu Zhuangwang, one of the five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period, once came to the Central Plains from Wuhan. At that time, the political, economic and cultural exchange center of the Central Plains was in Luoyang. When he arrived in Luoyang, he asked nothing but how heavy the tripod in Luoyang was. At that time, everyone could see that the purpose of his bid was not to really know the weight of the tripod, but to be ambitious and want to get the Central Plains. There is a saying that the Central Plains wins the world. Therefore, the phrase "win the Central Plains" that we usually use is derived from this. In addition, idioms containing "tripod" and other "tripods" are generally related to rights. What we are seeing now is a replica twice as big as the original.

Exterior view of the General Assembly Hall

The palace was restored on the original site. The building materials of Shang Dynasty were mainly wood. After more than 3,000 years of changes, they have all decayed, leaving only the foundation today. The original total length of the foundation from east to west was 5 1 m, but now it has only been restored to 3 1 m. We can see that the shape of the house is a sloping double eaves, and this architectural structure has always been the symbol of the highest level in China.

Yinxu excavation brief history exhibition hall

The earliest time for scientific excavation of Yin Ruins was 1928. Up to now, the scope of Yin Ruins has been excavated to 36 square kilometers, including the ruins of temples, tombs, handicraft workshops, family tombs and shopping malls around the North. The building we restored today is one of the more important buildings in the ruins of the palace ancestral temple.

At the end of Qing Dynasty, when villagers in nearby Xiaotun worked here, they often dug up some bone fragments with characters, which were written in Shang Dynasty and the earliest systematic characters in China-Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Xia Nai, a famous scholar, once said that Yin Ruins are famous in the world because of three factors: Oracle Bone Inscriptions, bronzes and cities.

The excavation of Yin Ruins is closely related to the discovery of Oracle Bone Inscriptions. During 1899, when the famous epigraphist Wang bought medicine due to illness, he found some strange descriptions on the "keel" of traditional Chinese medicine. He has profound knowledge in textual research of ancient Chinese characters. After careful study, he thought that the "keel" was engraved with Shang Dynasty characters. Wang is known as "the father of Oracle Bone Inscriptions". 1900 July, Eight-Nation Alliance went to Beijing, and Wang died. In the second year after his death, Wang Hanfu, the eldest son, sold more than 1000 pieces of Oracle bones to Liu E to pay off his debts.

Liu E selected 1000 pieces from more than 5,000 pieces of Oracle bone inscriptions in his * * * collection, and compiled it into the book "Hidden Tortoise in Iron Clouds" for publication. This is the first Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Liu pointed out in the Preface that Oracle Bone Inscriptions is a "written language of Yin people", and Oracle Bone Inscriptions rubbings are also widely circulated by many scholars.

However, people don't know the real origin of Oracle Bone Inscriptions. After a careful visit, in 1908, Luo Zhenyu finally learned that the real origin of Oracle Bone Inscriptions is Anyang today.

In the initial stage of Oracle Bone Inscriptions research, Wang Guowei made remarkable achievements. On the basis of textual research, he used Oracle Bone Inscriptions to study the history of Yin. Comparing the names and lineages of the yin dynasty ancestors discovered in Oracle Bone Inscriptions with those recorded in Records of the Historian Yin Benji, it is proved that Yin Benji is basically correct.

From June 1928 to June 1937, the Institute of History and Linguistics of Academia Sinica conducted 15 large-scale scientific excavations of Yin Ruins. The total excavation area is more than 46,000 square meters. Within the scope of Yin Ruins, palaces, ancestral temples, tombs, workshops and other sites have been excavated, and a large number of precious cultural relics have been unearthed, including tens of thousands of Oracle bones, bronzes, jade articles and pottery. It provides important scientific value for studying the politics, economy, history and culture of Yin society. Scholars involved in the excavation include Dong Zuobin, Li Ji, Liang Siyong and others. They are the leading figures in the field of archaeology in China, and they first conducted field archaeological excavations in Yin Ruins. Therefore, the archaeological excavation of Yin Ruins is the cradle of archaeologists in China. Training and bringing up a large number of field archaeologists.

Jiagu jiaoxue exhibition hall

1936, a pit of Oracle bones was unearthed here, numbered YH 127. It is the pit with the largest number of Oracle bones unearthed in Yin Ruins so far, with 17096 pieces. At the IFLA conference held in 196, it was praised by experts as "the earliest library in the world" and "the earliest archives in China".

Now let's take a look at its excavation. The bottom of this pit is 6 meters deep from the ground. Considering the weather and safety factors, archaeologists decided to transport the whole pit of Oracle bones to Nanjing for indoor excavation. Now let's take a look at the photos taken at that time. They first made the Oracle bone layer into a column of dust, then made a special big wooden box and put it on the Oracle bone layer, and then pulled the pit Oracle bone to the ground through the path and rope. 1936, Anyang didn't have a car or a crane, so they organized 64 people to carry Oracle bones, send them to the railway station and transport them to Nanjing. Nanjing Indoor Decomposed for Half a Year 17096 Tablets. From this photo, we can see the original appearance of YH 127 just unearthed. It is oval with a diameter of1.8m. ..

In May 2003, we revealed the original site of this pit in Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Now let's take a look here. We can see that this pit in Oracle Bone Inscriptions was restored as it was. We can see that there is a bone next to the Oracle bone layer, which was buried with the pit Oracle bone and was the manager in charge of the pit Oracle bone at that time. We can also see that there are many complete tortoise shells on the surface of this pit in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, and the largest version is 44 cm long, which was identified as Malaysian entry. The contents recorded by Oracle Bone Inscriptions in this pit are very rich. Now let's all come here to learn more about it.

People in Shang dynasty could not explain many natural phenomena at that time, so they always relied on ghosts and gods and often divined. The material used is tortoise shell. They cut many round holes and long slots in the back of the turtle shell, and put burning charcoal into it, and the front of the turtle shell will crack. The merchant judges the quality according to the crack direction, and then engraves the result. We call it Oracle Bone Inscriptions. They carve words in a certain order. One is to carve words, that is, to explain the time of divination and the name of the virgin; The next sentence of life is to explain what divination is; Then the inscription is the good or bad luck judged by the Shang king according to the crack. After a period of divination, they should engrave a witness to record whether divination works or not.

Chemakeng exhibition hall

According to historical records, the earliest carriage in China was invented by Xi Zhong in Xia Dynasty. But we haven't found the carriage of the Xia Dynasty so far. At present, the earliest carriage in China was discovered from Yin Ruins in 1935. The six carriages and the remains of this road we saw were excavated from Xiaomintan and Liujiazhuang in Yin Ruins in 1999 and 2000 respectively, with a history of more than 3,000 years. The main structures of these cars, such as wheels and carriages, are all made of wood. This is a horse's bone. In Shang dynasty, two horses were driven away. Four horses appeared in the late Shang Dynasty and Zhou Dynasty, which was followed by the idiom we said today: one horse is hard to catch. Let's take a closer look at these cars. They were found around the tombs of kings and nobles. People in Shang Dynasty were very superstitious. They think they should continue to enjoy it after death, so they have to bury the carriage they used before their death. They will not only bury horses and chariots, but also bury a slave to serve them.

Up to now, it has been found that there are more than 40 carriages in Shang Dynasty, with basically the same structure. The picture you see is the structural diagram of the Shang Dynasty carriage. A complete car consists of a scale, two yokes, a shaft and a carriage. Look at the picture, and then look at Oracle Bone Inscriptions's car. It was written like this at the beginning. You can see that there are rails, yokes and carriages, just like this car. Later, they thought it was too much trouble to write like this, so they simplified it and became such a car character. In the end, it became a two-wheeled car, and today it has become the word "one wheel".

There is an ancient idiom to describe whether a country is strong or not: a country with thousands of riders. Metaphorically, there are tens of thousands of chariots in this country. The Shang Dynasty was the same. Now let's look at a chariot. Very clean. You see, its yoke is made of bronze. You see, the car covers protruding from both ends of the axle are also made of bronze, just like the bumper in front of the car to prevent two cars from breaking the axle when crossing the street. We specially copied two carriages-

Fuhao tomb

Fu Hao is the first female general with written records in China. She is the wife of Shang Daiding. The king has three wives, but she loves Fu Hao very much. Because Fu Hao can use words and skills, she often leads soldiers to fight. In Oracle Bone Inscriptions, her record as a handsome soldier is 13000. Because she was overworked and died in middle age, the king made an exception and buried her in the palace area, because many people didn't expect that there was a tomb in the palace area. So this tomb was not stolen, and it was well preserved. There are 1928 funerary objects.

Now let's look at the funerary objects in her tomb. The first thing we saw was the Simuxin copper pot, which was a vessel for holding wine at that time. You see its head is a horse's head, and some people say it is a cow's head. The two legs in front are obviously the legs of ungulates, but the claws of birds are behind them. The place where the wine is poured is called Liu. Look, it's under the horse's chin.

The bronze ware we saw was called Zeng Qi. This is a gas cooker. There is an air column in the middle of the pot. Placing food around the air column and spraying water vapor from the air column can steam the surrounding food, just like the steamed chicken we ate in Yunnan.

This bronze ware is a spoon used to scoop wine in Kong Dou.

These two weapons are called Yue and are symbols of power. The big one is 9 kg, and the other one is 8.5 kg. You can see that there are two tigers eating heads on this one, which is called tiger eating heads. This is a symbol of Shang Dynasty's military power, and the other is the body of the leading dragon, which is a symbol of Shang Dynasty's kingship, indicating that this female general was a combination of military power and kingship at that time.

We saw two of the three precious ivory vessels unearthed in Fu Hao's tomb. The one you see is green, but it is actually inlaid with turquoise. The other one is not inlaid with gems, but the pattern is very finely carved. A lifelike tiger is carved on the handle, and the pattern on the cup is very three-dimensional. It is carved in semi-relief, which is completely comparable to our computer drawing.

What we are seeing now is the bottom of Fu Hao's tomb. The tomb is 7.5 meters deep. There is no pyramid-shaped mound, and it is straight up and down. We see that the red in the middle is the location of Fu Hao's coffin. When the excavation reached 6.4 meters, a large amount of groundwater appeared, and the coffin tomb was not waterproof, and the coffin and bones rotted. On the contrary, we saw that the bones of the slaves on the second platform were preserved because they were all above the water and were not soaked in water. We saw the personal attendants of the Buddha's name displayed in the niche, and a baby was on her upper right. The remaining bones were cut in half and amputated. After Fu Hao's death, 16 slaves came to die for her, in addition to six dogs. The yellow one in the middle is a seashell fossil, and seashells are the currency of Shang Dynasty. It is one of the earliest currencies in China-Japanese currency. Today, Chinese characters related to money generally have a word "Bei", such as "reward" and "gift". You can see that these are all jade articles, with 755 pieces. After identification, most of them are Hetian jade in Xinjiang. It shows that there was a jade road from Hotan, Xinjiang to Anyang more than 3000 years ago, which was earlier than the known Silk Road 1200 years. There are some bronzes around, mostly wine vessels and food vessels. You can see the small round pit on the platform on the second floor, which was left by thousands of businessmen who rammed earth with wood for more than 3 thousand years. You see, the surrounding soil layer is very solid. After tamping the soil, they put the funerary objects in the coffin room around the married coffin, which is what we call the coffin, and then put other funerary objects on the coffin room, backfill a layer of soil, put another layer of funerary objects and fill another layer of soil. In this way, there are six floors on the ground, including the bottom coffin, and one * * * is seven floors.

Cutting of buried soil layer. There are some pottery on the first floor. The second layer of white is jade mortar, which is used to grind cinnabar. We can also see red powder on it. On the third floor is Shiqian, a musical instrument of the Shang Dynasty. A stone can make five sounds. Today's musicians can completely play the music of Dongfanghong on a stone. It can be seen that the funerary objects in Fu Hao's tomb become more and more precious as they go down. The ivory cup you see and the hairpin she uses, and the gray one is Tao Lian, a Shang musical instrument. The outermost layer is a bronze ribbon, a merchant's wine glass.

Longmen Grottos

Located in Longmen Pass in the southern suburb of Luoyang, it is 12.5km away from the urban area. Taihe in the Northern Wei Dynasty was excavated in the 19th year, with a history of 1500 years. Together with Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes and Datong Yungang Grottoes, it constitutes three famous grottoes art treasures in China.

Longmen was called the "One Que" in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Xiangshan (Dongshan) and Longmenshan (Xishan) face each other in the east and west, and the Yi water flows through them, forming a magnificent gate. Later, it was called Longmen because it was in the south of Sui and Tang Dynasties.

The Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang were dug in the Taihe period of the Northern Wei Dynasty, and continued to the Qing Dynasty through the Eastern Wei Dynasty, the Western Wei Dynasty, the Northern Qi Dynasty, the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the Sui and Tang Dynasties and the Five Dynasties. More than 400 years before and after. Among them, the large-scale and efficient construction was about 150 years, which appeared in the Northern Wei Dynasty (about 40 years) and the Sui and Tang Dynasties (about 1 10 years) respectively. The large and small shrines and stone statues of Longmen Grottoes are scattered on the cliff walls of the east and west mountains of Longmen, along the banks of Yishui, with a length of 1 km from north to south.

It takes about 1.5-2 hours to visit Longmen Grottoes, where you can see more than 1, 000 large and small Buddha statues. According to the statistics of Longmen Cultural Relics Protection Institute 1962, there are more than 2 caves and niches in the two mountains. There are more than 654.38 million statues, more than 40 pagodas and more than 2,870 inscriptions. Statues are mainly made in the Northern Wei (Eastern Wei and Northern Qi), Sui and Tang Dynasties. The Northern Wei Dynasty accounts for about 30%, and the Sui and Tang Dynasties account for about 60%. The largest statue in Longmen Grottoes is the Rushena Buddha in Fengxian Temple. Longmen Grottoes are mostly concentrated on the cliffs on the west bank of Yishui, with 7 large caves. Because the rock formation in Longmen Dongshan is thinner than that in Xishan, it is inconvenient to carve large statues. Among Longmen Grottoes, Guyang Cave, Binyang Middle Cave and Lianhua Cave are representative grottoes in the Northern Wei Dynasty. The representative of Sui Dynasty works is Binyang South Cave. The representative caves in the Tang Dynasty are: Qianxi Temple, Binyang North Cave, Wanfo Cave and Fengxian Temple.

Qianxisi

This is the first big grotto that we entered at the northern end of Longmen West Mountain. Qianxi Temple Cave is more than 9 meters high, 9 meters wide and nearly 7 meters deep. It was built in the early Tang Dynasty, about 1300 years ago. It is named after the continuous outflow of streams from the underground when the cave is dug. It is said that a prime minister named Li Pan built a villa here in the Tang Dynasty. In the Qing Dynasty, there were wooden eaves and other buildings outside the cave, so it was also called "Futang". The top of the cave is a hidden lotus, and the main statue in the cave is Amitabha, with a height of 7.38 meters, full denomination, bulging chest, clothes hanging obliquely in front of the seat, and well-proportioned proportions of all parts of the body. It looks wise, and the whole gesture gives people a feeling of silence and kindness. On both sides are two disciples, two bodhisattvas and two heavenly kings. In particular, the Bodhisattva in the south wall, with its plump and warm figure and quiet demeanor, and the statue of the main Buddha are the two most exquisite stone carvings in Longmen Grottoes in the Tang Dynasty. The inner and outer walls of the cave are carved with a protector king, with high cheekbones, big eyes, magnificent physique and strong strength, wearing armor, which is the image of a senior military commander in the Tang Dynasty. The hag you stepped on is also very vivid.

The third hole in Binyang is represented by the Middle Cave, which was called Lingyan Temple in the Northern Wei Dynasty and renamed Binyang Cave after the Ming and Qing Dynasties. It lasted for 24 years and employed 802,366 people. We can also understand the Three Holes of Binyang as "covering a silver guest for Binyang to ask for sunrise", which means it will be sunny or sunny. Although Binyang Cave has spent so much time and money, the whole project of the three caves is not over. In 5 15, it was extended for four years. Due to the civil strife in the imperial court, the carving work in Binyang actually stopped. Therefore, the three caves in Binyang, a large cave operated by the royal family in the Northern Wei Dynasty, actually only completed a middle cave in Binyang.

Binyang Middle Cave is a three-level Buddha cave. On the front are five statues of Siddhartha Gautama, with two disciples and two bodhisattvas (Zuo Manjusri Bodhisattva and Right Pu Xian) standing on the left and right. The two Bodhisattvas are smiling and caring, and Wen Ya is sincere, giving people a sense of intimacy. There are also statues on the north and south walls, both of which are one Buddha and two bodhisattvas, wearing robes and standing on the lotus seat. On the back seat of the statue of Binyang Cave, there are reliefs of bodhisattvas and disciples. The top of the cave is shaped like a dragon, and there is a lotus treasure cover carved in the center of the cave. There are eight geisha and two admirers around the Lotus. We call it supporting the sky and supporting people to fly. Tian Fei, known as the "sweet god" in Buddhist art, is a beautiful fairy who can sing and dance and exudes fragrance. On the south side of the central cave in Binyang, there is a monument carved on the cliff, that is, the famous monument of Chu Suiliang, that is, the monument of Yi Que Buddha's niche, which records the statue of Wang Wei Terrace, the fourth son of Emperor Taizong, as his dead mother stone (Zhenguan 15 AD 64 1).

Binyang North Cave was built in the early Tang Dynasty. The main statue in the cave is Amitabha.

(Ten Thousand Buddha Cave)

The shape of the Wanfo Cave is square, with a flat top and a lotus algae well carved on the top. Around the lotus algae well, there are large characters printed in regular script: "The first year of Tang Yongle (AD 680) was completed on November 30, with 15,000 Buddhist shrines, including Yao Shenbiao, Master Yunchan in the Inner Dojo." On the north side of the entrance corridor, there is an inscription that says "Shamanism is wise, and the statue of Empress Dowager Fengtian is 15,000". These two inscriptions complement each other and explain why people make wishes and statues at the end of the day. Yonglong is the title of Emperor Li Zhi. Eunuchs are female officials in the palace. Shaman Zhiyun and Inner Dojo waybill master refer to the number of wisdom clouds of Bhikuni. Because the cave was built on the orders of Zhiyun, it is also called "Zhiyun Cave". The emperor refers to Tang Gaozong, and the queen refers to Wu Zetian. Because the cave spoon is engraved with 15000 Buddha statues, it is also called "Ten Thousand Buddha Cave".

The cave owner, named Amitabha, is round and light. He sat on a sumeru, wearing a lotus belt, with one hand pressing his chest close to his body and the other caressing his knees. This gesture means that Amitabha is talking to his disciples, so it is called "talking seal". There are two stone lions outside the original cave, namely the fine relief of Longmen in Tang Dynasty, which was stolen in 1930s. It is now in the Boston Art Museum and the Nawilson Art Museum in Kansas City.

In east China

Lianhua Cave is another large Northern Wei grottoes after Binyang Middle Cave. It is named after a Da Lian algae well pattern carved on the ceiling and flying around. Lotus is a famous Buddhist symbol, which means to emerge from the mud without being defiled. Therefore, the caissons at the top of Buddhist grottoes are mostly decorated with lotus flowers, but such a large lotus flower is so beautifully carved that it is rare in Longmen Grottoes. This cave was dug in the Xiaochang period of the Northern Wei Dynasty, that is, around 526-528 AD, belonging to the late Northern Wei Dynasty. This cave is 6.10m high, 6.15m deep, and the main Buddha is 6m high. Above the north side of the cave, there is a stone tablet engraved with the word "Yi Que", which was originally carved by Dalagni in the Tang Dynasty and later by the Governor of Henan Province in the Ming Dynasty, indicating the original name of Longmen.

The largest Buddha statue in Longmen Grottoes is located in Fengxian Temple, which is immediately dedicated to ancestors. Fengxian Temple is the largest, most exquisite, magnificent and most representative grottoes in Longmen Grottoes.

Fengxian Temple is about 40 meters deep from east to west and 36 meters wide from north to south. It is recorded in the Notes on the Statue of Da Rushena on the left side of Rushena Buddha (Dai Buddha) that the building of the Great Emperor Tang Gaozong is also illuminated. The Buddha is 85 feet tall, the two Bodhisattvas are 70 feet high, and Kaye, Ananda and King Kong are 50 feet high. According to relevant information and experts' speculation, Fengxian Temple was built in Wei Yong for six years, that is, after 655 AD. It was completed in the second year of Shang Yuan, that is, 675 AD1February 30th, and it took about 2 1 year.

Layout of Fengxian Temple: One Buddha, Two Disciples, Two Bodhisattvas, Two Heavenly Kings, Two Terrible Powers and Two Shelters. Buddhism believes that the Buddha has three bodies: the dharma body is the original body of the Buddha; Self-declaration is the Buddha's "Buddha fruit" body obtained through long-term practice; The body should be the body that the Buddha appeared for "crossing all beings". Lushe, that is the so-called Buddha, which translates as "pure shame". The main statue is Zhao Xi sitting in the middle. The total height of the statue is 17. 14 meters, of which the head height is 4 meters and the ear height is10.9 meters. It is the largest Buddha statue in Longmen Grottoes. His face is plump and elegant, his eyebrows are crescent-shaped, his eyes are affectionate, his smile is slightly exposed and his kindness overflows. Her wise eyes, looking down slightly, just meet the eyes of the worshippers, which can cause people's emotional tremor. This shows the designer's ingenuity and artistic charm. Two disciples standing on both sides, Kaya Ye, an old man, has a rigorous and prudent image, while An An, a young man, has a plump and round image with fine eyes. Each bodhisattva wears a crown, a garland, silk on his shoulders and a long skirt, which makes him appear to be out of the water. This statue shop depicts a solemn, beautiful and moving style. The overall layout of Fengxian Temple makes people feel like the scene of the emperor calling for officials.

Generally speaking, in the teachings of Buddhism, both Buddha and Bodhisattva are male, but the main Buddha of Fengxian Temple in Longmen is female. This is because of the political needs of Wu Zetian in the Tang Dynasty, for the first time, she created a unique image as a middle-aged woman-Lushenafo. Legend has it that Wu Zetian combines the above virtues, which is almost exactly the same as the image of Rushenafo. It can be seen that the image of Rushna is a true portrayal of the image of Wu Zetian to a certain extent.

Guyang Cave was dug in the sixteenth year of Taihe in the Northern Wei Dynasty and moved to Luoyang in 493 AD. More than 90% of the carvings in the cave were made by the Northern Wei Dynasty, which is the earliest and richest cave in Longmen Grottoes. It is worth mentioning that the cave walls and ceilings of Guyang Cave are covered with statues of Buddhist niches, and most of these statues have statues inscriptions, which record the names, years and months of sculptors at that time and the reasons for their early statues. These are the most precious materials for studying calligraphy and sculpture in the Northern Wei Dynasty. There are 19 famous "Longmen Twenty Products" in stone carving art in Guyangdong. "Longmen 20 Pin" represents the style of Wei Bei, which is regular and generous, vigorous and powerful, and its writing style is between official script and regular script. It is a mature and unique font in the transition from official script to regular script. Twenty products in Longmen Grottoes can be said to be the essence of inscription calligraphy art in Longmen Grottoes, so it has been praised by calligraphers for thousands of years.