How many times did Pan Geng move the capital? How many times did the Shang Dynasty move the capital before Pan Geng moved the capital to Yin?

How many times did the Shang Dynasty move the capital before Pan Geng moved the capital to Yin? There were seven capitals in Shang Dynasty. Because Tang Jian built his capital in Bohai, Zhong Ding moved from Bohai to Bohai, and He Jia moved from Bohai to Xiang, Zu Ti first moved from Geng, and then moved from Xing after a year because of the Yellow River flood, Nan Geng moved from Xing to Xuan, and Pan Geng moved from Xuan to North Mongolia, which was called Yin. This is the last capital and yin, there should be seven in all. In addition, because Gengdu was founded only one year ago, historians often omit it. If omitted, the Shang Dynasty was six capitals and five moved.

When did Pan Geng move the capital? ! ! ! ! Pan Geng moved to Yin in BC 1320.

In the late Shang Dynasty, it was recorded in Shangshu Wuyi, and two ancient versions of bamboo books were also preserved. When later scholars estimated the total number of years of Pan Geng's emigration, there were three theories: 275, 273 and 253. It is estimated that the year of King Wu's commercial negotiation was BC 1046. In 275, Pan Geng moved to Yin in BC 1320. If 273 is adopted, Pan Geng moved to Yin in BC 13 18; If 253 years were adopted, Pan Geng moved to Yin in BC 1298. Because the first year of Wuding was determined as 1250 BC, and considering the rationality of the total number of years in Pan Geng, 253 years was more appropriate, so Pan Geng moved to Yin in 1298 BC, and today it is rounded to 1300 BC. Why did Pan Geng move the capital? We know from which dynasty the earliest recorded history of China began, namely Shang Dynasty.

When Shang Tang established the Shang Dynasty, the earliest capital was Bo (sound bó). In the next 300 years, the capital moved five times.

Why did the Shang Dynasty move its capital five times? Because, since Tai Geng, the sixth king of Shang Dynasty, the situation of the country has been declining day by day, and the royal families often compete for the throne, causing civil strife, coupled with frequent floods in the lower reaches of the Yellow River. Once a flood flooded the capital and had to move.

By the time the 20th King of Shang Dynasty, Pan Geng, had moved the capital four times, and the capital was scheduled for election. Although the election has been very lively and prosperous, it is very low-lying Every rainy season, it will be flooded here, and traffic is often interrupted, which is very inconvenient to contact with the outside world.

Pan Geng is a successful king, and he is determined to make the people live a good life. How can we realize this wish? As a first step, he decided to move the capital. He knows that moving the capital can not only avoid flooding, but also get rid of the oppression of those nobles and old ministers, let go of their hands and feet to govern the country, and at the same time take the opportunity to eradicate the bad habits of nobles' extravagance and laziness.

Pan Geng first sent someone to carefully select the address of the new capital-Beimeng. It is right in the middle of the territory of Shang Dynasty, protected by dangerous terrain and natural barriers. This is an ideal place to command the world. Then, Pan Geng gave the order to move the capital.

The order to move the capital was opposed by many upper-class aristocrats. Some of them pretend to maintain the ancestral temple; Some say it is unlucky to move abroad; Some even incited some civilians to make trouble, which was very serious. In the face of strong opposition, Pan Geng did not fear or flinch. He resolutely announced: "I have asked wizards many times to predict the relocation of the capital, which is in line with God's will. This is also conducive to the stability of the country and the happiness of the people. I've made up my mind and won't change it again. Whoever opposes it again will be severely punished! "

Because of Pan Geng's insistence, he defeated the opposition, and finally crossed the Yellow River with civilians and slaves, and moved the merchants to Yin, where he rectified the politics of the Shang Dynasty and revived the declining Shang Dynasty. He hasn't moved the capital for more than 200 years.

So Shang Dynasty is also called Yin Shang, or Yin Dynasty. After the demise of Shang Dynasty, this Yin capital was abandoned, so people also called it "Yin Ruins".

"Yin Ruins" were actually discovered by modern people in archaeology, in Xiaotun Village, Anyang, Henan Province. Many tortoise shells and animal bones were unearthed in Yin Ruins, all of which were engraved with illegible words. The ruling class of Shang Dynasty was very superstitious about ghosts and gods. It is unlucky for them to use tortoise shells and animal bones for divination during sacrifices, hunting and expeditions. A powerful monarch like Pan Geng also asked a wizard to predict when he moved his capital. In ancient times, people could not explain some phenomena and thought that everything was decided by the gods. After divination in Shang Dynasty, people carved the results of divination on tortoise shells and animal bones in words, which was called "Oracle Bone Inscriptions". The Chinese characters we use now are evolved from Oracle Bone Inscriptions.

When did Pan Geng move to Yin? Pan Geng moved to Yin.

After Zhong Ding, the royal family moved the capital many times. Such as moving to Xiang (southeast of the Yellow River in Henan) and Zu Ti moving to Xing (east of wen county in Henan). It is said that it moved five times before Pan Geng. The reason for moving the capital so frequently cannot be explained exactly because of the lack of historical materials. From Zhong Ding to the Yang family, there were many "disciples or contending for positions" before and after the Five Dynasties and Nine Kings, which was called "the ninth rebellion" in history. After the establishment of Pan Geng, the political chaos is still quite serious, and the class struggle is becoming increasingly fierce. In order to save the political crisis, Pan Geng decided to move the capital again. He chose Yin as the new capital. But both nobles and civilians are opposed to moving the capital. So before and after moving the capital, he repeatedly persuaded the nobles to move the capital to the new capital together and achieve a new career together. At the same time, he sternly warned all people to act with them, or they would be wiped out. After moving to Yin, the political situation became more and more stable. In social, economic and cultural aspects, the Shang Dynasty always moved its capital several times. Why did it move the capital? Merchants are good at moving, that is, people in the Shang Dynasty moved their capital many times.

Why do businessmen move the capital repeatedly? Scholars in ancient and modern times have different opinions on this issue, mainly including the following views: first, the theory of "flood"; The second is the theory of "nomadism" and "wandering farmers"; Third, the theory of "going from extravagance to thrift"; Fourth, the theory of "the struggle for the throne". The "flood" theory tries to find out the reasons for the repeated relocation of businessmen from natural disasters. But there is no conclusive material to prove that the flood forced businessmen to move the capital. On the contrary, from the Tang Dynasty to the six dynasties and eleven kings, there were at least 150 troops. Has there been a disaster in the river for so long? Moreover, from Wuding to Oracle Bone Inscriptions, it has been recorded for many times that the flooding of Huan water endangered the capital of Yin, and the Yin people did not move the capital. Why can't floods force people to move their capital after the scale, but they can force people to move their capital before Pan Geng? In addition, several capitals in the Southern Dynasties were located on both sides of the Yellow River, especially from Bohai to Yin and Pan Geng from Yan to the river. This phenomenon cannot be explained by "flood". The theory of "nomadism" and "wandering farmers" tries to find out the reasons why businessmen move repeatedly from the perspective of social production. According to the theory of "nomadism", merchants were nomadic people who migrated indefinitely before Pan Geng moved to Yin. Only in Pan Geng did they have a preliminary agriculture, and they changed from nomadic economy to agricultural economy, so they tended to settle down. However, Oracle Bone Inscriptions and archaeological data of Shang Dynasty prove that agriculture was the most important production sector as early as the early Shang Dynasty, so this statement is not in line with historical reality. According to the theory of "having agriculture", agriculture in Shang Dynasty was primitive. Its primitiveness is manifested in the clumsiness of production tools and primitive farming methods. Businessmen used the method of "burning fields" instead of clumsy production tools to open up Yuan Ye. After burning the Lin Mang Plain, they planted seeds on dusty soil. They know neither irrigation nor fertilization. Once the natural force of the land is exhausted, they need to change farmland and have to migrate frequently. The "peasant-traveling" economy is the reason for the repeated flow of merchant capital. However, archaeological data prove that the stone sickle and axe unearthed in Zhengzhou and Xiaotun Shang culture are very similar. These two places just represent the early Shang Dynasty and the late Shang Dynasty. A small number of bronzes were used in agricultural production in Shang Dynasty. At present, several bronze farm tools unearthed are roughly the same in the early and late Shang Dynasty. This shows that the agricultural production tools in the early and late Shang Dynasty did not change obviously and were "clumsy". With regard to farming methods, Mr. Hu Houxuan pointed out in "On Burning Fields in Yin Dynasty" that "burning fields" was a hunting method of Yin people and had nothing to do with agriculture. As for saying that businessmen "don't know how to fertilize", it is inconsistent with historical facts. "The Book of Klang" said: "There is drought in soup, benefiting yin is a regional field, teaching people to plant manure and watering crops with negative water." The word "urine" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions is the word "excrement" in feces. There are many records of "urine fields" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, and it is possible that "dung seeds" were known as early as Shang Dynasty. The statement of "farmers" can't stand scrutiny. In addition, like the "flood" theory, it cannot explain the historical fact that commercial capital was stable before Zhong Ding and after Pan Geng. Therefore, the theory of "farmers" is also not credible. The theory of extravagance and thrift and the struggle for the throne try to find out the reasons why businessmen have moved again and again from social and political aspects. According to the theory of "eliminating extravagance and practicing frugality", "restraining extravagance and promoting frugality to ease class contradictions is the reason why businessmen move repeatedly. This is somewhat reasonable. Because "The Book of History" and "Pan Geng" preserved three speeches made by Pan Geng to his subjects when he moved to Yin. When he wanted to move, he accused the nobles of being greedy for money. After he moved, he warned the officials: Don't collect money, just multiply the industry tirelessly for yourself, but benefit the people and always lead an honest and clean life like a king. However, luxury is a "chronic disease" and a "common disease" of the exploiting class. It exists not only at the time of migration, but also after migration. Why can luxury goods make capital move at this time, but not at that time? Although the theory of "going from extravagance to frugality" has seen the phenomenon that some businesses move repeatedly, it has failed to grasp the essence through the phenomenon. Therefore, its explanation for the repeated relocation of merchants is unconvincing. According to Records of the Historian Yin Benji, "Since Ding Zhong, disciples have abandoned their proper positions and set up more disciples, which is more chaotic than the Nine Dynasties, so the princes are in Mo", and it is noted that there are exactly nine kings from Ding Zhong to Yang Jia, and the "several generations" in pre-Qin classics refers to "several kings". This "Nine Dynasties Rebellion" and the repeated migration of businessmen. This inference can be found in the novella of Shangshu Pan Geng. Pan Geng recalled the reason why the former king moved to the capital, saying: "Yin was a great abuse, and the former king ignored it and moved for the use of the people." "Kong Shu believes that the specific meaning of" great abuse "is:" If you go to the clouds, you can't live with each other, and you don't know justice, that is, heaven is also a disaster. "Obviously," Great Abuse "is not a natural disaster, but a man-made disaster, that is, the" Nine Chaos "centered on the struggle for the throne. The meaning of this sentence is; Political turmoil and disputes have brought endless disasters to the people. The former king did not cherish the foundation they built, and was moved by the interests of the people. Then, why must the social unrest caused by the struggle for the throne be solved by moving the capital? Because the direct consequence of the "Nine Revolts" was the weakening of the authority of Shang kings and the expansion of aristocratic forces. The expansion of aristocratic power, manifested in the economy, is the accumulation of wealth; Politically, it was regicide who usurped the throne. If both sides of the struggle want to win, they must rely on the time, place and people. The weather is independent of people's will and enjoys each other. The harmony between people depends on subjective efforts. Only the right place belongs to whoever owns it. Obviously, since the power of the nobility can expand and threaten the kingship, the nobility must occupy a geographical position. Although the Shang Dynasty has entered the Bronze Age, the development level of social productive forces is still very low. At the level of social development, the role of geographical location is particularly important. It is a strategic move of Shang King to change the geographical advantages of the nobles by moving the capital, thus weakening their strength. This should be the subjective reason for the repeated relocation of businessmen. This is the case in the chapter "Shangshu Pan Geng". Pan Geng's move to Yin was almost opposed by the whole country, but the main resistance came from nobles, not civilians, not slaves. Nobles used floating words to incite people, while Pan Geng grasped the two banners of "destiny" and "former king" to publicize his intention to win people's hearts. At that time, the "mandate of heaven" and the "former king" were undoubtedly powerful, which enabled Pan Geng to move Yin. When I was about to move, Pan Geng issued a warning: "I was unlucky and disrespectful. When I met a traitor, I wiped it out, leaving nothing to breed in our new city." That is to say, if there are treacherous and disobedient people, I will cut them off and stop such cowards from leaving in the new town. It can be seen that Pan Geng tried to attack the nobility by moving the capital. After moving the capital, Pan Geng reiterated: "If there is no distance, kill the Lord with sin, and show the goodness of the Lord with virtue", that is, no matter whether there is blood relationship with the king or not, sin will be put to death and meritorious service will be rewarded; And claimed that he had the right to "control his short life." This shows that by moving the capital and suppressing dissidents, the authority of the Shang king rose. The lesson of "September 1st Anti-Japanese" is profound. In order to avoid repeating history, the system of succession to the throne has changed. The unified law of Shang and Jude Wong is divided into three stages: the first stage is from Dading to Zuding, and the second stage is from Xiao Ye to Kangding; In the third period, Wuyi passed it on to the eldest son. Pan Geng is in the transition stage from the first stage to the second stage. After moving to Yin, the legal unification of Shang and He appeared a new situation, that is, the younger brother was a direct line and eventually became a descendant. The establishment of the eldest son inheritance system reduced the struggle for the throne and stabilized the interior of the royal family, which led to the fact that the capital did not move again in 273 years after moving to Yin. The theory of "the struggle for the throne" is reasonable to explain the repeated relocation of the capital in the early Shang Dynasty. Where did Pan Geng move its capital? Pan Geng moved to Yin.

Pan Geng is the same age as Oracle Bone Inscriptions, born and died in an unknown year, surnamed Xun, the son of Zu Ding in Shang Dynasty, the Yang brothers, and the 19th monarch of Shang Dynasty (excluding Taiding). When Shang Tang established the Shang Dynasty, the earliest capital was Bo (now Shangqiu, Henan). In the next 300 years, the capital moved five times. This is because the royal family often competes for the throne and civil strife occurs; Coupled with frequent floods in the lower reaches of the Yellow River. A flood flooded the capital, at the same time, the struggle between rulers for the throne was fierce. Some people say that the father dies and the son succeeds, while others say that brothers should be brothers and sisters. Between uncles and nephews, there is often a life-and-death struggle for the throne. They messed up the country for self-interest. Can't consider moving the capital. After Yang's death, Pan Geng succeeded to the throne and was a very successful monarch in Shang Dynasty. In order to change the unstable social situation at that time, he decided to move the capital to Yin again (now Anyang, Henan Province), which was called "Pan Geng moved to Yin" in history. After Pan Geng moved to Yin, he reorganized the politics of Shang Dynasty, developed the economy of Shang Dynasty, and revived the declining Shang Dynasty. Pan Geng died and was buried in Yin. Shang Dynasty (8) How many times (1)