Fortune Telling Collection - Free divination - How were the nobles of Shang Dynasty persecuted by Zhou royal family?

How were the nobles of Shang Dynasty persecuted by Zhou royal family?

1. The prominent family background, political corruption and the rise of the Shang Dynasty in the late Xia Dynasty led to the struggle with the Xia Dynasty for the sovereignty of the Central Plains. The descendants of Bo Yi, the founder of the Won Qin clan (see the discussion on the legendary era of Qin people) abandoned the Xia Dynasty and surrendered to Shang Tang in order to get rid of the political oppression of the Xia Dynasty. Boyi's second son, Ruomu's great-grandson, gave Shang Tang the imperial chariot, defeated Xia in Wujiao (now Fengqiu East, Henan Province) and became the founding hero of Shang Dynasty. Some of Chang Fei's descendants are in the Central Plains and some are in the righteous land. They have nothing to do with the later state of Qin, so they will not be mentioned. Zhong Yan, the descendant of Da Lian, the eldest son of Boyi, drove for Taiwu, the tenth generation Shang king, and Taiwu married him. After Zhongyan, his son Sun made contributions from generation to generation, so he won more surnames and became a vassal. Boyi's fief, Qin (now southeast of Fan County, Henan Province), was probably canonized as a vassal state in Shang Dynasty.

Around the Shang capital and the Shang king, there are indeed some people in the state of Qin who are big officials. Their activities are recorded in the Oracle Bone Inscriptions of Yin Ruins:

During the Reform Movement of 1898, Bin Zhen almost took Qin. ("After the Next" Sanqi? VIII)

Qin Zong was born in Bi (Yan). ("I" 57 1)

Yan Qinbi (Yan) is more ancient (therefore) (1) 797)

Yanqin Sect. ("Fu" 955)

Yan Qin ... Yu Xiaoyi. ("Yan" Volume 448)

..... Unknown ... There is a tribute to Qin Zong. (South Square 558)

..... It's easy to gamble # ā gambling fans?

..... I'm Qin. ("Beijing" 3937)

As can be seen from the above eight Oracle bones:

The Qin Dynasty in Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty can only be the Qin Dynasty that was sealed in the middle of Bo Yi, that is, the Qin Museum in Fanxian County, Henan Province today, not the Qin Dynasty sealed in the middle of Western Zhou Dynasty. In Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Zu Ding was the17th king of Shang Dynasty after Shang Tang, and Xiao Yi was the 22nd king of Shang Dynasty, which proved that the winners of Qin Dynasty did have Zu Ding and Xiao Yi as officials in Shang Dynasty.

Oracle Bone Inscriptions unearthed in Yin Ruins should be a relic of the Qin people who worked in the capital of Shang Dynasty to sacrifice their homeland and ancestors. "Bin Sacrifice" refers to the divination presided over by a royal fortune teller named Bin, and only the clansmen and ministers concerned can enjoy this kind of sacrifice.

Qin Zong, according to Oracle Bone Inscriptions Concise Dictionary, page 127 explains: Qin Di ancestral hall. Where there is a right Sect of Qin, there must be a left Sect of Qin. It can be seen that the Qin people in the East flourished because of clan reproduction, and there were clan branches of the right Sect and the left Sect, and ancestral temples were established respectively.

Of course, in the Shang Dynasty, those who gained the Qin clan and were promoted to dignitaries may leave the Qin homeland in Fan County, Henan Province and move to Shangdu or other fiefs. They surrendered to the Shang king.

Second, Zhong and Fei Lian protected the Shang Dynasty. Qin Benji says: Zhong You's great-grandson was insured in Xirong. It's almost time, in Diyi and Di Xin (that is, Zhou Wang).

Xi Huang, generally refers to the western frontier, here refers to the western frontier of Shang Dynasty. The territory of the Shang Dynasty was similar to that of the Xia Dynasty, between Shandong, Shanxi, Henan and Hebei, and Korea and Liaoning and Shaanxi provinces were the places where their ancestors reached. (Collection of Ancient History by Gu Jiegang, Volume II, page 48 1) In the late Yin Dynasty, the power of Shang Dynasty had surpassed Taihang Mountain to the west. The western boundary directly ruled in the late Shang Dynasty reached the west of Taihang Mountain in Shanxi and the east bank of the Yellow River. Fei Lian, the son of Zhong You, lives on the banks of Shanxi River and around Huoxian County. According to the twelve-year records of Yuanhe County Records, there is a famous cheap ancient city in Longmen County, seven miles south of the county seat. It belongs to Hejin County, Shanxi Province. It should be the fief of the famous Lian family mentioned in Qin Benji. The so-called protection of crying in the west refers to the protection of crying in the west by some ethnic groups led by the central government for the Shang Dynasty, that is, the area west of Tianyishang (Anyang, Henan) from Taihang Mountain to the east bank of the Yellow River.

Xirong, originally the general name of the ancient northwest Rong nationality, refers to different objects in different periods. Xirong, who lived in the late Yin Dynasty, refers to the settlement area of Rongzhai in Jinnan, west of Shangdu. Chen said: Among the Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Wu Ding, many countries are hostile to other countries, especially to Shang Dynasty, mostly in the south of Shanxi, namely Hedong County in Han Dynasty, and some in Shangdang County. The dividing line between these two areas, the capital of Shang Dynasty and the hunting area, is Taihang Mountain. From Wuding to, Yin's main enemy is here. Some of these tribes have always maintained a relatively primitive way of life, that is, they were called Beirong, Beiman and Xidi after Yin Dynasty; The others are different degrees of integration of the Central Plains culture, or their social by going up one flight of stairs. Such as Rong, Man Fang, Ghost Fang, Stubbornness and so on in Jiang's works. Xirong, China's home, lived together in these tribes that rebelled against the Shang Dynasty, and monitored and controlled them. Its resident was Xiqiao of the Shang Dynasty.

Zhong Zhong's son Fei Lian and Zhong Zhong's grandson E Lai are all minions of Yin. Born in middle school, born in Hubei, born in Hubei, strong and good at walking, both father and son have material strength in doing things. Because the famous Lian and Alai are the best protectors, many ancient books record their aiding and abetting. Historical records? Yin Benji: It is also used for evil, Hubei is good at slandering, and the princes use it to benefit and sparse. "Xunzi? Cheng Xiang: The disaster of the world, the envy of the sage, Fei Lian knows that politics is coming. " Lu Chunqiu? Dyeing time: Yi Yin dyed in Chonghou and Elai. During the cutting week, Hubei led troops to defend Shangdu and was defeated and died. Zombies said: King Wu shot Eli himself. This is probably due to E's stubborn resistance and revenge. At that time, Fei Lian was ordered to lead troops to defend the north to deal with the invasion of the earth (now Shanxi and northern Hebei) and the ghost face (now northern Shanxi and northwestern Shaanxi). When he came back from the north, he heard that the Shang Dynasty was dead and could not report to Zhou Wang. He built an altar in Huotai Mountain (now southeast of Huoxian County, Shaanxi Province) to hold a ceremony for Zhou Wang's soul in heaven. After the sacrifice, he died for the Shang Dynasty and was buried in Huotai Mountain. This is recorded in Qin Benji, which is different from Mencius. Maybe Fei Lian buried Huo Taishan to create a false impression and anesthetize Zhou people. In fact, he ran back to his hometown in the East, lurking to stand by and resist.

Fei Lian also had a son named Ji Sheng, who stayed in Huotai Mountain and surrendered to the Zhou Dynasty. Meng Zeng, the son of Ji Sheng, was favored by Zhou Chengwang. As a king, he was placed in Gaolang (now there is the former site of Gaolang in the northwest of Lishi County, Shanxi Province), and people called him Zhaigonglang. Zhao Fu, the grandson of Meng Zeng, is a famous driver. He once drove Zhou Muwang to the west to inspect, and then returned to the southeast to quell the rebellion in Xu Yanwang, driving 1000 miles every day. King Mu rewarded him according to his merits, and named him Zhao Cheng (now north of Hongtong County, Shanxi Province). Zhao Fu took Zhao as his surname, and later generations established Zhao. So people say that Qin and Zhao are of the same ancestry.

Thirdly, Rong Xuxuan's westward migration of Qin Benji recorded that Zhou wanted his concubine to be the heir, which aroused the opposition of his grandfather Shen Hou. In order to maintain his grandson's position as the real heir, Shen Houxiang told the story of his ancestor's marriage with Rong Xuxuan. Shen Hou said: I used to be the daughter of Li Shan, and then the wife of Rong Xuxuan. When I was alive, I returned to Zhou with my relatives and friends to protect Xixi, and Xixi lived in harmony with her. This paragraph is quite puzzling. If it is understood that China defended the West for the Zhou Dynasty, it is obviously inconsistent with the previous paragraph of Qin Benji and unreasonable. At that time, it had reached the end of Shang dynasty, and the opposition between Shang and Zhou dynasties was very sharp. The king killed the leader of Zhou clan. In the second year of Shang Zhouwang, Ji Chang () avenged his father and led Zhou people to attack the Shang Dynasty ("Taiping Yulan", volume 83, cited "Bamboo Annals"), although it failed. Later, on the surface, he obeyed Yin, but in fact, he actively engaged in Shang Dynasty, destroyed the country that worshipped the merchants (now Huxian East, Shaanxi Province), moved the capital from Feng (now Chang 'an West, Shaanxi Province), rounded up Yin's traitors, took in Yin's traitors, and completely controlled the land west of the Yellow River. Because Zhong and his son Fei Lian were ministers of Shang Dynasty, it was impossible to protect them. According to Shen Houyan, Rong Xuxuan is Zhong You's great-grandson and Zhong You's biological father, but he didn't see the Qin lineage described in Qin Benji. Not included in the lineage means that Rong Xuxuan is not an authentic heir, but a concubine or a sideline, so he can't be the biological father in the middle school. What Shen Hou said was probably to raise the significance of Shen and intermarriage, and deliberately fabricated this passage pointed out by Rong Xuxuan's student comrade in Qin Shi Draft, which was completely a statement that Shen Hou deliberately confused the facts in order to please Zhou. If not completely confusing the facts. There must be salt and vinegar.

If this passage is limited to the activities of two ethnic groups led by Rong Xuxuan to the west of Zhou people, it can make sense. In Shen Hou's words, he only said that Rong Xuxuan was born, but did not say that Rong Xuxuan and Zhong were together for Zhou Baoxi's revenge. Rong Xuxuan's westward migration has nothing to do with China. Even father and son, his father may not have touched his son. As for Rong Xuxuan's westward migration, it should be a fact. Since Wuding, the Shang dynasty sent some reliable clans to Shaanxi and Gansu many times, just to open up the territory. Shen Rong, the ancestor of Shen Hou, also known as Jiang Shirong, was originally from Qiang nationality. In the Shang Dynasty, a branch of the Qiang nationality once lived in southern Shaanxi (Chen's "Overview of Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Geography in Yin Ruins"), and then moved to Lishan Mountain in the west and Qiang Town in the Qiang River Basin in the west (Shi Nianhai: "The Mixed Living and Geographical Distribution of China People and Non-China People in the Spring and Autumn Period of the Western Zhou Dynasty", China Historical Geography Theory Series 65438+65430, 990). Rong Xuxuan belongs to a pro-business person who won the Qin Dynasty and also has a marriage relationship with Shen Hou's ancestors. It is entirely possible that under the command of Shang Zhouwang, he led a group of people who won the Qin Dynasty to the Western Expedition of the Zhou Dynasty. This is probably a A Qin native who moved to Shaanxi and Gansu in the late Shang Dynasty.

In the article "On the Culture of Zhou Dynasty", Mr. Zou Heng thinks that the sulfone clan in Oracle Bone Inscriptions and the legal clan in the inscription are probably the ancestral fees and fame of Qin Dynasty. He found that there was a bird-catching clan in the sub-box on the wide-folded shoulder jar from Shaanxi and Gansu, which might represent a clan that was good at catching birds. The ancients took the official position as their surname. However, this family must have an ancestor who was good at catching birds. He served as a bird (or bird and beast) official in Shang Dynasty or before, and his descendants lived in the pre-Zhou Cultural District in Shaanxi and Gansu today. At this point, it is not difficult for people to associate this clan with the ancestors of Qin. (Zou Heng: Selected Works of Xia, Shang and Zhou, p. 328) The ancestor of this Qin family is probably the person who won the Qin Dynasty under the leadership of Rong Xuxuan. Rong Xuxuan's family moved to the west of Zhou Dynasty, but it didn't develop and seemed to disappear from history soon. There is no record of the activities of Rong Xuxuan's descendants after their westward migration in the literature. This experience is not difficult to understand. His relatives were very popular in business, so he was inevitably suspected or jealous by Xibochang, and probably got rid of their leader when Wen and Wang Jian were in business. Its clan members inevitably entered the Sui Dynasty, which lasted for a long time. Naturally, they are gradually assimilated by local people and become local residents. So at the end of Shang dynasty, it is not surprising that the legal person in Shaanxi used the pre-Zhou culture. It seems that the ancestors of Qin originated in the East, and then why they came to the West has been explained here. (page 329 of the same book)

Mr. Meng believes that Qin people came from Xirong, and its important basis is Shen Hou's words. He believes in Xu Xuan's honor, since he is not from China, this Qin's paternal line is Rong also. First of all, this is taken out of context from Qin Benji. Qin Benji gives a clear account of Qin people's lineage from the aspects of female cultivation, great cause, Bo Yi, Da Lian and Meng Xi, but Mr. Meng did not use it, but dug out Shen Hou's words from it, making Rong Xuxuan a paternal ancestor of Qin people. This choice is not serious. According to Qin Benji, Rong Xuxuan was by no means the ancestor of Qin people, and his name was not included in the lineage of Qin zu. It is unknown which Qin family he belongs to, and it is impossible to prove that Qin Xianggong, who later established the State of Qin, is his descendant. His residence in Xirong can never explain that the Qin family won in Xirong. Secondly, some people interpret Rong Xuxuan as a title obtained by his position, which originally meant the monarch's vehicle being guarded by soldiers. (Yan Bin: On the Birthplace of Qin People, Hebei Academic Journal,No. 1987, No.6) Even if Xu Xuan is called Rong, Xu Xuan is named and Rong is added by Zhou people, it is not certain that he must be Xirong. Rong does not necessarily belong to the family, but it is also often used to express contempt and hostility. For example, Zhou people called businessmen stupid and arrogant (Ma: Biography of Qin Shihuang, page 9), which can never prove that businessmen were or originated in Xirong. If it is really Xu Xuan who says honor, it is also a manifestation of Zhou people's hostility to Rong Xu Xuan.

Four. The crusade launched by Duke Zhou to resettle prisoners of war failed two years after King Wu destroyed the enterprise. When he became king, he was very young, and his uncle Zhou Gongdan was the Regent. Guan Shu and Cai Shu were dissatisfied with the Duke of Zhou acting as the king, so they joined forces with Wu Geng, the son of Zhou Wang, and the eastern governors to launch a large-scale anti-Zhou rebellion. Obviously, the Qin people in the East also took an active part. In the process of Duke Zhou's eastward expedition, Qin people who resolutely opposed Zhou suffered a heavy blow. "Mencius? "Under Teng Wengong" cloud:

Duke Zhou is the king of Wu; Cut and choose three years to win its king, drive Fei Lian to the corner of the sea and poke it, and destroy the country by 50. As previously speculated, the ancestors of Qin people were killed in Huotai Mountain, probably to confuse the illusion of Zhou people. In fact, they fled back to their hometown in eastern Qin, where they organized anti-Zhou activities, and there may be descendants of Elai and Qin people who originally lived in Qin. Fei Lian was defeated and rushed to the seaside of Shandong Peninsula, where he was finally killed.

Fang Ding said:

Duke of Wei (Wei) conquered Dongyi, which was rich in white (Bo) salty ancient (Bo Gu). Public return, recommended to Zhou Temple. (Drink) Qin. ……

In other words, the Duke of Zhou conquered Dongyi, and the governors of Dongyi, such as Feng Bo and Bo Gu, were all killed. Duke Zhou returned home in triumph and presented the prisoners to his ancestors in the ancestral hall of Zhoudu. On this day, people hold a drinking ceremony with sake made in Qin. The so-called Qin here undoubtedly refers to Qin in Fanxian County, Henan Province, and Qin wine is also a plunder in the Eastern Expedition. This shows that the soldiers of the Duke of Zhou's crusade have indeed been to Qin.

After several years of major attacks on the East, Zhou finally quelled the rebellion. After the war, the ruling clique of Zhou dynasty mainly used the method of moving out of the original place to deal with prisoners of war. Some of them were forced to move to Luoyi, Chengzhou. See Shangshu? Zhou Shu? As stated in the Toastmasters; Some of them were transferred to the Gyeonggi area of Zhou Zong, which is roughly equivalent to the Guanzhong area of Shaanxi Province today. They were directly monitored and enslaved by the royal family and became clan slaves of the Zhou royal family. "Yi Zhou Shu Zuo Roger" contains:

Zhou, Xiang, three uncles, Yin, Dong, Xu, Xuan and Xiong, Ying ... worked as teachers and students for three years, but Yin never recovered. ..... Where a bear is levied, seventeen countries will be occupied and nine cities will be captured. Yin Xianmin was captured and transferred to Jiubi. During the Western Zhou Dynasty, there were many Bizi place names in Guanzhong area of Shaanxi Province. The author with the largest number is Bi Guo, originally the subordinate country of the fifteenth son Bi, whose land includes most of Bi Mo, Bi Ying in the northwest of An and Xianyang. Also, Bi and Sima Qian said in the eulogy in Zhou Benji: Bi is in the southeast. According to Lu Liancheng's investigation, Biyuan is located in the southwest of Xi 'an, in Zhucun and Guodu Town of Chang 'an County, southeast of Haojing, which is the mausoleum area of the Western Zhou Emperor. (Lu Liancheng: A Textual Research on the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Two Cities in Gao Feng, China History Series No.3 1988) There is a saying that "Bi Dao" and "Shi Mao Yun Chuan" are the Taoist names of Bi Zhongnan. It is possible to build nine or more new towns in Biyuan, Bidao, Biguo and its vicinity, resettle prisoners, and send officials to supervise and manage them to serve the royal family. The distribution of Jiubi cannot be known one by one. Today, the city of Lantian County should belong to one of Jiubi. More than ten bronzes have been found in Lantian County, and the inscriptions on two bronzes are the most important.

Inscription in You's Gui: Yu Hu (Hu) History (Wall) Book Life: tinea (heir) is an official, tiger minister: Ximenyi, Qin Gui,, Xin. ……

Inscription on "Follow the Rules": Today, my daughter (such as) is an official, and she used to be an agent of the tiger minister: Ximen Yi, Qin Yi, Qin Yi, Luan Yi, Xin, Hua Yi and You Yi, who went to Asia for a week to defend the Qin people and surrender the people. ……

Xigou Mountain is the location of West County and Long County in the Western Han Dynasty, and there should be ruins of the old city. "Water classics? Zhu Yun: The water in the Western Han Dynasty is southwest again, and it is hydrated with Yang Lianchuan. The water flows out of the West Valley, and the rivers flow downstream, forming rivers and flowing southeast, so it flows to the north of Jingxi County. Qin Zhuanggong cut Xirong and broke it. This is where Zhou Xuanwang and his big Luogou mound are located. " Reading "Historical Records Zhou Qinxi County Records" says: The so-called Xigou Mountain is also the capital of this place. West County is located in Shuinan, Western Han Dynasty, now in Lixian County, Gansu Province. Some people have textual research; Xigou Mountain is located on the south bank of the Western Han River, 2.5 kilometers southeast of Yanguanbao, Lixian County. (Xu Rihui: Explanation of Xihuang Mountain and Xiduoge Mountain in Volume 2,No. 1983 of the new edition of Historical Geography of the Northwest of Cihai) This is consistent with the record in the Water Mirror Note, and the ruins of the ancient city are still being searched.

The vassal was a kind of fief in the Western Zhou Dynasty, and the fief was no more than 50 miles. "Mencius? Xia said: "The system of the son of heaven, the land is thousands of miles away, and people are waiting a hundred miles away. Seventy miles away, fifty miles away, but fifty miles away from the son of heaven. It belongs to the vassal, and it is said that Qin was sealed by the vassal's concubine, in Zheng Chuan, Qin 'an County, Gansu Province. According to Shuijing Note? "Wei Shui Zhu" contains: (Clear water) goes directly to the south of the city, and then hydrates with Xiqin. Water flows from Qin Valley in Dalongshan, Northeast China, with two sources and two guides. Through three springs, one water is synthesized. There is a nursery in Qinchuan, Sichuan in the west, and Qin Zhong has closed it. Ci Hai Qin Chuan Tiao Yun: Now Houchuan Valley in Qingshui County, Gansu Province is named after Qin Ting, the ancestor of Qin State, because it exists in Sichuan. He Shuangquan inferred from the Civil Map of Qin Tomb in Fangmatan, Tianshui, Gansu Province that there is a pavilion-shaped architectural symbol in Zheng Chuan, Qin 'an County, Gansu Province, which is probably Qin Pavilion. Qin 'an County is located in Xianhe County and Qingshui County, and the Qin Pavilion in Qin 'an County is consistent with Zhu's Qin Valley and Old Pavilion. However, Qin Yihe's name did not start from Fei Zi, but restored the original fief name of Oriental Boyi, that is, transferred Qin Yihe's name in Fan County, Henan Province. It can be seen that the Qin talents in Fei Zi's hands really turned over, and restored the won surname and the sacrifice to the won surname with less than five miles of fief. At this point, the Qin people got rid of the suppressed position and were regarded as the power to defend the western frontier by the Zhou royal family. According to textual research, the Western Zhou Dynasty is divided into two parts: the western capital and the eastern capital, and the two parts are interrelated. Zhou Zong is the center in the west, Hanshuiyang in the south, Chengzhou in the east and Tianshui in Gansu in the west. (Lv Wenyu's "Two Weeks of Wang Jikao") The so-called Western Zhou Depression refers to the Tianshui area in Gansu Province today, which is directly controlled by the Zhou royal family.

After King Mu's Western Expedition, people in need will naturally not come (Historical Records)? Zhou Benji), the opposition between Xirong and the Zhou royal family became public. Qin people who benefited from the struggle were naturally hostile to Xirong, among which Gou Rong and Xian attacked Xigou Mountain occupied by Qin people the most fiercely. In the defending battle of Xiqiao, the Qin people really sacrificed and fought bloody battles, and the Zhou royal family trusted and supported the Qin people more and more. Fei Zisan spread to the middle of the Qin Dynasty, and Xirong rebelled against the royal family and exterminated the Rhoda family in Dog Hill, that is, the descendants of Rhoda he cheng who lived in Dog Hill. Zhou Xuanwang named Qin Zhong as a doctor and ordered him to crusade against Xirong. Qin Zhong was killed as a result. Qin Zhong has five sons. The eldest son is called Zhuang Gong. King Xuan took advantage of their revenge and handed over 7,000 soldiers to the five brothers of Zhuang Gong, ordering them to crusade against Xirong. After fierce fighting, Gong Xuan finally defeated Xirong and recovered the dog hill. King Xuan rewarded Zhuanggong, took the dog mountain of the clan as his own, and named Zhuanggong a doctor. The aristocratic officials in the Zhou Dynasty were divided into three levels, namely, officials, doctors and scholars, with doctors as the second level. Jin yusi? Wen Gong), the doctor inherited the income from his fief, except for paying a certain tribute to the royal family and providing certain military and labor services, the rest were all owned by him. Dr. Xi Chui should take Tianshui City, Gansu Province as his food city and treat Xigou Mountain, so Xigou Mountain is also called Xi Chui.

But at the beginning of September, Ji Wushen and Bo Shi said,' No, Yan Yun, the master of the New Moon, attacked the western regions on a large scale, and the king ordered me to be ashamed to chase the west. Come back and catch it, and make makeup chase it. You cut Yan Yun with my car in Gao Tao, and cut off more of my head. ……

Mr. Li Xueqin thinks historical records? Chronology of Twelve Governors: Qin Zhuanggong was named after it. The word "bu" was often used as a nonsense auxiliary word in the pre-Qin period, so Qin Zhuanggong in the literature is probably the last word in the inscription. The inscription reads: Yan invaded the western part of the Zhou Dynasty, and the king of Zhou ordered Hebo not to fight back, but to pursue it westward. West is west, that is, the west county of Longxi County in Qin and Han Dynasties. He not only won the battle with Yan Yun, but also returned to North Korea to offer prisoners, so he was ordered to continue his pursuit with chariots and gained a lot in the battle. (Li Xueqin's new understanding of Qin cultural relics, Cultural Relics, No.9, 1980).

Qin Gui moved from Zhuanggong to Xigouling. Zhuang has three sons, and the eldest son is Shi Fu. Shi Fu said, Xirong killed my grandfather Qin Zhong, but I dare not live in the city without killing Rong Wang. So he led the troops to attack Xirong and gave the inheritance to his younger brother "xianggong". In the second year of "xianggong", Xirong besieged Dog Hill, and his father attacked Xirong and was captured by Xirong. After more than a year, Xirong was sent back to his father. In the spring of the seventh year of "xianggong", that is, in 770 BC, Zhou Youwang was in chaos because of his favorite ministers. Xirong's dogs, Rong and Shen Hou, attacked the Zhou Dynasty and killed the king at the foot of Mount Li. Xiang Gong led troops to escort to Luoyi, and Ping Wang thanked him and made him a vassal. Give him the land to the west of Qishan, saying, as long as you can drive Xirong away, I will give it to you to the east of Qishan until the water is full. At this time, Qin became a vassal state.

Verb (verb's abbreviation) Historians and archaeologists have long been divided into two opinions on the national origin of Qin people, one advocating the East and the other advocating the West. This paper describes the migration process of Qin people from east to west. Of course, I believe in the East, but I hold a negative attitude towards the West. But I hope this discussion can continue, with a view to finally reaching a conclusion that conforms to the historical truth. In order to make the discussion more in-depth, I think there are two points in the research method that cannot be ignored:

First of all, the study of Qin clan origin in Historical Records can't be ignored? Qin Benji's records. It was written by Sima Qian according to Ji Qin, Zuozhuan, Guoyu and Shiben, the official history of Qin people. The genealogy and historical sites of Qin people before the founding of the People's Republic of China can be found in Oracle Bone Inscriptions and bronze inscriptions. Some scholars believe that the Qin lineage before the concubine was forged, and only after the concubine lived in Goushan did she believe in history. The reliable activities of Qin people are all in the west. This statement is incorrect. When Zhou named the concubine, he mentioned Boyi, the distant ancestor of the concubine. The above eight Oracle Bone Inscriptions articles show that Qin people were quite active in the political arena of Shang Dynasty, and there were a large number of anti-Zhou documents recorded by Baolian and Alai. Are these all fakes? I think it's better to use the double evidence law advocated by Wang Guowei, use archaeological data to confirm and supplement documentary records, and use documentary records to identify and explain archaeological data. In the case of insufficient evidence, don't rashly classify the records in Qin Benji as forgery or disguise.

Furthermore, to distinguish the origin of Qin nationality from the origin of Qin culture, these are two different and related concepts. The ethnic origin of Qin refers to the ethnic origin of the ruling nation represented by the monarch of Qin. The research contents should include the original ancestors, formation, reproduction, rise and fall, lineage, migration, relations with other ethnic groups and cultural characteristics of the Qin nationality. Qin culture refers to the culture of Qin State and Qin Dynasty during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, including the cultures of its ruling ethnic groups and many conquered ethnic groups, as well as official culture and folk culture. We should study the similarities and differences of various cultural factors and their mutual absorption, integration and assimilation in the process of contact, and form cultural characteristics on this basis. When Qin people were not sons, it was estimated that there were 20,000 to 30,000 people (Lin Jianming Qin History Draft, p. 34). When Zhuang was named king, he gave seven thousand Zhou soldiers. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, it developed with the support of Zhou descendants. The Qin family, represented by the monarch of Qin, has always been a minority in Qin, and the area ruled by Qin is a mixed area. Up to now, there are 92 countries of Rongdi (Biography of Xiqiang in the Later Han Dynasty), and there are at least eight ethnic groups, namely, Yi Rong, Zhai, Dali, Yiqu, Yan and Wushi. These eight ethnic groups are more than the Qin people in their heyday. After Qin conquered these ethnic groups, they have always adopted the skills of learning from foreigners (Han Shu? Southwest Biography), that is, they will not change their customs, culture or even social organizations. Therefore, the custom of Qin miscellaneous Rong Di (historical records? "Chronology of the Six Kingdoms") Shang Yang devoted himself to changing the teaching of Rong Di when he reformed (Historical Records? Shang Jun Biography) is not surprising. These are valuable materials for studying the connotation of Qin culture. However, these materials have nothing to do with the origin of Qin State. Archaeologist Ye Xiaoyan's Preliminary Study of Qin Tombs (ArchaeologicalNo. 1982,No. 1) is a good paper on the comprehensive study of hundreds of Qin Tombs, but it comes to the conclusion that the Qin Dynasty originated in the northwest. The argument in this paper is that the heads of the deceased mainly face west, which may imply that they came from the west of China. However, the author did not determine the clan of these tomb owners with their heads facing west. The owner of the tomb is not Qin, but a certain clan in Xirong. What is the relationship between their westward March and the ethnic origin of Qin State? If this article is about Qin culture, it can and is aimed at demonstrating that Qin originated in the northwest, so it is suspected that the conclusion is out of touch with the argument. For controversial academic issues, the main basis for judging their value is to see whether the arguments expounded by the discussants are conclusive and can be confirmed by unshakable arguments. Just having a point of view, regardless of the evidence, or the point of view is divorced from the argument, or the argument that proves the point of view is insufficient, that point of view will become empty talk.

1. The objects unearthed in the Chuiling area of Qin Xi, Dabaozishan provide many physical evidences for the totem worship of Qin birds. There are many Qin people's own characteristics in the decorative patterns of bronzes, and highlighting the image of birds is an obvious example. The discovery of Qin Xiangong Xiling in Dabaozishan not only affirmed the bird totem worship of the real Qin people, but also strongly supported the theory of the Eastern Qin people.

2. According to the archaeological excavation of Qin tombs, people find that the burial customs of Qin people have many characteristics different from the traditional burial customs in the Central Plains, one of which is the orientation of tombs. In the pre-Qin period, the burial custom in the Central Plains was that the head of the deceased was buried in the north facing south, while in the Qin Dynasty, the burial custom was that the head of the deceased was buried in the west, that is, the shape of the tomb was often east-west and the head of the deceased was facing west (mostly northwest). For vertical tombs without tombs, archaeologists are used to taking the head direction as the tomb direction. However, the drilling and excavation of Qin cemetery prove that the main tombs of 32 tombs are all at the eastern end of the tomb pit, all facing east. Judging from the location of Taoist tombs and soldiers' toilets, the famous Qin Shihuang Mausoleum also faces east. According to statistics, more than 80% of Qin tombs excavated in Guanzhong area face east.

3. According to historical records? According to the textual research of Qin Benji, it is believed that the Qin people, Yin people and Yi people in the East all originated from the myth and legend of mysterious birds laying eggs, that is, they have the same bird totem worship. There are also Qin people who worship the God of Shao Ao, and it is said that Shao Ao Sheng lives in the East. Therefore, people think that Qin people have this special feeling for the East because they originated in the East and their ancestors once lived in the East.

4. According to Records of the Historian, Qin Shihuang crossed the sea to pay homage to the famous mountains and rivers and Ba Shen, with the three gods of Ba Shen as the master of the military and the shrine of Chiyou.

After Qin Shihuang unified the whole country, he led thousands of chariots to patrol the east for five times, went to the seaside to worship the sun god, and prayed for Xu Fu to cross the east to seek fairy medicine. In 2 10 BC, Qin Shihuang died in the fifth crusade at the age of 50.

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