The ancients talked about the unity of stars and regions and put forward the concept of dividing line. How exactly is it divided?

Scientific textual research on the corresponding relationship between ancient stars and regions

liu junnan

Agricultural Archaeology 2008, (1)

The correspondence between ancient Twenty-eight Hostels and regions conforms to the following two laws at the same time: one is the latitude correspondence law, that is, the region near the south in ancient China corresponds to the stars near the south, and the region near the north corresponds to the stars near the north; The second is the law of longitude correspondence, that is, the corresponding stars rising from the eastern horizon are observed every month. No matter the change of the length of day and night in winter and summer, they can be observed at about 5: 30 central time in ancient times, but the observation area to be changed according to the longitude position is only 12, which means that different regions correspond to different stars. The twelve divisions of this biography originated from the late Shang Dynasty and the early Zhou Dynasty, and its division principle is scientific.

Keywords: twenty-eight lodging; Twelve divisions; Correspondence between heaven and earth

It is a tradition of ancient history books in China that twenty-eight nights correspond to twelve o'clock. The early record of the division was "Mandarin Zhou Yu Xia", which said: "When the king of Wu attacked Yin and quail fire, I had the division of Zhou." Until the compilation of local chronicles in Qing dynasty, there was still a saying about how many degrees he stayed. It can be seen that dividing line is a very important theory in ancient China. The ancients did not have precise instruments for drawing maps. The simplest and most effective way is to express geography through astronomy, so they correspond stars to regions one by one. Understanding this principle is extremely important for us to study ancient history, because place names often change or even disappear, and it is an effective method to investigate ancient earth view by using astrology. In particular, it is difficult to find the answers from ancient geography books to study the place names in the legendary history, such as Shouqiu of Huang Disheng and Yu Shun's avoidance of Dani in the south of the South River, which can be well solved by the ancient theory of correspondence between heaven and earth. Moreover, the ancient "Southeast, Northwest" was the earliest "spring, summer, autumn and winter" to express time, and later it was used to express geographical orientation, while the ancient spring, summer, autumn and winter were related to the construction of children, ugliness and Yin San, which further affected geographical "orientation". For example, the ancient "Dongyi" sometimes does not point to the east, but to the southeast; The ancient state of Qi was originally in the East, but it was called "Northern Qi" in Shan Hai Jing. In a word, it is very meaningful to study this topic.

So, why did the ancients establish this correspondence? According to what principle to establish this correspondence? Science? Scholars in past dynasties have many doubts: "But if the sky moves with the sun and the earth condenses with the yin, it will become the Lord, the good fortune will be next, the night will be in wuyue, and the noon will be in Zhoubang; And heaven and earth are all listed, but they are divided differently. It was once owned by the owner, or it stretched for several States in Wan Li, or it ended in a county, but it was remote in inspiration and far-reaching, so it was unknown, so it was unknown. " [ 1]

The explanation given by Mr. Wang Dechang and others for the division of 12 years is that Jupiter was called a year-old star in ancient China, and it traveled for about 12 years (actually, it was1.86 years), which basically passed one day in 12 days every year. Therefore, the ruling class listed the asterisk where the year star was when the system of enfeoffment was established as enfeoffment. According to the Nominal Examination, "In the name of fiefs,

The author looked up Guoyu IV: "I heard that Jin was blocked at the beginning of the Jin Dynasty, and I was in the fire ..." This paper thinks that Jin was in the fire when he was blocked, and according to the above theory, it should correspond to the second time of "fire", but as we all know, Jin corresponds to the second time of the stone god. Moreover, the country name has changed, and the stars corresponding to its territory have not changed. For example, the land corresponding to boarding houses was first in the summer, then in the Tang Dynasty, and then in the Jin Dynasty. Zuo Zhao Zhuan AD: "I was the main participant when Shishen was moved in the summer, and the Tang people became uncles and nephews because of ... and destroyed the Tang Dynasty, so they entered Venus." Another example: "Geography of Han Dynasty" says: "The land in Song Dynasty was divided into two parts. ..... Although the Song Dynasty was destroyed, it was a big country, so it was divided. " Another example is that Chen was destroyed by the State of Chu and belonged to the State of Chu. According to the above theory, he should have two nights with Chu, but according to the star field, Chen and Zheng and Han correspond to the same star. So Ban Gu said, "The 23rd century was destroyed by Chu after Hu Gong. Although Chen belongs to Chu, he is self-sufficient in astronomy. " It can be seen that the stars in the sky have established a solid correspondence with a certain area on the ground. Professor Chen's book Totem Worship of China Nationalities and the Formation of the Concept of Four Elephants [3] holds that the division between the four elephants and the stars originates from totem worship, but it does not demonstrate the scientific nature of the twelve divisions. This paper intends to make the following arguments on the scientific problems related to the correspondence between heaven and earth, and ask scholars and experts to correct me.

First, explore the principle of division correspondence.

To find out the corresponding relationship between stars and regions, we must first explore its corresponding principle. In order to find out the corresponding principle, we might as well record it in ancient books:

Huainanzi Astronomy: "What is the Nine Wild Fields? The central government calls it "Jun Tian", which is sonorous and lofty with its star angle. It is called "Tian" on the east side, "weather change" on the northeast side, "Tian Xuan" on the north side, "Youtian" on the northwest side, and "Dongqiang, Kuilou and Building" on the west side. His Topography also said, "What is Kyushu? Deep state in the southeast calls for agricultural soil, due south states call for fertile soil, southwest yeongju calls for deep soil, due west states call for combined soil, right in the middle of Jizhou calls for middle soil, northwest Taizhou calls for fertile soil, due north states call for soil, northeast thin states call for hidden soil, and positive dongyang states call for soil application. "Visible nine square days corresponding to nine square figure. It can be seen that the basic law of ancient star domain correspondence is azimuth correspondence (according to: the southeast and northwest of the sky refer to the four seasons of weather). That is, the eastern sky (spring) corresponds to the eastern soil, and so on.

So, is the correspondence between twelve times and twelve States (countries) azimuth correspondence? According to the principle of nine fields corresponding to the ground, twelve o'clock corresponds to the ground. Only with the changes of the times and the migration of population, in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, it seems that the correspondence of some states and countries does not correspond to twelve o'clock.

Actually, there is no "direction" in the sky. The Polaris around El Basu is a big circle. From the earth, the stars rise in the east and set in the west, and you can only see the stars within half a circle at a time. Therefore, the so-called four directions of the southeast, northwest and northwest of the sky actually refer to the four seasons of spring, summer, autumn and winter, which are used by later generations to indicate their position on the ground. At the beginning of the year, there were so-called buildings built in Yin San, so the "orientation" of the sky changed with the change of "three rectifications". If you build a character, the "orientation" (season) of the sky coincides with the orientation of the earth. It's about 30 degrees if you build a character, and about 60 degrees if you build a Yin Jian. That is, the east of the sky (spring) corresponds to the southeast of the land, and so on. (Figure 2 below shows the summer calendar, with a difference of 60 degrees).

The so-called "twelve States (countries)" refers to the names of twelve pieces of land under the jurisdiction of the emperor at that time. These twelve plots have the same name as the twelve countries in the Spring and Autumn Period, but they are not restricted by that "national border". The twelve countries in the Spring and Autumn Period took this place name because they stood on this ancient twelve pieces of land. As Wang Chong said: "Tang Yin Zhou is the place name, Yao is the heir of Tang Hou, and Shun got it from a dangerous place ... They are all places where the company prospered, and they didn't forget to start, so they think that this number ... is Qin Wei Qin, Han is Han, Qin started from Qin, and Han flourished in Hanzhong, so it is called Qin and Han Dynasties; Wang Mang of Judah started from Xindu, so he is dead. " [4] For example, Qin was a vassal state of Zhou, and it was not until Xianggong became a vassal state that the place name "Qin" came into being, and Qin became a vassal state. It can be seen that there is Qin land corresponding to quail first, and then there is Qin State built on Qin land. Skeptics in ancient times thought that twelve times corresponded to twelve countries in the Spring and Autumn Period, so Xingye was said to be after the Spring and Autumn Period. This is undoubtedly unfounded. In fact, these twelve place names have a long history and were only used in the Spring and Autumn Period. Besides, there are more spring and autumn than twelve countries.

With regard to the correspondence between twelve o'clock and twelve states, we also start with relevant records. Records of the Historian: "Since man was born, can't the world taste the sun, the moon and the stars?" Speaking of five families and three generations, salt is bright, the crown is in the inner belt, and the outside is barbarian. China is divided into twelve states, which is like heaven. The law is similar to the ground. There are sun and moon in the sky, yin and yang on the ground, five stars in the sky, five elements on the ground, night in the sky and regions on the ground. "It can be seen that twelve o'clock corresponds to twelve regions in China. The twelve times in the sky covered the whole Sunday with 365.25 degrees, so the twelve states [countries] should also cover the whole world (at that time, the geographical concept was China and Jiuyi, and Buddy, Qirong and Liuman were the world's scope) [5], so the ancient emperor called the son of heaven. The Great Kyushu mentioned by Zou Yan and others happened after the Warring States Period, and the ancient emperors didn't know it, so it was not among the Twelve Divisions.

The corresponding relationship between Twenty-eight Nights and the World can be found in Records of the Historian Biography of Tianguan: Jiao, Kang, Bian and Yanzhou. House, heart, Yuzhou. Tail, basket, youzhou. Fight, Jianghu. Morning glory, Wu female, from Yangzhou. Virtual and dangerous, Qingzhou. The east wall of the camp room, and the country. Kui, Lou, stomach, Xuzhou people. Chang, Bi and Jizhou. Mouth, ginseng, Yizhou. Tokyo, Yu Gui, Yongzhou people. Willow, Seven Stars, Zhang, Three Rivers. Wing, cockroach, Jingzhou. " If you put Dou, Niu and Nv together in the Five Mountains, it is 12 correspondences. Liu Xiangyun's words are quoted in History of Han Geography: "Qin land is the dividing line between Tianguan Tokyo and ghosts and gods ..."; Han, horn, sound and mutual division are also ...; The division between, Chang and Bi ...; Yandi, the place where the tail basket is separated ...; The difference between qi, deficiency and danger ...; The division between Lu, Kui and Lou ...; The division of land, house and heart in Song Dynasty ...; The dividing line between the defensive zone, the camp and the east wall ...; The division of Chu, Yi and Qi also ...; Warrior, division also ...; In Guangdong, there are morning glory and niece. "

The above is the basis of the twelve divisions that have been passed down to this day. Because of this, in the later generations, in addition to the twelve starting points, some were calculated from the astrology, and some were calculated from Gong Xuan, with slightly different degrees. Moreover, the "Empire Century Star Domain" is described in detail and earlier, so I will quote it below.

"And ordered the Yellow Emperor to set sail to help the economy and push the number of stars to France.

When a woman is 11 to 7 degrees, there must be a woman, second only to the astrology. Chen Yu's ugliness is called red and vigorous. The method is Ling Huang, and the bucket is built in the child. Wuyue is divided today.

Eight degrees to sixteen degrees is dangerous, which means that the mystery is the second time, the sky is full, the morning is in the child, and it means that it is sleepy, the law is great, and the struggle is built on ugliness. Today, it is divided.

From the seventeenth degree of danger to the fourth degree of Wei Xiao, it is said that the second Wei dynasty was a monk. In Chen, it was called Da Xian, and in Fa Tai Cong, it fought against Yin. Today, Wei is divided.

From five degrees to six degrees, it is said that the belly falls for the second time. In Chen, it is called, in France, it is called a bell, and the bucket is built in Mao. Today, Lu is divided.

From the seventh belly to the end of the eleventh, it is said that the second girder was in Youyou, which is a bad news, and the fight was built in Chen. Today, Zhao is divided.

Tokyo is 12 degrees to 15 degrees. According to legend, the Stone God was in Shanghai for the second time, and joy chen was in Shenzhen. That's called Shanghai Beach. In France, Dou Jian was on his own. Now Jin and Wei are divided.

From the sixteenth degree of the well to the eighth degree of the willow, the first time quail was said, it was called Ye Qia when Chen was away. The law is a guest, and the fight is built in the afternoon. Today, the state of Qin is divided.

From nine degrees willow to seventeen degrees Zhang, it is said that the second quail fire was in the afternoon, and it was called escape, Dafa, Dharma, and fighting. This week.

From 18 degrees to 11 degrees in Zhang, it is said that the quail tail is twice, which is called great drought in Chen and Shen in Fa, and now Chu has been divided.

From the twelfth degree to the fourth degree, the birthday girl is called the second time, and Chen is called Xu when he is in Chen. The law is the unity. Today, North Korea is divided.

From five degrees to nine degrees, it is said that the second fire is in the morning and at night, that is to say, it is a trick, the method does not shoot, and the fight is built in the sky. This Song Dynasty was divided.

From the end of 10 degree to the end of 10 degree 135 minutes, it is said that the second analysis of wood is in the shade, which means that the case is taken, the method is bell, and the bucket is built in Hai. Today, Yan State is divided.

There are twelve o'clock a day, and the sun and the moon are everywhere. There are twelve points in the land, and the country where the princes live is also. So, a square has seven nights, 4728 nights, and it is 182 stars. The black dragon in the east is 32 stars, 75 degrees. Xuanwu in the north is 35 stars, 98 degrees a quarter. The western white tiger has 5 1 star, 80 degrees. Suzaku in the south is 64 stars, 1 12 degrees. Sunday is a quarter of 365 degrees, which used to be 2932 stars; It is divided into twelve times, one is 30 degrees and 32 degrees 14 degrees, and each has seven rooms, which is about three miles away from Sunday 179. 13. The diameter is 356,991star. Yang Road turns left, Tai Sui turns right. There are always 124 Chinese and foreign officials who are wise, and they can name 320, which is 2,500 stars. The number of microsatellite is 1520. Everything is bitter, and salt is life. The outline of Huangdi's creation is also. "

Huangfu Mi's star field theory is essentially the same as Historical Records and Hanshu, except that he divides "Yang Dao" and "Tai Sui" into two systems, each with 12 branches, with opposite directions and different from before.

Scholars are skeptical about the above division. For details, please refer to History of the Road and Theory of the Stars. The examiner's suspicion is probably that he doesn't understand the corresponding principles of the twelve divisions, why there are these principles, and he doesn't study the stars with a changing point of view. The so-called "change" includes the following points: (1) share astrology was originally used to determine the farming season, but later it was infected with many theological colors, which made people have an illusion; (2) The nationals of later generations moved from one place to another, bringing the names of their native land, thus causing confusion in place names; (3) In the same place, the number of country names has changed, but the division still exists.

In order to find out the corresponding law of the stars and fields, we might as well cover a great circle formed by 28 nights 12 times on the Spring and Autumn Situation Map and get the corresponding relationship as "map 1". We will find that except Yan Helu, the arrangements of other countries and their corresponding accommodation are very regular. So why is Yan Helu special? In fact, Yanben is in the southwest of Shandong Province and Anhui Province today. "Historical Family": "Destroy the Zhou Dynasty and seal it as Beiyan" (actually, it is the son after the succession, see below), which shows that there is also Southern Yan. Yan is Yan (Yan) For example, there are ruins and ancient tombs of Beiyan ancient city in Liu Lihe, Fangshan County, Beijing, and many bronze wares with inscriptions have been unearthed, which proves that the word Yan is related to the word "rudder". Today, from Qufu, Shandong Province to Anhui Province, there is a descendant named Yan. For example, Shi Xue Series says, "Born in, there will be Liu and Yan", while Century Emperor says, "Born in Qufu, Qufu and Yan, so the emperor gave him the surname Yan." [6] It can be seen that Gu Yan in the Twelve Divisions should be in Qufu to Anhui. And Lu should be near Beijing today, which is the so-called Yan (Northern Yan) in later generations. According to historical records, the Xia Dynasty had the name of the ancient land, which was related to Liu Lei, a descendant of Yao. Liu Lei, born in the late Xia Dynasty, is a descendant of Emperor Yao. Twenty-nine years of Zuo Gong: "Liu Lei learned to harass (domesticate) dragons in order to serve the Kong family and to eat and drink. Jia Zhi gave advice to the Dragon Family and advised Wei. When the Dragon Daughter died, she hid the sauce and ate it, making her beg, fearing to move to the county, and Fan followed. " "Historical Records Xia Benji" also has the same record. "Notes on Water Classics" says: "At the end of Yao, Sun Liulei ate Kong Jia with dragons, and Kong Jia wanted it. Tired of fear, he moved to Luxian County and set up Yao Temple in Xishan, named Yaoshan ". Later, Liu Lei's descendants were sealed near Gyeonggi, bringing the place name of Lu to a new place.

I hope it helps you.