Who has information about famous explorers and adventurers in world history?

Christopher Columbus: 145 1 was born in Genoa, Italy. When he grew up, he became a captain and a skilled navigator. He was finally convinced that a feasible navigation route to East Asia could be found from the Atlantic Ocean in the west. He is determined to turn this idea into reality. He finally persuaded Queen Isabella I, who funded his adventure. His large and small ships set sail from Spain on August 3, 492. The first stop was the Canary Islands near the coast of Africa. Set sail from the island to the west on September 6. It was a long voyage, and the sailors were terrified and wanted to return, but Columbus insisted on moving on, and the land appeared in their sight in June 1492+ 10/2. In March the following year, Columbus returned to Spain. The explorer who returned home in triumph was awarded the highest honor. Then, he crossed the Atlantic three times, trying to find a direct route to China or Japan. Columbus insisted that he had found a way to East Asia. Most people have realized that this is not the way to East Asia, but he still thinks he is right. Queen Isabella promised Columbus that he could be the ruler of any land he found. But as an administrator, he was incompetent and was finally removed from his post and sent back to Spain in chains. He was quickly released in Spain, but he didn't get any official position. It is widely believed that he died of poverty.

Magellan (Ferdinand): A famous Portuguese navigator and explorer, 1480 was born in a shabby knight family in northern Portugal. /kloc-entered the palace at the age of 0/0 and served as the queen's attendant. /kloc-entered the Portuguese national maritime office at the age of 0/6, so he is familiar with maritime work. At that time, Columbus had discovered the new continent of America, and Da Gama also returned from India, bringing back great oriental wealth. With longing for oriental wealth and ocean exploration, Magellan joined an overseas expedition in 1505 and began his ocean exploration career. During this expedition to India, Malacca and Malay Archipelago, in order to compete with Arabs for trade territory and gain the hegemony of South Asian seas, the expedition fought several wars with Arab businessmen and residents along the way, and Magellan was injured three times. After Magellan recovered from his injury, the ship ran aground on the way back to Portugal. When everyone was disheartened, Magellan stepped forward and led the surviving sailors to overcome many difficulties until they were rescued. Because of this, Magellan was promoted to captain and was left in India. Since then, Magellan participated in the colonial wars in India and Southeast Asia, and explored and traveled in this area. He learned from the field that the East of the Southeast Asian Islands is the Wang Yang Sea. He firmly believed that the earth was round, and speculated that Columbus must have discovered America to the east of the sea. He made up his mind to travel around the world. 15 13 Magellan returned to Portugal. He repeatedly asked the king to allow him to organize a fleet to explore all over the world, but the king ignored him. Desperate Magellan had to leave the motherland in 15 17 and go to the fortress commander in Seville, Spain. The commander of the fortress greatly appreciated his talent and courage. He not only married his daughter to him, but also recommended him to the king of Spain. Magellan's plan to sail around the world was approved by the King of Spain and he signed an agreement on ocean exploration. According to the agreement, Magellan was appointed as the leader of the expedition, and the ships of the fleet were provided by the state, and the navigation expenses were borne by the state. Any land found in the expedition belongs to the king, Magellan is the governor, and one twentieth of all the income from the newly discovered land belongs to Magellan. In order to supervise Magellan, the king sent members of the royal family as representatives of the fleet. 1565438+In September, 2009, Magellan led a mighty fleet consisting of more than 200 people and five ships, and set off from Seville, Spain, and began a global ocean exploration. After more than two months of drifting, the fleet crossed the Atlantic Ocean and reached the coast of Brazil. The fleet continued to sail south along the coast and came to a wide bay in the second year 1 month. "The channel is found!" "The channel is found!" The sailors cheered happily, thinking that they had reached the southern tip of the United States and could enter the new ocean. However, when the fleet advanced in the bay, it was found that the seawater had turned into fresh water. It was originally just a wide estuary, which is the outlet of the La Plata River in Uruguay today. The fleet continued to move south. The seasons in the southern hemisphere are just the opposite of those in the northern hemisphere. In March, South America approached winter, and sailing was extremely difficult because of the snowstorm. At the end of the month, the fleet came to St. Julian's port and stayed here for the winter. Due to the failure of several attempts to explore the Strait, most sailors were discouraged, and the three captains also took the opportunity to oppose Magellan. Magellan made a plan to quell the rebellion and avoid the end of the voyage. After nearly five months of rest, in August, in the spring season in this area, Magellan led the fleet to set off again. As one ship sank during the voyage in May, there were only four ships left at this time. Two months later, the fleet found another estuary at 52 degrees south latitude. The strait is winding, narrow and wide, and the ports are criss-crossing and choppy. Magellan sent a ship to explore the sea, but the ship turned around and fled back to Spain. Magellan had to lead the remaining three ships to grope their way in the maze-like channel. Magellan led the fleet forward with a strong will. After 1 month's circuitous voyage in this strait, they finally walked out of the west mouth of the strait and saw the vast sea. Magellan, who has always been known for his composure and firmness, shed tears with excitement. In order to commemorate Magellan's contribution to this voyage, later generations named this strait "strait of magellan". If you open the map of the world, you will find it at the southernmost tip of South America, 52 degrees south latitude. The fleet has been sailing in this ocean for more than three months, and the sea surface has been calm. Therefore, they named it "Pacific Ocean". 152 1 At the beginning of March, when water and food were exhausted and everyone was tired and weak, the fleet came to the rich Mariana Islands and was warmly treated by the local residents. The fleet arrived in the Philippines at the end of March. How excited Magellan was when Henry, the servant brought back from Malacca, spoke to the local aborigines in Malay! His dream of sailing around the world will finally come true. He sailed from west to west and finally reached the east. He proved with irrefutable facts that the earth is really round. In order to conquer this rich land rich in spices, this brave but ambitious Magellan tried to use the contradictions between local tribes to achieve his goal, but in a conflict with local tribes, Magellan was killed. Finally, Magellan's assistant burned a broken ship and led the two remaining ships across the Straits of Malacca, through the Indian Ocean and the Cape of Good Hope, and finally returned to Spain in September 1522. At this time, there is only one ship left in the whole fleet, 18 crew. From September 15 19 to September 1522, it took Magellan and his crew three years to finally complete the first round-the-world voyage. Although Magellan passed away, his contribution to navigation and science in later generations is unforgettable for all of us.

America is named after the explorer American Vesp. He is a businessman and banker in Florence, Italy. After moving to Spain, he met Christopher Columbus and became interested in exploration. No one knows exactly how many times Weiss Pucci crossed the Atlantic, and his own account is vague. The maiden voyage may be at 1497. Weiss Pucci later claimed that he saw South America for the first time in this year, the year before Columbus went to South America. From 1499 to 1500, Weiss Pucci must have joined a Spanish expedition with the navigator Alonso ojeda. On this voyage, he discovered the mouth of the Amazon River. Two years later, Weiss Pucci came to South America again to explore the Atlantic coastline of South America with a Portuguese expedition. It was during this voyage that Weiss Pucci was convinced that America was an independent continent, not a part of Asia as Columbus thought. To commemorate this discovery, the continent was named "America continent" in 1507. Weiss Pucci first discovered the Venezuelan coast in South America. He thinks that South America is not a part of Asia, but a brand-new continent. Amerigo Wesp is a "mysterious figure" in the world of exploration. In his letters to several friends, his account of his exploration activities is very inconsistent, and the latitude and longitude positions quoted are always inconsistent with the facts. Wesp claimed that he had discovered the South American continent before Columbus, but Christopher Columbus never argued with vespucci about it.

Henry (1394 ~ 1460): Prince of Portugal. It is called "sailor" because it has set up a navigation school to reward navigation. With his support, the Portuguese fleet plundered blacks, gold and ivory from the west coast of Africa to Guinea, and successively occupied the Madeira Islands. Portugal was called Lusitania in ancient Greece and Rome. /kloc-At the beginning of the 4th century, during the reign of King Denis, Portugal began to expand overseas. By the middle of15th century, with the maturity of navigation technology, the navigator Henry appeared in Portugal. Prince Henry is the third prince of King Joao I of Portugal. It is said that his birthdates indicates that he will "undertake a great and noble expedition, and more importantly, he will discover mysterious things that others can't see". Henry studied strategy and tactics, diplomatic art, state management, ancient and modern knowledge and read widely since childhood. As a prince, Henry longed for a life of adventure and fighting. At the same time, he is a devout Christian. In his view, it is the duty of Christians to attack the Moors, explore the unknown and bring Christianity there. Prince Henry was never married. He is rigorous and firm, and leads a simple life. 14 15, Henry personally raided Ceuta, and the Moors didn't know it beforehand. As a result, Ceuta was captured in just one day, and only eight Portuguese were killed. Later generations regarded this as the beginning of the outward expansion of the Portuguese and Europeans. 14 17, the Moorish army surrounded Ceuta, and Henry led reinforcements to Ceuta, where he stayed for three months, which changed the history of the world. During these three months, Henry learned from prisoners of war and commercial population that there was an old and busy commercial road that could cross the Sahara desert. After 20 days, he can reach the "green country" with dense forests and fertile land, that is, today's Guinea, Gambia, Senegal, southern Mali and southern Niger, from which he can get African pepper, gold and ivory. The Portuguese have no experience of crossing the desert by land. Prince Henry has a bold idea to reach a "green country" from the sea. This idea was endorsed by King Joao I. Henry is not interested in politics. He went to Agave, a southernmost province in Portugal, far from the political center Lisbon, as governor, and settled in Sagrish, a small village near Cape San Vicente, which became the starting point for him to explore strange places in the next few decades. Prince Henry's contribution to navigation is not to explore personally, but to promote exploration. He founded a navigation college there to train domestic sailors and improve navigation technology; Establish an observatory to attract geologists, cartographers, mathematicians and astronomers from all over the world to study and make plans and schemes; Collect extensively the documents on geography, meteorology, trade winds, ocean currents, shipbuilding, navigation, etc., and analyze them for your own use; Travel libraries have been established, including The Travels of Marco Polo, and many maps have been collected and new maps have been drawn. He funded mathematicians and craftsmen to improve and manufacture new navigation instruments, such as compass, quadrant (instrument for measuring altitude, especially altitude) and horizontal marker (simple astrolabe for measuring latitude) imported from China. In sailing, the ship is the most important. Because of the different navigation conditions between the Mediterranean and the Atlantic, ships sailing in the Mediterranean are not suitable for sailing in the Atlantic. Therefore, Henry devoted his greatest energy to shipbuilding, so he took many preferential measures to encourage shipbuilding: all ships with a tonnage of 100 tons or more can get wood from the royal forest free of charge, and any other necessary materials can be imported duty-free. In the case of insufficient currency at that time, duty-free imports had to pay a considerable price. After hard work, we reached 1440 and finally built a ship suitable for sailing in the Atlantic Ocean. This is a dhow. The purpose of using jib is to make the ship sail against the wind. We just need to adjust the angle of the sail, instead of relying on the wind direction as before. This kind of ship is shallow, light, flexible and fast, and can sail close to the coast without having to stay away from the coast in order to avoid reefs and sandbars, which is particularly important in the navigation for the purpose of exploring strange coasts. 14 19 or 1420, Henry sent his first expedition, with only one sailboat, to the south to find Guinea. The ship was blown to the west by the wind, and the Madeira Islands were discovered in this way. Prince Henry later declared that the islands belonged to Portugal and sent a colonial fleet in 1420. Later, it became the foothold and material supply station of the Portuguese expedition. His next target was the Canary Islands, but Portuguese soldiers were defeated by the locals. Prince Henry made several efforts later and failed. Later, Portugal gave up the ownership of the Canary Islands and gave it to the Spanish. In the following years, Prince Henry sent several expeditions from two directions. One direction is to go south along the coast of Africa, and the other direction is to leave the coast and sail deep southwest to find more islands. 1427, the fleet exploring the southwest discovered the Azores. 1432, Prince Henry sent 16 ships, hundreds of people and a priest to colonize the Azores with dozens of livestock. The discovery and colonization of Azores have an important influence on Portugal's future exploration and colonization, because its distance from Portugal is almost equal to 1/3 of Portugal's distance across the Atlantic to America. 1433, King Joao I died, and Henry's younger brother Duarte succeeded to the throne. At this time, Henry focused on exploring south along the African coast. The first obstacle of this route is Cape Bohal, which is located on the African continent just south of the Canary Islands. At that time, the south of Cape Bohal was a completely unknown world to Europeans. There are many reefs, huge waves and mysterious rapids. Arabs call this sea area "dark green ocean" in fear. On the map of medieval Arabia, on the coast slightly south of Cape Bohal, there was a Satan's hand sticking out of the water. 1434, after more than a dozen attempts, Prince Henry's expedition finally survived under the leadership of Captain Jill Evans. Later, the captain boasted that sailing in the dark green ocean was as easy as sailing in domestic waters. Surara, a contemporary Portuguese historian, called it a feat. In the following year, Ines went out to sea again and reached the south of Cape Bohal 100 nautical mile. They found footprints of people and camels on the beach there, which proved that there was life in this area. 1436, they arrived at a place called Neo de Oro, where they found placer gold, thinking that this is the golden river that Europeans have been looking for. In fact, it is not even a river, but a small bay with little value. As early as 134 1 year to 1346, navigators from Catalonia and Portugal sailed 900 kilometers south along the west coast of Africa until they reached Bohado. The sailors are afraid to sail south again. They secretly returned to Europe on the pretext of meeting all kinds of terrible aborigines. The salt in the sea is too thick to cultivate. They also threatened that all Christians passing through Bohado would become black. During the reign of Du Jiaerte, the king used the tax of Madeira Islands15 as the navigation fund. 1438 When Alfonso V ascended the throne, Regent Peizhuo gave Henry a monopoly on navigation and trade south of Cape Bohal, and exempted all taxes on navigation income. In order to support Henry's missionary work in West Africa, the Pope appointed Henry as the head of the Order, and Henry could control the funds of the Order at will. The above support ensures Henry's abundant funds in sailing and is the driving force for the rapid development of sailing exploration. But exploration is not for the sake of exploration, and prolonged exploration has not brought much benefit, so Henry has been criticized more and more, thinking that it is meaningless and unprofitable to pursue the unknown. 144 1 year, after dealing with the fiasco of attacking Tangier and the political struggle caused by it, Henry returned to Sagrish and resumed his exploration on the African coast. This year, the expedition set a new record for sailing south: Cape Brown (now Cape Nouadhibou, Mauritania). In the same year, another expedition returned ten Muslim prisoners. This marks the beginning of the slave trade in Europe. Seeing that this was an opportunity to quell the criticism, Henry organized a voyage to plunder slaves in 1444, bringing back 235 slaves at a time and selling them outside Lagos. This was the beginning of the 400-year slave trade in evil Europe. Since then, the voyage organized by Henry has paid equal attention to exploration, colonization and slave trade. At this time, the Portuguese royal family issued a charter to private explorers, allowing them to get everything they found, which means that for private people, as long as they pay a small amount of money and take risks, they can make a fortune; For the royal family, you can get benefits without paying the price. This set off a wave of private exploration in China. Soon, 25 ships will sail to the African coast every year. Of course, private exploration is not a real exploration because of its profit-seeking and unorganized nature, but only to obtain wealth in the discovered area. 1448, Prince Henry sent someone to build a permanent fortress on Algin Island in Cape Brown as a trade transit point for Portuguese exploration. With the continuous expansion of African trade, Altun Island has become an important center for providing gold. The exploration finally paid off, and those criticisms went away, and even involuntarily turned past complaints into word of mouth. 1444, Tristan arrived near the Senegalese estuary in Cape Brown, where the coast became full of green. After more than ten years of sailing, Portugal finally reached a green country. After 1449, the sailors organized by Prince Henry did not take geographical discovery as their task, but tried their best to explore some discovered rivers, especially gambia river, in order to find Christian King John and gold. However, instead of finding John and gold, the sailors found some prosperous black kingdoms and heard that there was a bigger kingdom in the distance. 1460 The death of Prince Henry marked the end of a great era of Portuguese maritime exploration. Although Prince Henry has only four experiences of sailing on the sea in his life, and all of them are short voyages in familiar waters, he is still worthy of the title of "navigator". It was he who organized and funded the initial long-lasting and systematic exploration, and it was he who combined exploration with colonization to make exploration a profitable undertaking. In 40 years of organized navigation, Portugal has become the navigation center of Europe. They built a world-class fleet, possessed first-class shipbuilding technology and trained a large number of world-class explorers or navigators. None of this would have happened without Henry. He pushed Portugal out of Europe and took risks in the unknown world.