Yi people's etiquette and customs

Yi nationality is a nation that pays equal attention to civil and military affairs and pays attention to civilization and courtesy. Between the old and the young, who is young, who is old and who is young, not only in age, but also on the basis of the age of the father's genealogy butterfly or the mother's genealogy butterfly. Don't shout wrong. In special public places, seats should be arranged according to the size of generations, and elders are not allowed to speak first. Yi people have a saying that "a guest is 300 years old". Whenever guests come, make way for the top, or at least invite rock tea.

Folk people have the habit of "beating sheep" and "beating cattle" to welcome guests. Where there are tourists, they will kill animals and treat them with cows, sheep, pigs and chickens. According to the identity and closeness of the visitors. Before killing animals, bring live animals to guests, ask them to have a look, and then kill them to show respect. Wine is a welcome gift for guests. In Liangshan, as long as guests come into the house, the host must entertain them with wine first, and then cook various dishes. The fat pig is the most decent meal for the guests. In the middle of eating, housewives should always pay attention to the food in the guest's bowl, and replenish what they can't finish at any time to show their sincerity in hospitality. When eating, the elders sit on it, and the younger generation sits on both sides and below in turn, adding rice, sandwiches and bubbles to the elders.

Yuanmou Yi people have five branches: white, red, black, Gansu and Manchu. They live in the mountainous or semi-mountainous areas of the county 13 township, and some of them live in the dam area where Han people live together. 1992 population is 40 1 14, accounting for 2 1.3% of the county population.

The Yi people call themselves Luoluopo, Nai Su Po, Nuo Su Po, Naluopo and Na Su Po. Language belongs to Yi branch of Tibeto-Burman language family of Sino-Tibetan language family. Because living in different areas, there are phonetic differences between different areas.

Yuanmou Yi people are divided into two parts: one is local aborigines and the other is immigrants. Most of them are immigrants. It moved about three times. In the 27th year of Yuan Dynasty (1290), the Yunnan army was short of food, and Hequ and Luquan burned down 187 households and cultivated in temporary villages. When Yuanmou was under the jurisdiction of Quzhou, he was dressed in black, which was the earliest record of the Yi people entering Yuanmou for land reclamation. During the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty, the Ming army went south to Yunnan. After the restoration, Mu Ying led his troops to stay in Yunnan in the 19th year of Hongwu (1386). During this period, the Yi people who entered Yuanmou to reclaim land included the Yin family (including the Wan family). Luo, who lives in Xinhai Township; Luo, now living (first living, moved three branches in Wanli); General Xinhua Langbapu's surname (settled in Dingyuan in the Ming Dynasty, then branched into the Temple Gate, and moved to Langbapu in the first year of the Republic of China [19 12]), Olbopu's surname (moved by Mouding in Guangxu period) and Xinhua Yongshi. According to "Wuding County Records", "Bai Yi, ... is cunning. He washed his face in Baotou, didn't tie a long bun, and went to various yamen blowing sheng for the Spring Festival". "Black yi, ... miscellaneous mountain trap, towel wrapped head, full. Pull your hair and grab your strength. The woman braided her hair and wrapped her head in cloth. Both men and women wear sheepskin, marry a woman with a piece of skin as a wife, use a rope as a back, or use a bamboo shoot valley (bamboo shoot leaves) as a hat and get a collar decorated with sea worms. Weaving fire, grass and hemp is the main thing. On Tanabata (Torch Festival), people are lit to kill sacrifices, and ancestors are sacrificed first. Young and old sit around the fire, and blowing sheng plays with water and drinks for fun. Its (prayer) wish is bells, and its (divination) account is worms, money, enlightenment, chicken and sheep bones. When meeting each other, there are also pecks up and down. Transactions are all woodcut records, without calligraphy. See * * *, will avoid. Sexual fear of ghosts. " According to the New Edition of Zhu Hua, there are many Yi people in Yuanmou. "It's all Wu Luo's heritage, white during the day and black during the day." Bai (Yi) is the most knowledgeable, while near mountains are used to dyeing the past, and Pingchuan must be a teacher (learning art). "Men in black" is a foreigner, with his head and feet entwined and his mustache (beard) shaved. There are cats, shorts, bare muscles and no dialects. When you meet a mountain, you sprout. ""pine needles are scattered on the ground and look green. Killing more finless porpoises is respect, not pride in your mistakes. ..... the back is divided by a thick ruler, with a semi-circle inside and beautiful shoulders. The outside is horizontal and vertical. The back grass is attached to the waist and the front is full of acne. " During the Qianlong period (1736 ~ 1795), another group of Yi people in Liangshan, Sichuan moved to Leiying Mountain (now Liangshan). The local aborigines are descendants of the Wuluo ethnic group in the former Wuluo province.

Most of the houses in men in black are buildings, and there are many cesspits in the yard. Have a plenty of downstairs kitchen, there is a brazier in the hall. Put an iron triangle on the brazier to cook food. After a long time, the floor of the beam is as black as paint on a smoky day. Others will use the downstairs to raise cattle and sheep. In solar terms and happy events, Yi people like to scatter their hair on the ground, which is fragrant and refreshing. It is said that in the Yuan Dynasty, the rulers oppressed the Han nationality and other nationalities. In order to consolidate their own rule, for fear that other ethnic groups would revolt, it was stipulated that ten people could throw a kitchen knife. In order to resist their rule, people of all ethnic groups agreed to knock on the chopping block on the 29th night of the twelfth lunar month when J killed * * * (Mongolians). On the thirtieth night, everyone started work together and killed the local ruler * * * but blood spilled all over the floor. The next day is the Spring Festival. If it is not a good holiday, I will wear my hair in disorder. Since then, all Chinese New Year, important festivals and happy events have been covered with loose hair. Yi people are forbidden to call them "Luo Yan" and not to eat the meat of dogs, horses, mules, donkeys or dead animals. I like hunting and believe in many gods. Its main festival is Torch Festival, also called "New Year's Day on June 24th". Other festivals are the same as those of the Han nationality.

June 24th of the lunar calendar is the Torch Festival, also known as Chinese Valentine's Day. There are two legends about Torch Festival. There is a legend that a long time ago, there was a fierce god named Sribi in the sky, who was ordered by the king of heaven to harass the world and arouse the resistance of the Yi people. In order to defeat the evil spirits, people elected Attila Ba, the hero of Yi nationality, to lead everyone to fight against the evil spirits. They lit tens of millions of torches, burned down the ladder to the sky, and broke Slaby's retreat. After nine days of bloody fighting in Kuya, they finally killed the devil. The heavenly king was furious and immediately sowed insects, intending to eat crops and starve the people. At this time, it is the time when potatoes bear potatoes and corn heads. Yi people ate insects for three days and nights, raised torches and burned thousands of insects, thus saving crops. But some went underground and came out to eat crops the next year. Yi people also make fires to burn pests to death. So far, at this time of the year, they will make a fire and burn insects, forming the Torch Festival. Another way of saying it is: During the Kaiyuan period (765,438+03 ~ 7465,438+0), the Mongolian letters were to be accompanied by five letters: Mongolian characters, Yue analysis, tumbling dome and suffering tumbling. On June 25th, Zhao hosted a banquet in Songming Building. Yao L Huang (now Deng Chuan) wrote a letter to her husband's wife, who was charitable and knew his tricks, and advised her husband not to go, but he wouldn't listen. Charity put a spade on her husband's arm. During the dinner, the Songming Tower caught fire, and none of the five letters to Monsieur beaucaire had to be withdrawn. It's hard to tell the difference between wives of various imperial edicts looking for their husbands' bones. Only charity knows the shovel and picks up the husband's skeleton. I received a letter to God. Want to ask charity to be his wife. Shan refused on the grounds that her husband's bones were not buried, returned home to complete the burial, resolutely sealed the city, and was besieged by letters from home. After March, when the food was exhausted, the charity dressed up and sat up, competing for starvation, and the Chinese people sacrificed it. Therefore, from then on, the day before the Song Ming Building was burned down was the Torch Festival, which has been passed down to this day. Because Yuanmou Yi people live in a wide area, there are both of the above statements.

Liangshan Yi Torch Festival was held in Huoliangzi. As night falls, men, women and children hold torches and happily gather at the meeting place. Before lighting the fire, several elders sprinkled fruits and other foods to the crowd, sang torch festival songs to bless the participants, and then lit the fire. Torch Festival officially begins. The main activities of Torch Festival are bullfighting, wrestling and foot wrestling. The Torch Festival of Yi people in the dam area is not only playing the piano (or playing the flute) in spacious places, but also people running around the village or dam with torches.

The Yi people practice monogamy. If there are no children or young sons at home, they can be adopted by their husbands, and the adopted sons are mostly people with many brothers and poor families. After adoption, the man changes his surname to the woman, and one or two descendants of the next generation or the third generation will restore his surname, which is called "returning to the family". Cousins and sisters often get married, and uncles and sisters-in-law often appear in Yi people. That is, cousins can get married. Among them, the branch of men in black gives priority to uncles and aunts, and aunts don't marry. Because the aunts and cousins in the black Yi people call each other brothers directly, they are regarded as brothers and sisters without words. They call this kind of marriage between cousins an "iron bridge", that is, they become a family after intermarriage, as unimpeded as a bridge made of iron plates. Uncle and sister-in-law, refers to the brother's death, brother-in-law and sister-in-law together, if the in-laws agree, they can also remarry. After 1950, the number of uncles and nephews who changed their surnames to women gradually decreased after marriage and adoption.

Yi people practice intermarriage. However, there is a habit of intermarriage within the hierarchy among the black Yi people. Among the black Yi people, their ancestors are divided into "Si" (the main meaning) and "Jie" (the meaning of slaves). "Four" and "Festival" have different status, so marriage is generally forbidden. A "company" man can marry a "festival" woman, but his status is also reduced to "festival". And "clean" men marry "clean" women. In recent years, Han people have also intermarried with Yi people, but most of them are women, and most of them are "Jie". In addition, the Yi people stipulate that families should not get married. The distant ancestors of their fathers' parents belong to the same family and cannot marry.

The marriage of young Yi people is relatively free, and they can generally get to know each other through public activities such as the Torch Festival. After getting to know each other, the two sides expressed their love by singing. Some of them fell in love with each other after getting to know each other, so they quit, found another place to talk about their feelings and gave each other gifts to commemorate their lives. After the engagement, the man asked someone to go to the woman's parents to act as matchmaker. He only needs to bring a bottle of wine, and if the woman's parents agree, he will bring his wine. Then the man officially went to the woman's house to get engaged. Three months later, the man will also buy three feet of green cloth or blue cloth, a piece of meat and a bottle of wine for the woman's parents, which is called a "small gift". Both parties can fix the date of marriage. An engaged girl often wears a silver ornament or hat from her husband on her head or neck to show that she has promised someone else. Due to the large number of Yi people living in Yuanmou, the wedding customs are different. But they all slaughtered pigs and sheep, set up green sheds, scattered all over the floor and set up mats. When young Yi men and women in Xinhua get married, the bride and groom kowtow to their elders, who will give some money to the couple according to their own abilities. The groom is dressed in red, new clothes and a new hat embroidered with silver flowers. The bride puts on new clothes and hangs a mirror on her chest when she goes out. The wedding procession can't enter the door until dark. When the Yi people in the area around the old city C get married and welcome their mother, the bride can't eat or drink on the wedding day. When the man welcomes the bride, he will take it to the groom's house as soon as he goes out from his new home. Generally speaking, we waded all the way instead of taking the bridge. If it is really impossible to bypass, blankets will be laid before crossing the bridge. The person holding the bride must be the groom's cousin. In some places around Liangshan, when welcoming new mothers, the wedding reception team must sing with female singers. If a male singer loses to a female singer, the female singer will wipe his face with a pot of cigarettes as punishment. You can pick up girls by singing the right song. The bride's dowry is mostly a wooden cabinet. Before the wedding, the couple picked up a few stones in the river (or put them in a basket) to carry away the gold and silver treasures. When the bride arrives at the groom's house, she should be familiar with the members and main relatives of the groom's house. On the wedding day, all the men, women and children in the village went to congratulate them, some with firewood, and some with food or meat. In the evening, in the yard, groups of relatives stood side by side, holding hands and dancing beautifully, singing and dancing all night. At this time, often another pair of men and women's love is brewing. Seven days after the couple got married, both husband and wife should bring gifts such as Baba, meat (or a fat sheep) and wine to the woman's house and must arrive before sunset. At this point, the wedding is over.

After death, people are buried in different ways because of different branches. After the death of Liangshan Yi people, relatives and friends came to mourn, carrying soybeans, and the families of the deceased received them seriously. Together with the deceased, they put the soybeans brought by relatives and friends on the spacious dam, with a layer of firewood and a layer of beans piled up. Bimo started chanting, "crossing over" the soul of the deceased, and relatives began to cry. After reading it, light a fire at the four corners of the deceased. The funeral didn't end until the dead and firewood were burned to ashes. In other places, after the death of the Yi people, Bimo presided over chanting, killing sheep and chickens to clear the way and bury them.