Who are the five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period?

There are two different views on the "five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period" in history: First, the "five tyrants" refer to Qi Huangong, Song Xianggong, Jin Wengong, Qin Mugong and Chu Zhuangwang; "Five tyrants" refer to Qi Huangong, Jin Wengong, Chu Zhuangwang, King He Lv of Wu and King Gou Jian of Yue.

From 770 BC to 476 BC, the history is called the Spring and Autumn Period. During these two hundred and ninety years, social storms raged, which can be said to be smoke everywhere and war raged. There are more than 480 military operations in the Spring and Autumn Annals of Lu alone. Sima Qian said: During the Spring and Autumn Period, "thirty-six kings were killed, fifty-two countries were destroyed, and countless vassals could not protect their families." According to legend, there were 140 vassal states and nationalities in the early Spring and Autumn Period. After years of merger, only a few are left. These great powers also attack each other for hegemony. The five princes who dominated successively in history were called "five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period".

There are two different views on the "five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period" in history: First, the "five tyrants" refer to Qi Huangong, Song Xianggong, Jin Wengong, Qin Mugong and Chu Zhuangwang; "Five tyrants" refer to Qi Huangong, Jin Wengong, Chu Zhuangwang, King He Lv of Wu and King Gou Jian of Yue.

Qi Huangong appointed Guan Zhong as prime minister to promote national unity and become the first overlord. Qi Huangong acceded to the throne in 685 BC. He carried out a series of political and economic reforms, which made Qi strong. As he led the troops to repel the attacks of the Rong and Di nationalities, and led the Qi, Lu and Song divisions to defeat Cai and Chu, and prevented the Chu army from advancing northward, his prestige increased greatly. In 65 1 year BC, he made a covenant with Chen Kui (now Kaocheng, Henan Province) and became the first overlord in the Central Plains.

Then Jin Wengong. In 633 BC, Chu Chengyu led the garden troops of Chu, Zheng and Chen to besiege Shangqiu, the capital of the Song Dynasty (now south of Shangqiu County, Henan Province). Song sent someone to ask Jin for help. Jin Wengong adopted the correct opinions of his subordinates. He won Chyi Chin's participation in the war and strengthened his own strength. Then it improved the relationship between Jin and Cao and Wei, and isolated Chu. At this time, the State of Chu ordered that the official name was Yin, and he was furious and sent troops to attack the Jin army.

Jin Wengong in order to avoid the edge of Chu Jun, in order to choose soldiers, ordered troops to retreat ninety miles. The ancient army marched 30 miles to call a shed, and 90 miles to call three sheds. 8 jin j "retreat", retreat to the city of wei pu (now yanxian county, shandong province). Chengpu is close to the state of Jin, which is convenient for supply and meets the concentrated forces of Chyi Chin and Song Allied Forces. In April 632 BC, the two armies of Chu Jin began a decisive battle. The Jin army lured the enemy deep, and the Chu army fell into a tight encirclement, and the whole army was wiped out. The battle of Chengpu created a famous example of giving in first and then taking the initiative. Since then, Jin Wengong invited King Xiang of Zhou to join the vassal in Jiantu (now Guangwu, Henan). Zhou was named "the head of a vassal" and given black and red bows and arrows, indicating that he had the right to conquer freely. Jin Wengong became the overlord of the Central Plains.

When Qi was dominant, Chu stopped moving northward because of Qi's suppression, and instead annexed some small countries in the east to make them stronger. When Guo Hong, the State of Qi, fell behind, the State of Chu expanded northward and competed with the State of Jin for hegemony. In 598 BC, Chu Zhuangwang led an army to fight the Jin Army in Zhai (now Zhengzhou, Henan) and defeated the Jin Army. Countries in the Central Plains turned their backs on the State of Jin and turned to Chu. Chu Zhuangwang became the overlord of the Central Plains.

When the state of Jin dominates, the state of Qin in the west becomes stronger. Qin Mugong tried to dominate the Central Plains in the east, but because the passage in the east was blocked by gold, it annexed a dozen small countries in the west and ruled the area west of Hanguguan, which was known as "dominating Xirong" in history. "Take 12 years as our country and open Wan Li" (Chapter 10 of Everything is done wrong).

Since then, the State of Wu and the State of Yue have become powerful one after another, vying for hegemony in the southeast region. In 494 BC, Fu Cha, the king of Wu, attacked the State of Yue, besieged Gou Jian, the king of Yue, in Huiji (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang) and forced the State of Yue to yield. Then defeated the Qi army. In 482 BC, in Huangchi (now near Fengqiu, Henan Province), he joined forces with the princes and became king. After being defeated by the State of Wu, Gou Jian, King of Yue, was determined to avenge himself. After decades of hard work, he turned weakness into strength and destroyed Wu. Gou Jian took advantage of the situation to go north, and in Xu (now Shandong County), he joined forces with Qi, Jin and other governors to proclaim himself emperor.

The hegemony between vassals and great powers showed the weakening of the imperial power in the Zhou Dynasty. After Pingdong moved to Luoyi (now Luoyang, Henan) in 770 BC, the royal family of the Zhou Dynasty declined even more. Once upon a time, the emperor was the commander-in-chief of the princes. "Rites and music were conquered by the emperor." Now these powers are in the hands of the princes, "Rites and music were conquered by the princes", "Zale was conquered by doctors" and even "accompanied the ministers in state affairs". The new landlord class rose in succession to seize power. Slavery in the Zhou Dynasty was in a state of "bad manners and music".

Jin Wengong-Li Ji rebellion

Jin Wengong, who was born in 697 BC and died in 628 BC, was named Zhong Er, a famous politician and monarch of Jin State in the Spring and Autumn Period. He is as famous as Qi Huangong, and is one of the five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period.

In 676 BC, Ji Zhu Gui, the son of Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty, succeeded to the throne, and was called. When Jin Xiangong was a prince, Wu Gong married Jia Ji for him. Jackie has no children. Later, he married two other wives. One is fox Ji, the niece of the eldest brother, who gave birth; One is young and gave birth to Yi Wu. In his later years, his father, Wu Gong, married a young lady named Qi Jiang, the daughter of Qi Huangong. This Qi Jiang is young and colluded with Ji soon after entering the door. After the death of martial arts, he simply married his stepmother, became a wife, and later gave birth to two children. The man is Shen Sheng, and the woman is the eldest daughter, who later married Qin Mugong. Her name is Ji Bo. In this way, Gong Xian had three sons-Zhong Er, Yi Wu and Shen Sheng. According to age, Shen Sheng is the youngest, but because Shen Sheng's mother is Qi Huangong's daughter, so "the son is more expensive than the mother", she was made a prince by Jin Xiangong. Dedicated for five years (67 BC1year), he led the troops to attack Li Rong (namely Xirong). Master Li Rong also gave two beautiful women to the Duke. These two people are sisters. My sister's name is Li Ji and my sister's name is Ji Shao. That liar is very beautiful and can say beautiful words, so he has to be spoiled by the public. A few years later, Li Ji gave birth to her son Xi Qi. Dedicated to the public, I want to abolish the Qijiang River and make Li Ji my concubine. One day, he called Taibu Yan Guo and asked, "Do we want to abolish Qi Mei and establish Li Ji?" Guo Yan said after divination: "Bad, unlucky!" Deyang dotes on Qu Ji and doesn't believe him. So another Taibu was invited to divine in another way. Who knows, he also said, "Don't let Li Ji be your wife regardless of age." Nevertheless, Gong Xian chose an auspicious day, came to the ancestral temple to worship his ancestors, and married Li Ji. After Li Ji became his wife, it caused a lot of discussion among civil and military officials. Big Businessman privately said to the doctor Rick; "No, the state of Jin is dying. What can we do? "

Rick was surprised and asked, "Is it difficult to get promoted?" Su Shi said. "Not just the new wife Li Ji."

Rick shook his head in disbelief.

Shi Su further explained: "Alas, Xia Jie was partial to his sister, and the Xia Dynasty perished; Zhou Wang favored da ji, which led to the demise of Shang Dynasty. Wang You was blessed and praised, and the Zhou Dynasty collapsed. Today, I am a tribute to the public, and I am very lucky. Can the state of Jin not perish? " Rick nodded and said with emotion, "Yes, yes."

After Jin Xiangong became a concubine, she also wanted to be a prince, so she consulted with him. Hearing this, Li Ji felt that the time was not ripe. Afraid of opposition from ministers, she knelt down and said to the duke, "Shen Sheng has long been established as a prince, which is well known to all the emperors, governors and the world. If I abandon Shen Sheng and abandon him, I would rather die. " I burst into tears when I said it. In addition, Jin Xiangong has two confidants. One is Wu Liang and the other is Dong Guan Wu. Jin people call it "the second five-year plan". These two people specialize in flattery and flattery. Who knows Gong Xian just likes them, entrusts with an important task, and sends them to other places to inspect state affairs. Li Ji wants to establish Xi, her heart is already burning, but she still has to pretend. She wants to give this matter to the "second five-year plan", but it is not convenient to say it. Li Ji was surrounded by an eloquent mentor, who found out her thoughts and took the opportunity to offer suggestions: "Isn't it easy for your wife to make Xi Qi a prince?" In the name of his government, you can keep your three sons out so that you can act from them. ! Hearing this, Li Ji turned her worry into happiness and quickly said, "Who can do this great thing for me?" "

You Shi said: "I heard that the Foreign Minister's Second Five-Year Plan is thorough. As long as they are willing to show their faces, they are still worried that the prince will not stand? "

So he prepared a lot of gold and silver treasures and asked You Shi to bribe Dong Guan Wu. After the "Second Five-Year Plan" accepted something from Li Ji, they were flattered. In a word, he said, "Quwo is the land sealed by the ancestors of the Jin Dynasty, and it is also where the ancestral temple is located. This is a very important place. Dipper and Qu Di (in Jixian County, Shanxi Province) are near the Yellow River, and are close to Rongdi. These three places should be guarded by their own people. If Sheng can go to Quwo, go with Iraq, and master is in the middle of the command, the state of Jin will be as solid as a rock. " Gong Xian listened to the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" and thought about it: "Aren't you afraid of others gossiping when you let the prince go out?"

Dongguan Wu Shuo: "The prince is the future monarch; Quwo is the seat of the ancestral temple. It's perfect for the prince to go to Quwo. "

Gong Xian said: "Pu Songling and Qu are barren and desolate. How can we keep them? "

Dongguan Wu replied: "Unprotected is a wasteland. As soon as the city was built, the wilderness became a lively city. "

I wonder if dedication is a plan. After listening to the "Second Five-Year Plan", I ordered Shen Sheng to keep Quwo, and my mentor Du Yuan assisted me. Zhong Er went to Pudong, and the fox followed; Yi Wu went to Qu Di, and Lu Yi's nephew followed him. In order to hide people's eyes and ears, craftsmen were sent to three places to strengthen the city walls and build houses. Sangong didn't go to Jindun, only his son and his son Zhuozi stayed. Li Ji is getting more and more popular with the public by playing tricks and fawning on others.

After the son left, there were frequent wars in Jin. Childe often goes back to Jindun to discuss state affairs and ask about Hou's health. Li Ji hated Shen Sheng. When he came back, he was too worried to eat or sleep. One night in the autumn of twenty-one years of dedication, Li Ji had a nightmare and dreamed of Shen Sheng's mother, Qijiang. The next morning, Li Ji summoned Prince Shen Sheng.

Li Ji said, "Last night, I dreamed that your birth mother came to the palace. I think my son hasn't sacrificed for a long time. "

Shen Sheng immediately said that he would return to Quwo tomorrow to pay homage.

The next day, Shen Sheng hurried back to Quwo and gave a big sacrifice to Qi Jiang in the ancestral temple for three days. After the memorial ceremony, Shen Sheng, according to the usual practice, sent people to dedicate the used meat such as pork, cattle and sheep to the people. At this time, the sacrifice was hunting outside, and Li Ji spilled poison on the sacrifice meat. When Gong Xian came back two days later, the chefs were busy cooking the meat provided by Shen Sheng into various delicacies for Gong Xian to taste. In order to do justice, it is necessary to put meat in the middle. Li Ji suddenly stopped: "Try the food in the distance." Li Ji immediately poured a bowl of broth, and a bumpkin immediately burned on the ground. Another dog was called and fed a piece of meat. The dog screamed a few times and died. Gong Xian still didn't believe it, so he called a small official around him and let him eat the sacrificial meat. He died immediately. Under the provocation of Li Ji, Gong Xian flew into a rage and immediately ordered to get rid of Prince Shen Sheng.

When Shen Sheng learned the news, he was shocked and angry. His people advised him to run away. Shen Sheng said, "My father is old, and he has no concubine. He can't sleep at night. If I run away, I will give my father a bad name. " Soon, he committed suicide in Quwo Palace. Zhong Er and Yiwu heard that Shen Sheng had died, so they went to Jindun to ask.

Li Ji also provoked the public to say: "It seems that both Zhong Er and Yiwu know about Shen Sheng's poisoning."

Knowing that Li Ji was plotting against them again, the two sons quietly returned to their fief. Suspicious and jealous, he became more and more convinced when he saw his two sons leave without saying goodbye. Immediately sent troops, divided into two roads, to hunt down Zhong Er and Wu Yi.

The army came to Pucheng, entered the palace and captured Zhong Er. A small official named Bertie forced Zhong Er to commit suicide. Zhong Er broke free, rolled over and ran away. Bob raised his knife and cut it down. As a result, he only cut off half the sleeves of Zhong Er's clothes.

Another pursuer came to Qucheng, and Yiwu ran to Liang (southwest of Hancheng, Shaanxi).