Comparison between Historical Records and Zi Zhi Tong Jian —— Questions and Answers on the History of College Entrance Examination

The arrangement of these two books is different. Historical Records is a biographical history, that is to say, major historical events are described by biographies of emperors and generals in various dynasties. So you will find one thing in different people's biographies, which may be different. Zi Tong Zhi Jian is a chronological style, which records important historical events in chronological order. I think this is the most important difference between the two books. Most of China's history books adopt the compiling style of Historical Records, including biographies of emperors, great families, literati, books, tables and chronologies.

Historical Records is a masterpiece created by Sima Qian all his life. In addition to historical value, it also has high literary value, and it uses prose brushwork.

As a mirror for all resources is an official history book, led by Sima Guang. Its main purpose is to provide reference for the emperor, so it mainly describes major historical events and summarizes historical records.

General History of China's First Biography. Written by Sima Qian in the Han Dynasty. Originally known as Taishi Gongshu, also known as Taishi GongGong Ji and Taishi Gongji. Yuanfeng was the stepfather of Sima Qian for three years (108). In the first year of Taichu (104), he participated in the formulation of taichu calendar and began to write historical records. After 10 years of hard work, it was finally written.

It took more than 3,000 years for the secretary to start from the legendary Yellow Emperor to the end of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. The historical events described were recorded in detail in the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties. According to Taishi Gongxu, there are 130 books, including 12 biographies, 10 tables, 8 books, 30 writers, 70 biographies, and 526,500 words. The purpose of this book is to explore the relationship between heaven and personnel and study the development and changes of history. The author puts forward a fixed formula of "loyalty"-"respect"-"literature", which is a cycle of dynasty change. This kind of understanding is unscientific, but people can only reach this level of understanding at that time. The book is rich in information, including Zuo Zhuan, Mandarin, History Book, Warring States Policy, Chu and Han Chunqiu and A Hundred Schools of Thought contend. In addition, personal interviews and on-the-spot investigation materials were added by using the archives collected by the state and ancient documents preserved by the people. The author pays attention to the identification and selection of materials while drawing extensively, showing a cautious scientific attitude. In the history of Chinese historiography, this book is the first large-scale and complete general history of China. The biographical style of historical books began to have a far-reaching influence, and was later adopted by the official history of past dynasties. Most of his words are vivid and concise, and their narrative images are vivid, which has had a good influence on China's later prose and biographical literature. After Sima Qian's death, not many people knew this book. When Xuan Di proclaimed himself emperor in the Han Dynasty, Yang Yunzu, the grandson of Sima Qian, described his book, published it in the world and spread it since then.

Comprehensive Mirror to Aid in Government

Ancient historical works. Written by Sima Guang in the Northern Song Dynasty. There are 294 volumes in the book, 30 volumes in the catalogue and 30 volumes in textual research. "Mirror Mirror" records the history of * * * 1362 years from the 23rd year of Wei Liewang's Zhou Dynasty (403 BC) to the 6th year of Xiande (959 BC).

Sima Guang once suffered from a large number of historical books, and it was difficult for scholars to browse them all. Because he wanted to extract their essence, he wrote a chronicle. Tongzhi, published in eight volumes, appeared in North Korea from the Warring States to Qin Ershi, which attracted the attention of Song Yingzong. In the third year of Zhiping (1066), he ordered the publishing house to be located in Chongwen Academy to continue compiling. Song Shenzong acceded to the throne and was given the title of "Zi Zhi Tong Jian", which was awarded in turn. This book was written in the seventh year of Yuanfeng (1084).

Mirror Mirror was composed by Sima Guang and co-edited by Liu Shu, Liu Ban and Fan Zuyu. Liu Shu learned from others and had a deep memory. He tried his best to compile A Mirror, from Xiashi in Historical Records to Zayan in Private Records. Liu Ban in Hanshu and Fan Zuyu in Tang Shi both have deep research. They worked together and made important contributions to each other. Finally, it was revised, polished and finalized by Sima Guang. Among them, right and wrong were taken away, and light was extinguished.

There are abundant historical materials in Tongjian, besides Seventeen History, there are hundreds of miscellaneous history books. The narratives in books are often written in several materials. In those years, when there are differences in deeds, all of them are added to the textual research, and the reasons as appropriate are indicated, which is regarded as "textual research". Tongjian has high historical value, especially in Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties.

Zi Zhi Tong Jian is a chronicle general history. Historical events are described in chronological order, and the cause and effect of historical events are often explained by tracing back and concluding remarks, which is easy to make people get a systematic and clear impression. Its content is mainly based on political and military historical facts, showing the traces of emperors and ministers' management of chaos, success or failure, and safety as historical reference. However, while describing the activities of the ruling class in past dynasties, the book also describes the lives and struggles of people of all ethnic groups.

Tong Jian was carefully finalized by Sima Guang, with unified rhetoric, beautiful words and vivid narration, which has high literary value. It has been listed as a masterpiece of ancient historians in China along with Historical Records. In addition to narratives, he also selected 97 historical papers of predecessors and wrote 1 18 historical papers in the form of Yue, which reflected the author's political historical view. It is an important progress of historical thought to take a critical attitude towards religious superstitions such as divination and Buddhism and Taoism in history.