There are several types of calligraphy, such as regular script, cursive script and official script. Please introduce it in detail.

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Brief introduction of various calligraphy styles

1: Oracle Bone Inscriptions

Ancient Chinese characters are the names of characters and the oldest existing characters in China. Carved on the Oracle Bone Inscriptions, it was first used in Oracle Bone Inscriptions (Yin people used tortoise shells and animal bones for divination. After divination, the period of divination, the name of the diviner and the things of divination are all engraved with a knife next to divination, and some even engraved with good or bad luck that has been fulfilled a few days later. Scholars call this kind of record Oracle Bone Inscriptions, which is a divination of the future outcome, and it was more popular in the Yin and Shang Dynasties. Oracle Bone Inscriptions was discovered in 1889, which is a record of royal divination in the late Shang Dynasty. It was discovered more than 3000 years ago in Xiaotun Village, Anyang, Henan Province. Oracle Bone Inscriptions is the first treasure in the history of China's calligraphy. His brushwork has changed in thickness, lightness and quickness. His brushwork is light and urgent, thick and heavy, quick and energetic, and has a certain sense of rhythm. Fiona Fang is full of turning points, steep in square and soft in round. Its lines are more harmonious and fluent than those of Wen Tao, which lays the foundation and rhythm for the unique line art of China's calligraphy. Oracle Bone Inscriptions was tied into a rectangle, which laid the foundation of Chinese font. Oracle Bone Inscriptions's knot is shaped with the body, so let it be. Its composition varies in size, and Fiona Fang is diverse, long and flat, scattered and harmonious. The writing principles of Chinese characters have been generally established in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, such as rugged, evasive, bow-echoing, unstoppable and so on.

2. Jinwen

A literal name in ancient Chinese characters. Shang, Western Zhou, Spring and Autumn and Warring States. It flourished in the Zhou Dynasty. This is another monument in the history of calligraphy in China. The tripod attached to the bronze ware is intended to "make people know God's treachery", so it is a ritual vessel for religious sacrifice. Bronze inscriptions are also called Zhong Dingwen, Wen Qi and ancient prose. Compared with Oracle Bone Inscriptions, the inscriptions cast together with bronzes have stronger lines and are more pictographic. The earliest inscriptions are found on bronzes unearthed in the middle of Shang Dynasty. Although there are not many materials, they are all earlier than Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Yin Ruins. The Zhou Dynasty was the golden age of bronze inscriptions, with the most unearthed inscriptions.

The main works of this period are: Li Chan, Tian Wuchan, Yu Ding, Pan Bi, Pan and Muyin Baizipan. Among them, Simu Wuding, Pan and Mao are the most famous and have the highest artistic achievements.

3. Stone carving

Stone carvings originated in the Zhou Dynasty and flourished in the Qin Dynasty. Stone inscriptions in the Eastern Zhou and Qin Dynasties. On the 10 granite drum stone, there is a four-character poem, which praises Qin's hunting, so it is also called hunting. Legend has it that the earliest stone carving is Shen Bei in Xia Dynasty, and the style of carving poems is similar to the Book of Songs. The font is close to the calligraphy contained in Shuo Wen Jie Zi, and its calligraphy has always been highly respected. The main works are: Shi Guwen, Yishan stone carving, Taishan stone carving, Langya stone carving and Huiji stone carving.

4. Bamboo ink

Calligraphy is the most important art, but the original calligraphy before Qin and Han dynasties can only be seen in Jian and Bo Meng's books. In ancient times, bamboo was used as the main material, and bamboo slips were woven with beef tendon, silk thread and hemp rope. The earliest archaeological discoveries of bamboo slips and silk ink include Qin slips unearthed in Yunmeng, Hubei Province, the book of the Warring States League unearthed in Houma, Shanxi Province (the book of the League was written on a stone policy or a jade policy), and the silk book of the Warring States Period unearthed in Mawangdui, Changsha. China's calligraphy experienced Oracle Bone Inscriptions, bronze inscriptions and the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Due to the warlord regime, the figures since Shang Dynasty embarked on different development paths in the vassal states. During this period, the forms and techniques of calligraphy also presented a situation in which a hundred schools of thought contended. For example, the Tadpole Prose of the Northern State of Jin and the Bird Book of Wu, Yue, Chu and Cai have many twists and turns and long tails. Bronze inscriptions in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period are not as thick as those in the Western Zhou Dynasty, but have been replaced by slender figures, showing a mellow aesthetic feeling, such as "a mirror of Fu Cha, the king of Wu". This period left many ink marks, such as bamboo slips, silk books and league books.

oracle bone script

Oracle Bone Inscriptions is the cultural product of Shang Dynasty (about17th century BC-1century BC), about 3600 years ago. Shang rulers are superstitious about ghosts and gods. Before they act, they often use tortoise shells and animal bones to predict good luck or bad luck. Later, they carved their possessions and later realized Oracle bones or related notes on the Oracle bones. Their writing is called Oracle Bone Inscriptions. It has been 65,438+000 years since Oracle Bone Inscriptions was discovered in Yin Ruins in Anyang, Henan in the late Qing Dynasty. At present, the number of Oracle bones unearthed exceeds 150000, most of which are relics of Pan Geng royal family who moved to Yin and died. In order to go out to Yin Ruins, they are also called Yin Ruins. Because the inscriptions are mostly Oracle Bone Inscriptions, it is also called Zhenbu. At present, there are 4,500 * * characters unearthed in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, and more than 2,000 characters have been identified, with orthography 1000 characters. It recorded the social, political, economic and cultural information of China more than 3,000 years ago. This is the earliest and most precious historical relic in existence.

Oracle Bone Inscriptions (Shang Dynasty)

Another name for Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Qitong tea is named after the strange way carved on tortoise shells and animal bones. In Qing Dynasty, Sun Yirang wrote the case of Wen Qi in two volumes, which was the beginning of Oracle Bone Inscriptions's textual research.

carve

A special seal script for Qin Dynasty. Xu Shen's Preface to Explaining Words in the Eastern Han Dynasty: "Shu Qin has eight styles and three inscriptions. Used for runes. " Duan Yucai's note: "If there is a symbol Jiang Shifu under the calligraphy, it is one of the six sections of the Zhou system, and the bamboo made in Han is six inches long, which is divided and combined." This kind of seal script is specially engraved on Jeff. Because it is carved on the metal with a knife, it can't be tactfully satisfied, so the strokes are close to straight and the shape is close to square, such as the words on the existing Yangling tiger symbol.

big seal character

Dazhuan is a widely used font in the Western Zhou Dynasty, which is said to be easy to create. According to the different writing media, there are differences between bronze inscriptions (or "Zhong Dingwen") and bronze inscriptions.

Jinwen appeared later than Oracle Bone Inscriptions, and Jinwen was also called Zhong Dingwen. Shang and Zhou Dynasties were the bronze age, with the tripod as the representative ritual vessel and the bell as the representative musical instrument. "Zhong Ding" was synonymous with bronze ware. Therefore, Zhong Dingwen or inscriptions on bronze refers to inscriptions cast or carved on bronzes.

The content of inscriptions on bronze is a record of activities or events such as offering sacrifices, giving orders, imperial edicts, campaigns, hunting and covenants. All these reflect the social life at that time. The inscriptions on bronze inscriptions are neat and elegant, simple and heavy. Compared with Oracle Bone Inscriptions, they are more colorful. Bronze inscriptions are basically printed. These characters were discovered in the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, when someone sent a tripod excavated in Fenyang to the palace, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty named it Ding Yuan (formerly 1 16). Later, Jin Wen made one discovery after another. Ouyang Xiu and Zhao Mingcheng were scholars in Song Dynasty. They were both good at writing, studying and recording inscriptions on bronze.

The Mao inscription in the casting is very representative, with 32 lines and 497 words, which is the earliest bronze inscription unearthed. Mao's inscription is rigorous in structure, thin, smooth, even and neat, and it is a fine work in the bronze inscription. In addition, the inscription of Dahepan is also a masterpiece of bronze inscriptions.

Wen Shu is the script used by the ancient Qin State, and it is the predecessor of Xiao Zhuan. Shi Shuan Shu written by Qin people in the Spring and Autumn Period has 223 words, so it is called Wen Shu. It is said that "book" means "reading". According to textual research, Shi Guwen unearthed in the Tang Dynasty was carved by Qin Xianggong, which is the same as the text in Shi Shuo pian, and is the representative of Shuo Wen.

Small/small seal characters

It is said that the seal script carved by Qin Quan was written by Li Si. After Qin Shihuang unified China, he implemented the policy of "writing in the same language and cars on the same track". The policy of unified measurement has been taken care of by Prime Minister Reese. On the basis of the original seal script used by Qin, it was simplified, and the variant characters of other six countries were cancelled, creating a unified Chinese character writing form. It was popular in China until the end of the Western Han Dynasty, and was gradually replaced by official script. But because of its beautiful font, it has always been favored by calligraphers. Because of its complex strokes and simple form, it is possible to add twists and turns and seal cutting at will, especially the official seal that needs anti-counterfeiting. Seal script was always used until the collapse of feudal dynasty and the emergence of modern new anti-counterfeiting technology. All the words in Kangxi Dictionary are also marked with seal script writing.

Bird and insect characters

Also known as "worm book". The flower style in seal script. This font was found in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and was mostly cast or engraved on weapons and bells. Often in the embryonic form of animals to form strokes, like books and paintings, full of interest. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Xu Shen recorded Qin Shu's Eight-style and Four-character Worm Book in the Preface of Shuowen Jiezi. Xin Mang's six books, "Six books are birds and insects, so books are loyal." Duan Yucai's Note: "Praise is praise, the banner of the book; Letters are called books Jeff. " It shows that these books are mostly used for flags and symbols, and there are also many examples of printing books on birds and insects with China printing.

Departmental handbook

Also known as "list book". Xu Shen's Shuo Wen Jie Zi Ji in the Eastern Han Dynasty said: There are eight styles, "Liu Yue Shu Shu". Duan Yucai's Notes on Explaining Words in the Qing Dynasty said: "The procurator also writes the book. Any inscription sealed for inspection is called the book, and the title list is called the book."

Inscriptions on drum stones in the Warring States Period (475-22 BC1year)

Compared with the bronze inscription, Shi Guwen is more standard and solemn, but to some extent, he still retains the characteristics of the bronze inscription. It is a transitional style from inscriptions on bronze to Xiao Zhuan. According to legend, before Shi Guwen, Zhou Xuanwang Taishi Biography reformed and arranged the inscriptions on bronze, and wrote 15 Great Biography, so Great Biography was also called "Wen Shu". Shi Guwen is one of the well-preserved calligraphy relics in the handed down Da Zhuan.

Shi Guwen, also known as Lietuan or Yongyi Stone Carving, is the earliest stone carving in China. There is no specific date, and the Song of the Stone Drum by Wei and Han Yu in Tang Dynasty is considered as a stone carving of the period. Ouyang Xiu, a poet in the Song Dynasty, has three doubts about the poem Postscript of Shigu, but he still thinks that it was written by Ishikawa in Zhou Xuanwang's time. Zheng Qiao, a poet in the Song Dynasty, believed that Shi Gu belonged to the pre-Qin period and was written after King Huiwen and before Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Luo Zhenyu's textual research and Ma Xulun's annotation are both things, which are no different from those of Wei and Han, with a difference of only seventeen years. According to Guo Moruo's textual research, Shigu was written in Qin Xianggong for eight years, which is closer to Wang Xuan. The difference is that it was written by history books or when Chen Qin was king.

The stone drum was unearthed in the Tianxing Three Ugly Courtyard (now the Three Ugly Courtyard in Baoji City, Shaanxi Province) in the early Tang Dynasty, and then moved to Fengxiang Confucius Temple. During the Five Dynasties War, stone drums were scattered among the people. After many twists and turns in the Song Dynasty, it was finally collected and placed in Yu Fengxiang University. Song Huizong was obsessed with epigraphy, especially the stone drum. In the second year of Daguan (A.D. 1 108), he moved to Guo Xue, Beijing, and embedded the golden character. Later, due to the Song and Jin Wars, Shigu moved to Lin 'an (now Hangzhou). After Jin Bing entered Bianjing, he regarded the stone drum as a "strange thing" and shipped it back to Yanjing (now Beijing). Since then, Shigu has experienced ups and downs for hundreds of years. When War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression broke out, Ma Heng, then director of the Palace Museum, moved the stone drum to the south of the Yangtze River to prevent the national treasure from being plundered by Japanese invaders. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, it was transported back to Beijing and exhibited in the Forbidden City in Beijing from 65438 to 0956. In the fifty-five years of Qianlong reign in Qing Dynasty (1790), in order to better protect the original drums, Emperor Gaozong of Qing Dynasty carved ten-sided drums in imitation and placed them in Biyong (University). Now the imitation drum is in imperial academy. Its shape and lettering are quite different from the original stone drum.

There are ten stone drums * * *, two feet high and more than a foot in diameter. The image of the drum is thin on the top and thick on the bottom, with a slightly round top (actually a cymbal). Because there are many words about fishing and hunting in the inscription, it is also called hunting. Four-character poems are divided into ten groups. At present, there are many indelible words, and there is not a word left in the nine drums. His book, written by Shi Hu, is magnificent, generous, lively and unrestrained, vigorous in temperament, combining rigidity with softness, simple and carefree. Horizontal and vertical, rigorous and neat, make good use of the center, the thickness of strokes is basically the same, some structures are symmetrical and tall, and some words are uneven, close to Xiao Zhuan without the formality of Xiao Zhuan. In terms of composition and layout, although the characters are independent, they also pay attention to the relationship between up and down, left and right, and their strong brushwork is extremely prominent in stone carvings, which is unique in China's ancient calligraphy. Kang Youwei called it "like a golden hill, a cloud of grass, leaving me alone, and I have my own unique talents." Its script was written in the transition period from Dazhuan to Xiaozhuan. Learning Shi Guwen can catch up with Da Zhuan and learn Xiao Zhuan, which is foolproof. Those who learn seal script in later generations regard it as an original, and all of them are familiar with it. Yang Yisun, Wu Daxiao, Wu Changshuo and Wang Fuan all benefited from it.

Shi Guwen's rubbings existed in the Tang Dynasty, but they have not been handed down. Song Anguo's collection of stone drum rubbings in Song Dynasty was sold by Qin to Kawai family in Tokyo, Japan during the Republic of China. In addition, there are three kinds of early rubbings circulating in the society: Pioneer, Zhongquan and Hou Li, among which Tianyi Pavilion has 422 characters from the Northern Song Dynasty. However, the original rubbings have been lost, and now we can only see the photos of these three rubbings collected by Guo Moruo in Japan in the 1930s. The Pioneer, a Song rubbings collected by Anguo, was photocopied by the Old Commercial Press and Cultural Relics Publishing House, and was included in the book Shi Guwen Studies written by Guo Moruo. Shang Zhen Society of Shanghai Art Garden and Wu Shang of Japan have photocopies of Zhong Quan. There are photocopies of "after-effects" in the "masterpiece series" published by Zhonghua Book Company and Japan Second Choice Society. The third issue of Calligraphy by Shanghai Calligraphy and Painting Publishing House (1984) also published a photocopy of Shi Guwen's Song Tuo.

The stone drum is the earliest antiquity in China, and it is also the first criterion for calligraphers. It has high cultural and historical value and art collection value.

Yujinyin

Also known as the "Jade Seal". A kind of seal script. Its writing strokes are round and moist, shaped like jade ribs (chopsticks), hence the name. Beginning in the Qin Dynasty, in the Tang Dynasty, Qi once wrote a poem "The Handwriting of Master Xie Tancheng's Jade Rib Seal", which said: "Jade Rib Seal is really not vulgar for a long time, and Li Si passed on Li." Later generations will use other round and vigorous fonts when writing books, also known as "jade tendons". For example, in the Ming Dynasty, Wang Shizhen commented on Yan Zhenqing's book: "The author is forbidden in the main book of Jiamiao and Maoshan Monument."

Iron thread seal

A small seal script. Jade books such as "Carving Stones on Mount Tai" and "Carving Stones on Langyatai" appeared in the Qin Dynasty. The pen is round, thin and hard as iron, and the head and tail are drawn into lines, hence the name. Later generations called Li's seal script in Tang Dynasty "Ganxian seal script".

official script

Also known as "auxiliary book" and "official book". Font name. Flat and square shape, easy to write. It began in the Qin Dynasty and was widely used in the Han and Wei Dynasties. In the Tang Dynasty, Zhang Huaiguan's Shuduan quoted Emperor Zhang from Cai Yong in the Eastern Han Dynasty: "Cheng Miao deleted the ancient official script." Wei Heng's four-body calligraphy in Jin Dynasty: "There are many things that can be played in Qin dynasty, and it is difficult to make a seal script, that is, Li people (small officials) can use it as a book, which is called Li characters." Cheng Miao collected and sorted out this brushwork at that time, and later generations said that Cheng Miao created official script. Qin Li was born in Qin Zhuan, and there are still many traces of seal script in the glyph structure. After that, it was continuously developed and perfected in the Han Dynasty, and became a font with completely different strokes and structure from that of Qin Zhuan. The appearance of official script broke through the writing principle of six scripts, laid the foundation of regular script, and marked a turning point in the development history of Chinese characters and calligraphy. In Wei and Jin Dynasties, regular script was called official script, and it was called "Eight Points" because it was called official script with waves. Bamboo slips unearthed in Yunmeng, Hubei Province and Han bamboo slips unearthed in December of the first year of Wufeng are representative works of handwritten official script in Qin and Han Dynasties.

Caozhuan

Book title. Another name for flying white. Cai Yong in the Eastern Han Dynasty said: "He Cao's foot is not clear, and Sven is not clear." Jin Shilin said: "When it comes to flying white, printing is like bone, ancient and modern methods are mixed, grass printing is made, utensils are made, and they are made by themselves, but they have to be like this." Refers to the seal script written in cursive script. The Book History Society said: "(Zhao) Guan Guang devoted himself to history and literature, and created Cao Zhuan, with a slight change in the inscription of Tian Xi Bei, which made his character superior and his book intact." Fu Shan and others are good at cursive script.

Kodouwen

Also known as "the book of science and technology" and "the turn of science and technology". The common name of seal script (including ancient Chinese characters and brush) handwriting. Because the pen is dipped in ink or pigment to make a book, the pen path is thick at the beginning and thin at the end, which looks like a tadpole, hence the name. The name first appeared in the late Han Dynasty, and Lu Zhi wrote that "the struggle of ancient liberal arts was close to reality". Zheng Kangcheng said: "When the book first came out of the house wall, it was all hieroglyphics. Now it is called the book of science and technology." In the Yuan Dynasty, Wu argued that the shape of Kodou Shu was formed as follows: "In ancient times, there was no pen and ink, and bamboo was used to draw books on bamboo, which was hard and greasy and could not be painted, so the head was thick and the tail was thin, which looked like its ears."

Miao chuan

Seal script used to copy seals in Han Dynasty. One of Wang Mang's six books. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Xu Shen recorded six books of Xin Mang in the Preface of Explaining Words, saying, "Five words are wonderful, so they are copied." The shape is even and square, full of the meaning of Li, and the rule of writing has evolved from the roundness of Xiao Zhuan to the twists and turns. It has the meaning of saving for a rainy day, hence the name. In the Qing Dynasty, Miao Zhuan Fenyun, your government, collectively referred to the multi-body seal characters used in Han and Wei Dynasties as "Miao Zhuan". Also known as "copying".

regular script

There are two problems with regular script: first, its name is confused with official script, official script, official script, official script, official script and articles of association; Second, there are different opinions about when it originated. Generally speaking, the standard of regular script is neat and square, which is different from long and vertical seal script and horizontal and flat official script. You don't have to fold at the turning point of the stroke. In addition, the style of running script is not fixed in Oracle bones and Zhong Ding, and the left and right lines are not limited. Since the Qin Dynasty, everything has gone from right to left, without exception. In Sun's "General Score", he said: "True pointillism is the shape of nature, which makes it affectionate." It can be said to be a generalization.

Wang Xizhi's regular script is one of the representatives from the appearance of strokes in Qin and Han Dynasties to the formation of regular script in the Three Kingdoms Period, and the development of regular script reached its peak in the Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties. Represented by Wei Kai, the prosperity of calligraphy in the Northern Dynasties is a symbol of the prosperity of regular script. Its simple and powerful artistic style is in sharp contrast with the beauty and elegance of the South and Shuangfeng. The Tang Dynasty was the heyday of regular script, and calligraphers came forth in large numbers with different styles, so they were called "Tang Kai". The regular script in the early Tang Dynasty inherited the changes of Sui Kai style. Every calligrapher has his own personality, and Yan Zhenqing made great innovations in the middle Tang Dynasty. Liu Gongquan's Liu Gu in the late Tang Dynasty is comparable to Yan Jin. These three changes have formed the great face of Tang Kai. The Five Dynasties, Song Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty, Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty were the declining periods of regular script. Neither individual calligraphers nor groups can break through the existing pattern of regular script in Jin and Tang Dynasties. Other reasons for the decline of regular script are: the rise of printing culture, and the aesthetic expression and lyricism of regular script are not as good as cursive script.

cursive script

Font name. Don't call it "Qiu Shu". Broadly speaking, it refers to people who scribble regardless of age, font and writing style; In a narrow sense, it refers to a font with continuous strokes and convenient writing. Xu Shen in the Eastern Han Dynasty said in the Preface of Explaining Words that "there are cursive scripts in Han Dynasty". The popular calligraphy in the early Han Dynasty was cursive script (that is, scribbled official script). Later, it gradually developed into "Cao Zhang". By the end of the Han Dynasty, it was said that Zhang Zhi's "Cao Zhang" contained traces of no connection between the strokes and characters of official script, which became a "modern cursive script" with continuous and convenient strokes, and was later called cursive script. It was perfected by Wang Xizhi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In the middle Tang Dynasty, Zhang Xu and Huai Su wrote "Today Grass" in a more indulgent and bizarre way, calling it "Crazy Grass" to distinguish it from "Today Grass".

Crazy Grass (China Calligraphy)

Also known as "big grass". One of the most indulgent cursive scripts. Get rid of Wang Xizhi's gentle cursive style all the way in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. His brushwork is continuous, rushing, and the font is changeable, which is very dance of dragons and snakes. Named after Zhang Xu and Huai Su in the Tang Dynasty. Zhang Xu's four poems handed down from ancient times and Huai Su's self-narrative posts are the representatives.

Semi-cursive/running/calligraphy (China's calligraphy)

Also known as "bank charge book". Book title. Legend has it that it was created by Liu Desheng at the end of Han Dynasty. Running script is generally written smoothly and conveniently on the basis of regular script, which is not as difficult to distinguish vertically as cursive script, but also more vivid and concise than regular script. It is a widely used handwritten character in society. Writing a running script without stopping, writing a paper without lettering, and turning over the pressure lightly, like flowing water, without any interruption, will be eternal for business. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Jiang Kui thought that the running script "takes the old pen as the most valuable, and the few mistakes can be reflected." . Your fibers are separated, your blood is connected, your bones and muscles are old and healthy, your spirit is scattered, and your posture is complete. "

Non-China calligraphy

Non-Chinese calligraphy "Arabic calligraphy" written by Vietnamese calligraphers, calligraphy written by Sanskrit letters, and Vietnamese national calligraphy all belong to the category of "non-Chinese calligraphy", among which Vietnamese national calligraphy is a unique art in Vietnam and has been deeply loved by people in recent years. There are Vietnamese Mandarin Calligraphy Societies all over Vietnam, many of which are very good at writing Mandarin characters, and their works are highly collectible. Vietnamese Mandarin characters are pinyin characters based on Latin letters, and the calligraphy of Vietnamese Mandarin characters is often characterized by inscriptions in paintings. The picture on the left shows Qian Wenzhong's Sanskrit calligraphy, which is a bit like China's running script. Although it is handwritten, the handwriting is easy to recognize.

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