What are the typical representative works of Shang bronzes?

Wu Ding, the stepmother of Shang Dynasty.

Stepmother Wu Ding (formerly known as Simu Wuding), also known as Stepmother Wu Dafang Ding and Stepmother Wu Fangding. The original 1939 was unearthed in Anyang, Henan Province in March. This was done by the Shang Dynasty or Zujia to sacrifice his mother Wu. It is a masterpiece of bronze culture in Shang and Zhou Dynasties, and is now in the National Museum of China.

Wu Ding, the stepmother, was named after the word "Wu Ding" cast on the inner wall of the tripod. The tripod is rectangular, with a mouth length of112cm, a mouth width of 79.2cm, a wall thickness of 6cm, an ear height of133cm and a weight of 832.84kg.. The tripod body is covered with thunder patterns, and there are dragons and gluttonous patterns carved around it, which reflects the ultra-high technology and artistic level of bronze casting in China.

Wu Ding, the stepmother, was dug privately by the villagers. Because it was too big, it was buried again in order to prevent the Japanese from taking it away. /kloc-0 was unearthed again in June, 1946 and deposited in Nanjing Central Museum. 1959, the bronze tripod was moved from Nanjing to Beijing, and it has been kept in the newly-built Chinese History Museum (now the National Museum of China).

Through research and textual research, the inscription "Wu Zetian" on the inner wall of the tripod belly is the temple name of Wu Ding's concubine.

Stepmother Wu Ding was cast by Fan Tao method. After casting in the late Shang dynasty, at least 65,438+0,000 kilograms of raw materials were needed, and it was completed with the close cooperation of about 200 to 300 craftsmen. It is determined that the tripod contains 84.77% copper and lead 1 1.64%, which is the same as that recorded in ancient literature.

Wu Ding, the stepmother, is the largest and heaviest bronze ritual vessel unearthed in the world so far, and enjoys the reputation of "the treasure of the town and the country". Now it is a national first-class cultural relic, and it was listed in the List of Cultural Relics Prohibited from Going Abroad in 2002.

1, cultural relics features:

Wu Ding, the stepmother, has thick ears (one of which is equipped with a back), which are folded along the wide side, with a straight wall, a deep abdomen and a flat bottom. The abdomen is rectangular, and the bottom is supported by four hollow columns.

The ear of the device is decorated with a series of embossed fish patterns, which are connected end to end. The outside of the ear is decorated with embossed Shuang Hu cannibal head pattern. There are short ridges protruding in the middle and four corners of the abdominal wall, and the periphery of the abdomen is decorated with gluttonous patterns, all of which are located in Yun Leiwen. The upper end of the foot is decorated with embossed gluttonous patterns, and the lower lining is lined with concave strings.

The inner wall of the abdomen is cast with the word "stepmother E". The font is rich and plump, the strokes are peaked at the beginning and end, and the fat pen is used occasionally. This tripod was used by the Shang King to worship his mother "E". The shape is heavy and elegant, the momentum is magnificent, the decoration is exquisite and the casting process is superb. It is also the largest bronze ritual vessel discovered in Shang Dynasty.

2, casting process

Stepmother Wu Ding's casting process is very complicated. According to the observation of casting traces, the tripod body and four feet are integrally cast. The tripod body is made of 8 pottery sculptures, each tripod foot is made of 3 pottery sculptures, and the bottom and inside of the tripod are made of 4 pottery sculptures.

The tripod ears are cast after the tripod body is cast. Casting this tripod requires 1000 kilograms of metal raw materials. Moreover, there are a series of complex technical problems in the process of making such a large-scale object, such as molding clay molds, copying pottery molds, pouring together, etc., and at the same time, a large melting furnace must be equipped.

The casting of Wu Ding, the stepmother, fully shows that the bronze casting in the late Shang Dynasty was not only large-scale, but also well-organized and meticulous in division of labor, showing the production scale and outstanding technical achievements of the bronze casting industry in Shang Dynasty, which was enough to represent the highly developed bronze culture in Shang Dynasty.

Casting such a large bronze ware, it is very complicated to cast the parts separately first and then cast them together into a whole. Casting requires two or three hundred craftsmen to operate at the same time and cooperate closely to complete it.

In addition, the precipitation method of spectral qualitative analysis and chemical analysis is used for quantitative analysis.

Wu Ding, the stepmother, contains 84.77% copper, 65,438+065,438+0.64% lead and 2.79%, which is basically consistent with the ratio of copper and tin recorded in the book Kao Gong Ji and Zhu Shi written in the Warring States Period, from which we can see the inherent inheritance of ancient bronze civilization in China. It reflects the wisdom of merchants and craftsmen.

Extended data:

Other famous bronzes

1, bronze tripod with human face.

It is 38.5 cm high, 29.8 cm long and 23.7 cm wide.

1959 unearthed in ningxiang.

Ding is a kind of cooker, with two ears on it, which is easy to carry, and four feet on the bottom, which is easy to heat. There are many bronze ding in Shang dynasty, and this ding is particularly noteworthy for its four sides, heavy eyebrows, high nose, prominent cheekbones, wide mouth and solemn expression.

There are zigzag horns on the left and right sides of human face, and animal claws on both sides of cheeks. Explain that this face is not a human face, but an image of a god or a strange god in people's minds. There is an inscription "Yamato" on the abdomen.

There is a legend in the history of China about Xia Yuzhu's dominance. After the demise of Xia Dynasty, Jiuding belonged to Shang Dynasty, and after the demise of Shang Dynasty, Jiuding belonged to Zhou Dynasty, and Ding became a symbol of state power. Personally, Ding is a status symbol.

2. bronze statue of tappet

It is 40 cm high and 72 cm long.

198 1 year, unearthed in chuanxing mountain, Xiangtan.

A pig is regarded as a vessel for holding wine. It has an oval mouth on its back and a lid and wine on its abdomen. There are fangs on both sides of the mouth. From the perspective of animal evolution, it is not domesticated, but a powerful wild boar.

There are round holes in the front and back elbows. From a practical point of view, this instrument weighs more than 30 kilograms and has a volume of 13 liter. When it is full, it is difficult for one person to carry it. With this hole, you can wear a rope to hang things. Pigs are decorated with scales, dragons and animal faces. The use of wild boar as a vessel is only an example in the existing bronze wares of Shang Dynasty.

3. Bull-shaped copper purlin

Height 14cm, length 19cm.

1977 Baojiataizi unearthed in Hengyang.

Gūng is a vessel for holding wine. The head and back of the cow are covered, and the wine is placed in the abdomen. The neck is flowing. The shape of the head and horn of this cow is a common buffalo image in the south of the Yangtze River. There is a tiger standing on the back of the cow, which is both a practical catch and a decoration.

Cattle are also decorated with Feng Niaowen, dragons and animal faces. Gūng's modeling design and practicality are perfectly integrated, showing excellent process design ideas.

4, elephant animal face pattern brass cymbals

The overall height is 7 1 cm, and the width of the milling chamber is 46.5 cm. It weighs 67.25 kilograms.

Unearthed from Siguzhai, the old granary in Ningxiang 1959.

The cymbal is a musical instrument. According to the actual measurement, striking the positive drum and the side drum can produce different musical sounds.

The shape of cymbals is similar to that of later clocks. The clock has a clock stand and belongs to percussion instruments. Judging from the structure of cymbals, some can be hung, and some can't, because the harmony part is straight. Therefore, the cymbal (náo) may be a percussion instrument with the head down and the mouth up.

This pheasant has a vertical pattern on its side drum, a heavy animal face pattern on the pheasant (zhēng), and a pattern of tiger, fish and milk nails arranged alternately around the pheasant. Up to now, a large amount of copper osmium (náo) has been found in Hunan, with a weight of 2265438±0.5kg.

Baidu encyclopedia-Shang and Zhou bronzes

Baidu encyclopedia-stepmother is uncertain