What is the historical origin of "secretary"?

1. One of the positions. At present, the main duties of our country's secretaries are to assist leaders in handling comprehensive situations, investigating and studying, contacting and receiving, handling documents and assigning matters. 2. The embassy is a diplomat and acts as an intermediary between the counsellor and the attache. There is a first secretary, a second secretary and a third secretary. He works under the orders of the head of the embassy and enjoys diplomatic privileges and immunities. 3. Secret books and documents. The book of the palace. Liu Xin's Biography of Hanshu: "Secretary Xin Pai, please look at the ancient prose" Chunqiu Zuozhuan ",which is wonderful." Han Zhang Heng's "Xijing Fu": "The bandits are good, only the ministers, and 900 novels begin." The Book of Jin Xun Xu Biography: "And the ancient bamboo book in Jixian County, followed by an imperial edict, thought that Zhongjing was listed." 4. Secret books and documents. Refers to divination, latitude, maps and other books. Said Wen Yi cloth: "The minister said that the sun and the moon are easy." Duan Yucai's note: "Minister, it's called Shu Wei." Biographies of Zheng Xuan in the Later Han Dynasty: "I have learned six biographies, and after a cursory look at them, I can learn the skills of secretaries." 5. Secret books and documents. Refers to confidential court documents. 6. Official name; Job title. It was called the librarian in ancient times. Such as secretary supervisor and secretary lang since the Han Dynasty. Yan Zhitui in the Northern Qi Dynasty wrote "Yan Family Training Mianxue": "When the Liang Dynasty was in its heyday, your children were mostly ignorant. As for the proverb:' write if you don't get on the bus, and be a secretary when you are at home.' "Tang Li Shangyin has a poem" Hong Wen Pavilion with Books from the Secretary ". 7. Official name; Job title. An official in charge of secret documents, such as the secretary order and secretary cheng of the three kingdoms Wei. 8. The secretary is a professional who assists the leader in handling daily affairs and various complicated office affairs.

Edit this paragraph 1. The meaning of secretary

(1) Assist the leader to contact the receptionist, and handle documents and assigned matters. (2) refers to the secretary position. The secretary position is accompanied by the leadership position, and only with the leadership can the secretary exist. The relationship between secretary and leader is a special relationship different from that of colleagues. Whether this relationship is handled well or not is related to the overall work and the success or failure of secretarial work. The secretaries of general government organs and units are not the special secretaries of a certain leader, but should serve the leading bodies of the whole government organs and units, and their work has comprehensive characteristics. From the perspective of secretarial position, secretarial position has experienced the process of changing from official position to social occupation. In today's society, the secretary is essentially an assistant to the leadership work, and can neither be absent nor exceed his authority.

First, the secretarial work in ancient China

1, origin: Yan Huang Yinshang premise: A social organizations and leaders need auxiliary personnel; Use of written information. The specific situation of each dynasty. In the late primitive society, the emperor set up "six phases" and Cang Xie was a historian. Yao and Shun set up official positions and secretaries such as Bai Ba, Zong, and so on. The scope of work is not wide, and one person is in charge of many things. The division of labor is not clear, but it is out of infancy. Xia Shangzhou: The secretarial work in China was formally established, the system was perfect, and secretaries came into being. Taishiling, Zuoyou, Zhizong Yin and Shang: Witchcraft and history are integrated, called "historical witches", and they are responsible for divination. The characteristics of foreign visits and letters are: clear division of labor, great responsibility, rising status, and being able to participate in and discuss state affairs. Qin dynasty: an ancient scholar was equivalent to the current secretary-general. Han Dynasty: Shang Shu Tai was in charge of the memorial and participated in decision-making; The chief secretary and the library assistant are both middle and lower level secretaries, and their position in keeping documents and writing official documents is unprecedented. During the Han and Wei Dynasties, Cao Cao changed the minister into a secretary and ordered the two Jin Dynasties to set up a secretary's hall, a secretary, a clerk, a secretary and a bookkeeper to form a complete secretariat. Features: The ruling class in Han and Wei Dynasties fought fiercely for power and profit, and junior secretaries were promoted to senior secretaries. Sui and Tang Dynasties: Avoid "loyalty". The province under the door was changed to Tang Dynasty: the province under the door issued orders, the province under the door deliberated, and the ministers were executed: Bachelor of Hanlin, Minister of the Interior, bachelor-type secretary army: secretary officer, place of joining the army: counselor, desk secretary, bookkeeper Features: demanding, imperial examination, calligraphy, arts and sciences, eloquence, appearance Song and Yuan Dynasties: unprecedented centralization, only the province under the door was classified, and the Privy Council was established, with division of labor. Secretarial work is divided into Privy Council and Zhongshu Province C. Strict examination and selection system in Ming and Qing Dynasties: Ming: Cabinet, Six Departments, General Political Department and Six Study Rooms. Later, the Ministry of Rites supervised the Qing Dynasty: Cabinet, South Study Room and Military Department. Teacher's characteristics: It formed a complete and strict secretarial work system and was an important part of imperial rule and administration.

Modern secretarial work in China

1, Late Qing Dynasty: naming secretarial work purely by the word "secretary" 2, Xinhai: Cheng Zhengting, Secretary-General and Government Secretary 3, National Government: establishing and improving secretarial work from central to local, clarifying responsibilities and strengthening clerical work 4, New China: a work organization system suitable for socialism, secretary-general and aides 5, and contemporary: public secretary and private secretary.

Secretarial work in ancient foreign countries

English: Senior Officials' Day deals with the correspondence and secrets of the king: the secretary is an official position, and the assistant ministers of Russia and France at the central government level: secret written materials.

Modern secretarial work abroad

United States: 1, government secretary, administration, law, company, manager, major, technology, medicine, education, finance and economics, communication, chief word processor, word processor 2, secretary organization: White House Office, the State Council, foreign secretary service, United Nations Secretariat 3, secretary education and examination, chartered professional secretary examination 4, social, professional, intelligent English. Office of the House of Commons Permanent Secretary to the Cabinet, Office of the Director of the House of Commons. Rank category: (government, private enterprise, company) administration-execution-clerical, clerk-assistant 3 Examination day: Japanese secretary, European and American secretary; Public service-affairs-diplomacy-enterprise-private level: trainee-junior-intermediate-senior palace hall-cabinet officials-prime minister's office-minister's official residence dialogue organization

(A) the official era of secretaries

1. China's secretary became an official. In China, the word "secretary" first appeared in the Han Dynasty. The original meaning refers to things rather than people. That is, books with mysterious colors. According to the records of ancient books, there are two main types of these books: the secrets of the Forbidden City, which are generally not open to the public. Because they are all kinds of classic documents collected by the Forbidden City, they are called "secrets". For example, Biography of the Book of Jin and Xun Xu: "The ancient bamboo books in the county tombs were collected and written in letters, and listed as' ministers'." Refers to the divination chart. This is a popular religious superstition in Han dynasty, and it is a code word made by wizards or alchemists with good and bad budgets. By the late Eastern Han Dynasty: "Si" not only refers to things, but also refers to institutions and personnel. In ancient times, secretarial workers were called "historians", "ancient historians", "ministers", "long histories" and "master books". There is only one exception, that is, at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, in order to weaken the influence of Shangshutai, a secretary organization around the powerful emperor at that time, Wang Cao set up a secretary order to "write history". In this way, the secretary's order not only has the original function of taking charge of books and classics, but also has the responsibility of sending and receiving the memorial, drafting and uploading. In the late Qing Dynasty, secretarial work was truly worthy of the name in China. After the Revolution of 1911, the meaning of secretary changed qualitatively. First, the word "secretary" has completely got rid of the meaning of "book", which originally refers to a person or position engaged in secretarial work. Secondly, all the old names of secretaries have all withdrawn from the historical stage, and people who are engaged in secretarial work or related positions in government departments at all levels are commensurate with "secretary". 2. The definition of western developed countries in the era of bureaucratization of foreign secretaries. The word "secret" of the international professional secrets organization (English full name: Professional Secrets International) comes from the secret keeper. A person who is employed by the king and queen to keep state and private secrets. Today, when the initial letter S of Secretary is capitalized, it means a minister or a minister, who is a senior official in a government department. In Britain, Secretary of State means Secretary of State, and in America, Secretary of State. The foreign minister refers to the Minister of the Interior, and the Minister of the Interior refers to the Chief Cabinet Secretary of Japan, the Minister of Oil of Saudi Arabia and the Deputy Foreign Minister of India. After the bourgeois revolution, the connotation that the secretary position mainly undertakes auxiliary management began to be recognized and accepted by the society. In addition, the development history of foreign private secretaries is quite long. Noble members like to hire private secretaries to handle stationery, accounts and invitations for them. Businessmen also have secretaries. They are usually called "employees". For example, John Locke, a famous British political scientist and philosopher, has long served as the private secretary of famous leaders. John donne,/kloc-a famous English poet in the 6th century, was also the private secretary of the minister in charge of the seal. In a word, before the socialization of secretarial profession, secretaries mainly refer to people who are senior officials in government departments or public officials who provide auxiliary services for government departments and senior officials. Therefore, we call this period the era of secretary bureaucratization.

(B) Secretary socialization period

1. Socialization and professionalization of foreign secretarial work. Another important meaning of English secretary appears. As a social occupation, secretary has begun to be established. When the initial s is lowercase, it generally refers to the secretary employed in the office to handle letters, keep documents and arrange business. 2. The socialization and professionalization of secretaries in China began in the Qing Dynasty, and private secretaries in China are also called "teachers, libraries and guests". Generally speaking, these teachers are privately employed by local governors. They don't get official salaries and don't occupy the establishment of government agencies. That was before the local governor's reform and opening up. After the reform and opening up, secretaries began to move from official positions to socialization and professionalism.

(3) The meaning of secretary and secretary's practice

Secretary: It is the comprehensive support staff and public service staff around the leaders and principals. Their main functions are to assist decision-making, comprehensive coordination, information communication, writing, meeting and handling affairs, and they are the staff and assistants of leaders and principals. This definition can be understood from three angles: the fundamental object of secretarial service is the leading secretarial activities, the basic way is to deal with information and affairs, and the fundamental nature of secretarial activities is the auxiliary secretarial practice: secretarial workers directly act on practical things and things through specific operations.