What is the direct relationship between Shamanism and Taoism? What impact will the interaction between the two have?

The relationship between different religions has always been a hot issue in academic circles, such as the historical origin of Taoism and Shamanism. What are the concepts of Taoism and Shamanism in possession of gods and communication with gods, and the philosophical concept of Taoism? The concepts of universality of change, dream and reality, and the relationship between subjective and objective are closely related, and they also have similarities in religious functions such as divination, exorcism and ghost catching.

Fu Qinjia, Yi and other scholars even advocate the shamanism root theory of Taoism: Taoism is separated from shamanism, and it is self-contained after thinking and processing by talented philosophers. It is believed that the formation of Taoism is closely related to shamanism in Chu, Song and Yan countries. The author intends to discuss the relationship and exchange between shamanism and Taoism from the historical events of witch doctor's sister-in-law in Liao Dynasty.

First, the development of Qidan Taoism in the Liao Taizong period.

Liao Dynasty was a nomadic regime in the north established by the Qidan nationality. Similar to other nomadic peoples in the north, the traditional religious belief of the Qidan nationality is Shamanism. However, Taoism was valued by the Qidan ruling class at the beginning of the founding of Liao Taizu. Liao Taizu not only ordered the establishment of Taoist temples in the third year of Shenshu, but also ordered the Crown Prince Yelubi to go to Taoist temples in the fourth year of Shenshu. During the reign of Emperor Taizong of Liao Dynasty, sixteen states were merged into the Liao Dynasty, which made the influence of Han culture on the Liao Dynasty more profound, and the spread and development of Taoism in the Qidan nationality more convenient.

Liao history? Criminal Law Record: Liao? Confused the witch Xiao Gu, she took courage from others and combined it with drugs to prolong her life, so she killed many people. Later, when she realized her deception, she shot the cymbals and rode them to death. ? In other words, it tells the historical event that Xiao Gu, a witch in Liao Dynasty, used drugs to prolong her life. Lured by Xiao Gu, a witch, Liao took the bile of the living and synthesized drugs to prolong life, which killed many people. Later, he realized that she was a liar, so he killed her with a gong and trampled her body with his mount.

Wang Ka used the article "Li Hong Uprising and Taoism in Liao Dynasty" as evidence of the spread of Taoism among Qidan rulers in the early Liao Dynasty. There are generally two views in academic circles about the types of drugs prescribed by Xiao Gu to prolong life:

First, it is considered that life-prolonging drugs are elixirs. Health preservation and Chinese medicine are both important parts of Taoist culture. Taoism is characterized by attaching importance to life, health preservation and longevity. Most of the elixirs cultivated by emperors in past dynasties came from Taoist alchemists.

Hanshu? Art and literature? What are the skills? Captain general hospital? Fairy? With what? Medical classics? 、? Classic prescription? In the room? Tie? Fairy? The works that focus on preserving health and longevity, and pursuing immortality, are actually a kind of immortal Taoism since the pre-Qin period and the source of Taoism. The relationship between immortals and medicine lies in that both the earliest physicians and medicine have the characteristics of alchemists, that is, Fang and immortals explore and summarize medical achievements in the process of pursuing immortality. Therefore, the elixir of life is closely related to Taoism.

Secondly, it is considered that life-prolonging drugs are drugs for treating impotence in Liao Dynasty and also belong to the category of traditional Chinese medicine.

Traditional Chinese medicine is a medical system that studies the diagnosis and prevention of human physiology, pathology and diseases based on the theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements. Its theoretical prescription and drug system had matured before the Han Dynasty. The theory of yin-yang and five elements includes yin-yang theory and five elements theory, which is the core of TCM theory. Dialectics of the Eight Basic Principles? With what? Dialectics of Six Classics? It is the basic diagnostic principle of traditional Chinese medicine. In the dialectics of the eight cardinal principles? Yin and Yang? As a program in the program, the theory of Six Classics is also based on the theory of Yin and Yang. It can be said that Chinese medicine and Taoism are integrated. Obviously, it is self-evident that drugs to prolong life are related to Taoism.

Second, the mutual blending and influence of Taoism and Shamanism.

However, according to the detailed investigation of historical materials, it cannot be simply and arbitrarily attributed to the spread of Taoism in the ruling class of Qidan. Liao history? Mu Zong's biography also includes: When Xiao Gu, a witch, went to prescribe a prescription to prolong life, it should be reconciled with the courage of men. In a few years, there have been many murders. Yes, I feel wrong. Sins, shoot. ? It also records the prescription of life-prolonging drugs given to Liao by the wizard Xiao Gu, which can further prove that the life-prolonging drugs originated from Xiao Gu.

However, the records of Xiao Gu's identity in the two historical materials are not Taoist priests and alchemists, but clearly record that Xiao Gu is a witch. The name witch does not exist in Taoist culture, but is common in the traditional belief shamanism of Qidan nationality.

In fact, after the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the shaman of the Khitan nationality gradually became a religious figure specializing in divine activities, also known as? Witch? Or? Witch? . Therefore, the witch sister-in-law recorded in historical materials should be a full-time female shaman who worked for the Liao court, not a Taoist woman.

According to some scholars' research on the Khitan Shamanism in Liao Dynasty, it shows that the Khitan Shamanism in Liao Dynasty did have the function of treating diseases, but it mostly used physiological control techniques such as cursing, singing, running around and twitching, rather than using drugs as recorded in Liao history. The wife of Ye Lvxie, the envoy of the Tang Dynasty, had a sinking feeling, which could not be cured by easy counting and medical treatment. The enemy army division said:? The heart is ready, and the medical stone is beyond the reach, so treat it with heart. Because its dysprosium and orchids make it crazy, it can be used to release poison. ? So give the front a big blow. The next day, the fruit went crazy, barked and cursed, and its strength stopped, so it recovered. There are many such treatments, and no one can measure them.

That is, it records the cases of shamanism treating diseases through physiological adjustment. Obviously, the female shaman's sister-in-law treated or helped Mu Zong in Liao Dynasty to pursue longevity with longevity drugs, which is not only the effect that can be achieved by the spread of any single Taoism or shamanism, but also the result of the mutual influence and blending of Taoism and shamanism in Liao Dynasty.

Shamanism has absorbed the concept of treatment and health preservation of Taoism and traditional Chinese medicine, not only the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, but also the acupuncture technology of traditional Chinese medicine, which is recorded in Liao History. (Tugu Soul Branch Lugu) specializes in acupuncture. When Emperor Taizong was in power, he was treated too badly by doctors. I tried to write Pulse and Acupuncture Book, which were popular all over the world. ? It shows that the Qidan shamanism in Liao Dynasty also learned and mastered the acupuncture therapy of Taoism and traditional Chinese medicine, and it was recognized by the royal family.

Through the interaction with Shamanism, Taoism and Chinese medicine have made the concepts and methods of treatment and health preservation of Taoism and Chinese medicine reach the sky and expanded their influence and popularization in Liao society. The mutual blending and influence of Taoism and Shamanism is beneficial to the historical development and spread of both sides. The integration of Taoism and Shamanism in medicine has also promoted the inheritance and development of traditional medicine in China.

References:

[Russia] Ye? Huh? Thor Chinov, translated by Zheng Tianxing: The Origin of Taoism and Its Historical Stages, No.0 Research on Religion, 1987, p.26.

(Yuan): Liao History Volume 1 Taizu Chronicle: May 1 day, Confucius Temple, Buddhist Temple and Taoist Temple were built. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 20 16, p. 13.

(Yuan): Volume II of Liao History and Chronicle of Taizu: In autumn and August, Ding You visited the Confucius Temple and ordered the queen and the prince to visit the temple separately. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 20 16, p. 17.

(Yuan): Liao History Volume 6 1 Criminal Law Records, Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 20 16, p. 1 1040.

Wang Ka: Li Hong Uprising and Taoism in Liao Dynasty, Studies on Religion,No. 1988, p. 3. ..

Gu Lin: "On the Grassland Policy of Liao?" Comment on Song Taizu? South first, then north? Policy ",China Historical Research, 20 16 1 issue, issue131-kloc-0/32.

(Yuan): Liao History Volume 6 Biography of Mu Zong, Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 20 16, p. 82.

Han Shiming. Life history of Liao and Jin dynasties. Shenyang: Northeastern University Press, 20 17, page 155.

Qiu Dongmei: Study on the Shamanism of Qidan in Liao Dynasty, doctoral thesis of Jilin University, 20 17, p. 12 1- 124.

(Yuan): Liao History Volume 108 translation, Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 20 16, p. 1627.

(Yuan): Liao History Volume 108 translation, Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 20 16, p. 1626.