An alchemist's alchemist.

Su Wen Wu Zang Lun: "It is said that alchemists regard brain marrow as dirty, stomach as dirty, or fu organs as dirty."

Bing Wang's Note: "The alchemist is also a person who knows alchemy."

Zhang Zhicong's comment on Su Wen: "An alchemist is a person who practices alchemy."

Zhi in Dan Bamboo Slips: Selected Works of Seven Hairs: "A magician." Shan Li's Note: Kong Anguo's Analects notes:' Fang. Master Dao'

Sen Lizhi's Textual Research on Su Wen: "Example: The alchemist is still a Taoist, and his name is the alchemist. The art of witchcraft and divination is also called alchemist. " In 666, Tai Xiao Jing was quoted in Taiping Yu Lan: "Pedestrian Avenue is the way to say. You Yun: Following the Tao is also called accident. "You can levy it. Beggars' self-cultivation is really surrounded by enemies, so they are called alchemists, and doctors are also ears. Even the cloud' alchemist' is also called a healer. "Guang Yun" Ten Yang:' Fang, fantasy also.' "

Hu Tianxiong's "Su Wen Oracle": "An alchemist can live for a long time to be called a monarch, cover the flow of ancient immortals, Qin Xufu, Xin Yuanping, Han Li."

Neijing, a faculty member of Cheng Shide's colleges and universities: "The alchemist: Bing Wang's note:' The alchemist is also a person who understands alchemy.' "Notes on the Collection of Plain Questions Volume II":' The alchemist is an alchemist.' Also known as "Taoist", it refers to people who were good at talking about magic in ancient times. These people not only confuse people with cultivating immortals and "fairy medicine", but also know some medical principles and prescriptions, so they are also extended to doctors or people familiar with medical principles. But the alchemist here refers to the doctor. "

An alchemist is an alchemist and a mathematician. In ancient times, it was called "Taoist doctor" and "alchemist doctor". People who are Taoist must also learn medical skills. Ge Hong's "Bao Puzi" said: "Those who were Taoists at the beginning of ancient times must learn medical skills to save modern times." Or "preaching with doctors", "preaching with doctors", or "assisting doctors to enter the Tao" or "assisting immortals to enter medicine", there are theories that "medicine and Taoism are homologous" and "medicine and Taoism are interlinked". Famous doctors of past dynasties, such as Dong Feng in Han Dynasty, Ge Hong in Jin Dynasty, Tao Hongjing in Northern and Southern Dynasties, Bing Wang and Yang Shangshan in Tang Dynasty, were all Taoist doctors.

Party, refers to. Surgery, exponential surgery. These people originated in the coastal areas of Yanqi during the Warring States Period. From the end of the Warring States Period, when Wei Qi became king, they had their own teaching system, which was called "Fang Xiandao" in the history books. At the same time, the article also mentioned several typical figures, such as Song Wuji, Zheng Boqiao, Shang Chong and Gao Xian.

It gradually flourished after Qin and Han Dynasties. Such as Xu Fu of the Qin Dynasty; When Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty "looked at the gas and took the tripod", Xin Yuanping; Li, et al., who advocated shrine stoves during Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Taoism inherited the alchemist's technique of collecting herbs as one of the cultivation methods. Historical records. Biography of Qin Shihuang: "I noticed that there are many literary alchemists who want to promote peace and prosperity, and they want to practice for magical drugs." "Li Deyu Biography of the New Tang Dynasty": "The emperor confuses the old Buddha, prays for the New Year, and drifters enter and leave the Forbidden City." The Yuan Dynasty's "Teacher Lao Zhi": "Yuan Xing learned from the teacher, but the glory of the imperial history can't be the same as before. The saying of maintaining Taoist alchemists and false prayers has never been different. "

The origin of alchemists is actually earlier than this, such as the ancient legends of our country, such as Qiangkeng, Rongcheng, Queen Mother of the West, Motome and so on. , it should be said that some alchemists. According to legend, Miao Keng was born in Yao Dynasty and was one of the earliest health experts in China. Zhuangzi deliberately said, "Blow one breath, spit out the old and bring forth the new, and the bear will live for a long time. This guide and bodybuilder is exactly what Peng Zushou is good at. " The Peng Zu mentioned here is sewing. "Tian Wen of Chu Ci" also said: "What does Peng Keng care about and how long will he live?" Confucius said, "Steal from Lao Peng instead of doing it." It is certain that there was such a person in ancient China. Rong Cheng, an old friend of the Yellow Emperor, was named after studying the art of sexual intercourse. "The Biography of Fang Shu in the Later Han Dynasty" said: "Leng Shouguang acts like a crowd ..." The Legend of the Immortals also said: "Rongcheng ... should be good at Xuanzang if it can make up for what it is good at guiding. He should be immortal, black and white, and his teeth should be reborn. " There are more legends about the Queen Mother of the West. According to legend, he once had something to do with the Yellow Emperor. "Examination of Mountain Hall" quoted "The Yellow Emperor's Policy of Leaving the Army", saying: The emperor asked for Chiyou, and the Queen Mother of the West gave it a spell. The emperor asked the altar to have a mysterious turtle title, which surfaced. "He doesn't think this is the beginning of Taoist ofuda. Motome was also a female scholar in the era of the Yellow Emperor. Zhang Jin said, "The lamp towel powder is removed, and the pillow is erected. Motome is my teacher, and the old emperor was taught by heaven. "Bao Puzi" also said: "The Yellow Emperor talks about guiding and nurturing, but the quality is mysterious and plain. "Legends like this in China can be said to be rare; Because of these legends, Confucius was deeply disgusted, so he "didn't talk about Machamp's confusion". "However, it can be seen that the alchemist and his immortal thoughts really have a long history.

In the old habits of our country, people have always believed in ghosts and gods, and Chu Ci often talks about immortal figures such as "gentleman in the clouds" and "Mrs. Xiang". "The Songs of Chu" says: "Eat six qi and drink more, wash zhengyang and contain the morning glow to protect the gods and clarify, and the essence will enter but be coarse and dirty." It more clearly describes their hesitant and convinced thoughts. Therefore, we should also realize that the national immortal thought in some areas may also have a certain influence on these alchemists.

In addition, there is Mozi's ghost thought. Mozi and Confucius are almost contemporaries. According to Huai Nan Zi Gao, he was a native of Lu in Song Dynasty and was a famous doctor in Song Dynasty. The thought of ghosts and gods in Mozi's books is particularly strong. He said in Ming Ghost: "People have tasted ghosts and gods since they were born, and have heard their voices. So what is ghosts and gods?" First of all, make sure that ghosts and gods are real. According to Tian Zhi Pian, since ancient times, the Ming king needed to "serve heaven, serve ghosts and gods, and love others", which shows that he worships ghosts and gods and thinks that he must do good to them. In the same article, it is also said that "heaven is good for heaven, ghosts are good for China, people are good for China, and there are three advantages without disadvantages", which explains the interests of good spirits. "Unfortunate Chapter" says: "Lead its people, respect the heavenly ghosts: it is rich in heavenly ghosts." This also exposed his Shinto teaching thought. Of course, his thought of ghosts and gods is different from that of alchemists, but it is exactly the same as the early Taoist thought of "three officials testing schools". Five buckets of rice use water and three officials practice calligraphy; Later, Shi Tiandao followed suit, and the saying that the three officials were admitted to the school came into being. Especially in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, alchemists chanted incantations widely. Their central idea of Mozi's five elements was to emphasize immortality, and they believed that eating rice and worshiping evil could make them immortal. Sima Qian said that they were "all in form (solution) and regarded ghosts and gods." Ban Gu called it "the house of immortals", and The History of Art and Literature of Han Dynasty said: "Immortals protect the truth of their lives, while those who swim outside them also talk about calming their hearts and living together, without worrying about their hearts.

The origin of their immortal thoughts is not clearly recorded in history, but Laozi was the first person to talk about immortals in China ancient books. "Laozi defends Tao" says: "It is a deep-rooted and timeless Tao". "Hidden Light" said: "If heaven and earth can last for a long time, they will live forever because they are not born; Being a saint, being the first, being outside. " Man's outer body and afterbody are entirely for learning from heaven and earth, thinking that this is how heaven and earth achieve immortality. Because you must take good care of your body, you must look outside your body, that is, you must not give birth by yourself, in order to live well. Living well is the way to eternal life. In addition, he also talked about many methods of longevity, such as "keeping the center, holding one, doing nothing, and not arguing" and so on. Zhuangzi was the first to describe immortals in detail, and his so-called "immortals with pity" and "against the wind" are fairy stories.

However, we should not simply think that the alchemist's immortal thought was born out of Lao Zi and Zhuangzi. According to historical records, the earliest alchemist in China was Changhong, similar to Laozi. Historical Records: "Changhong was in charge (57 BC1-545 BC), and the princes Mo Chaozhou and Zhou Changhong knew ghosts and gods and set up beaver heads. The beaver goes first, but the prince doesn't come. The princes refused, but Jin shot Changhong. " This method of patting the head is quite similar to that of Yan Sheng since the Han Dynasty. And later, when the "Lama" cursed people, it was even more exactly the same. Obviously, this was a trick in China's ancient witchcraft. This shows that alchemists also originated from witches. There are fifteen "Changhong" in the twenty-one yin and yang families of Hanshu Yiwenzhi; It is also recorded in Historical Records and Hanshu that the famous alchemist Xianmen was a disciple of Zou Yan, the master of Yin and Yang, which shows the relationship between the alchemist and the master of Yin and Yang. 1, "Fang" is "Dao". As I said before, "alchemist" means "Taoist". "Zhuangzi Tianxia" said: "There are many people who govern the world." Cheng Tang's "Xuan Ying Shu" said: "Fang, Tao is also". Autumn Water said, "I often laugh at a generous family." The book also said: "Fang, Tao is also." Therefore, the "prescription doctor" is a Taoist doctor; A "generous home" refers to a "person who governs the Tao".

2. Another meaning of "Fang" means "Fang Shu" or "Fang Ce". Tang Hanyu's Shangshu and Meng: "The sage's career lies in the magic." Cheng Dachang's "Showing Numerous Exposures" said: "If the square book is in the cloud, the book is in the edition, or the book is in the bamboo slips: the whole edition is the square, and the combination is the policy." Fang Shu is Fang Ce. The Book of Rites, The Doctrine of the Mean: "The policy of civil and military affairs lies in Fang Ce." Zheng Xuan's Note: "Fang and Edition also; Policy, Jane also. " What about Fang? It is an ancient book, that is, the popular "bamboo slips" between Qin and Han Dynasties. Therefore, in a broad sense, alchemists can also be said to be scholars, including Confucian scholars. When Qin Shihuang, the alchemist deceived him; But he took it out on all the students and locked more than 460 people in Xianyang. His son Fu Su explained to him the difference between alchemists and Confucian scholars. In a rage, Fu Su was demoted to the border and sent troops to the county. This shows that alchemists at that time included Confucian scholars, so we can say that alchemists were simply scholars. The so-called magic is some methods that have been recorded in the book.

According to the above two meanings, we can understand that the content of "Fang" should be very extensive. "Historical Records of Xiaowu" said: "Qi people are sparse, and tens of thousands of people say strange things." Later, when Liu Xiang sorted out the red treasure, he was surprised by Fang's 20 thousand, and its scope was wide, so you can imagine. In Taiping Jing, prescription is called "trick", and its connotation is very broad and all-encompassing.

Han Shu divides prescriptions into four categories: medical classics, medical prescriptions, houses and immortals. The Book of the Later Han Dynasty, written by 35 people, including Hua Tuo and Zuo Ci, includes astronomy, medicine, immortals, divination, physiognomy, fortune telling, Tibetan armor, geomantic omen and so on.

In fact, in ancient China, except for the six books on rites, music, calligraphy, counting, shooting, and imperial art, all the other books were called the art of hundred works, and they can also be called magic.

The alchemists' "prescriptions" are varied and interesting. In addition to seeking fairy medicine and offering sacrifices, there are many other records in Historical Records and Hanshu:

1, Lu Sheng, the owner of Wei Xing's Historical Records Zen Book, suggested that the first emperor should not know about it, so as to get the medicine of immortality. He said: "in the square, people advocate micro-walking to avoid evil and evil to avoid real people." To the place where the Lord lives, if the people and ministers know it, it will harm the son God. "

2. (Tao Weifang) "Historical Records of Xiaowu in Han Dynasty" Li said to Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty: "If you worship a stove, you can make things, and cinnabar can be refined into gold. Gold is successful, thinking that eating utensils will prolong life. Long life, Penglai in the sea, visible. "

3. However, Lao Fang is one of the main means for Li to cheat. He once used this side to wander in the door of luxury. "Historical Records Biography of Xiaowu" said: "Those who have few princes are sincere. Waiting for the master, hiding its years and growth; A man who claims to be seventy years old can keep things from getting old. It toured the princes. "

4. Flagging this is the test that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty gave Luan Da. Historical Records Biography of Xiaowu said: "So the superior set up a super small party, and the flag and soldiers competed." Luanda gained the trust of Emperor Wu.

5. The magic of Huangdi Valley is one of the magic of Wang Mang's alchemist Su Le. "Han Shu Jiao Si Lu": "There are five kinds of sorghum in the temple, and their phases are arranged in different colors. Soak more than 20 kinds of crane marrow, glass, rhinoceros and jade first, and millet is considered as gold. It is said that the skill of the ancient sages of the Yellow Emperor is also ".

6. Re-emphasizing life extension This is the biography of Zou Yan recorded in The Biography of Liuxiang in Hanshu.

These are all famous magic tricks recorded in Historical Records and Hanshu. Another interesting story about Fang is that since Qin and Han Dynasties, monks have been told not to eat horse liver. After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty killed Wencheng, he asked Luan Dawei to be loyal to Xiufang. In order to cover up Wencheng's death, he said to Luan Da: "Wencheng ate horse liver and died; How can I love Zicheng if he can fix it? " Feudal emperors and alchemists fooled each other with "Fang", which made people laugh. Later generations have a poem saying that "horse liver will be eaten by literature after his death", which is a poem satirizing the matter of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty.

In addition, Xu Shen's Shuowen said, "The green dragonfly pays back the money". Zheng Xuan's Notes on the Rites of Zhou also said: "Yang Yang takes fire, mirrors take water, weeds smoke fish, and oysters burn ash to remove oyster shells", all of which are mentioned in Han Chinese works.

With regard to the above aspects, Gu Yong said in "The Book of Becoming Emperor at the End of Han Dynasty": "Anyone who takes fairy medicine, takes light achievement far away, climbs mountains and rivers, visits Xuanpu, floats Penglai, cultivates five virtues, harvests at dusk, changes with the infinite rock, indulges in hard ice, and changes color into five warehouses is a traitor who misleads people, leans to the left, deceives his superiors and deludes his subordinates." This paper briefly introduces and evaluates the so-called Fang at that time, from which we can realize what the so-called Fang is. As for Fang's comprehensive works, we know "Secretary Hongbao Huainan Pillow". The biography of Emperor Xuandi in Han Dynasty said: "Dr. Liu Gengsheng offered the technique of Hongbao secret garden in Huainan pillow." Liu Xiang told a more detailed story. It said: "There is a revival of immortal magic in the world, and Huainan has a secretary Hong Baoyuan on her pillow, talking about immortals, making ghosts, alchemy and the important ways to prolong Zou Yan's life, which are unknown to the world; And the father is more virtuous. When Emperor Wu ruled Huainan Prison, he got his book. I read it when I was young, and I felt strange and offered it. " According to Ge Hong's Biography of Immortals, Secretary Hong Baoyuan in the Pillow is the third of eight chapters in the Art Monograph of Huainan King, and The Book of Beijing includes a volume of Huainan Wanbi Classic and Huainan Bianyi, and a volume of Huainan Wanbi Art. According to legend, it is his books, which have not been handed down today. In the Qing Dynasty, Sun Fengyi and Mao compiled a collection of quotations from ancient books, called "Ten Thousand Books in Huainan" (see the first chapter of series integration). In addition, Ye Dehui has a series of books (see the second episode of Guangutang). Although these are not all leopards, we can see that the so-called Fang was a fragment at that time. One of them talks about taking food as the first priority and keeping it from getting old. "Zengqing is a medicine that keeps people from getting old." The one who waded through is not heavy. "Put the spider, coyote and pig fat in an urn and put them in a new bag, still hanging at the back of the room; If you look at it for a hundred days, the spider will gain weight. If you kill it and wipe it, it will be gone. " Another way is to "take 27 spiders, put them in an inner jar, put them in fat for 100 days, wrap them in coats and let them swim on the water." As the saying goes, "Spiders draw feet, not bridges". There is a way to avoid ghost infectious diseases. "If you bury a garden stone in the corner of the house at the end of the year and mix seven peach arcs, there will be no ghost epidemic." There are many prescriptions like this, some of which are ancient medical prescriptions, such as "women guard the navel and have no children", "green mud kills the aojiang, amaranth comes back to life", all of which are Chen Fang once seen in ancient medical books. Some of them are quite in line with modern physics, such as "The First Floating Needle", which says: "Take dirt from the head to plug its hole and put it in water to float". "bronze urn thunder", the note reads: "take boiling soup into the urn and plug it firmly; The thunder in the well is rumbling and stinking, stretching for dozens of miles. " It is not surprising that this is a natural phenomenon in physics; But the ancients lacked scientific knowledge and could not understand it, so they regarded it as magic. But most of them are ridiculous.

Jin also recorded a lot about this in Bao Puzi.

Remote reading: "The only thing that can change it is Mozi's five elements." . This book has five volumes. When Liu Jun 'an died yesterday, I took it as a book. Its method uses symbols and drugs, and it does everything it can. "His book was passed to Mozi; Liu An banknotes were selected and adapted. This is an earlier biography than Zou Yan. It can be proved that Mozi's immortal thought has a certain origin with alchemists.

Ibid., in "Far View", he said: "Secondly, there is a volume of" Jade Girl Hidden ",which is also a great skill. His book Huainan Hongbao Wanbi:> Everyone shares this book. "

"There are also seven changes in the White Tiger, similar to Mozi and Jade Girl."

The Jade Girl's Seclusion and Seven Changes of the White Tiger were both handed down in the Wei and Jin Dynasties together with Qin and other books such as Huainan Hongbao Wanbi.

In addition, what san huang Sutra, the original of Wuyue Mountain, the Fotu Hall, and the Single Crystal such as Tai Ming Jing, Jiu Zhuan Single Crystal and Jin Ye Jing are also mentioned in Bao Puzi, which should have been handed down by alchemists in Qin and Han Dynasties. However, these records are even more bizarre than what Han Shi described.

As for the spread of alchemists in Wei and Jin Dynasties, it is also mentioned in Bao Puzi's On Immortals. He said: "when there is medicine, there must be raw fish, and it is cooked in boiling fat. If there is no medicine, it is cooked and edible; The drug holder plays all day, such as in water. Silkworms are fed with mulberry powder, but they don't get old until October. In addition, eating chickens and newborn dogs and living with drugs will not last long. Eat Baiyao white dog, and it will be black for a hundred days. " Has its statement been tested? Because the content of the party is unknown, I can only listen.

From Qin and Han Dynasties to Wei and Jin Dynasties, there were many alchemists. Fang doesn't know how many? There are some inherent tricks, dazzling and deceiving others, but there are also many primitive technologies left by people who study ancient technology. For example, it is mentioned in Zhuangzi that the Vietnamese once said that "hands are not turtles" and so on. It is also wrong for us to despise all this. The decline of alchemists in Qin and Han dynasties was mainly due to the opposition and attack of scholars in the Western Han Dynasty. Just like the alchemist of the Western Han Dynasty who took an alchemist as a hostage and wandered in front of the vassal's house, the limelight was healthy; As mentioned above, Zhang Chang wrote to become emperor and advised him not to go near the alchemist, which was a blow to the alchemist. Then came Gu Yong, who screamed even louder and criticized the hypocrisy of magic. In addition, Huang Xian, Wang Chong, Ju Yang and others also opposed alchemy and alchemy. The feudal emperors at that time were deceived by alchemists for a long time, and the caster was not tested. At the same time, under the pressure of all kinds of public opinion, their trust in the other side will naturally be indifferent for a long time, and it is impossible for the alchemist to perform their tricks.

At the same time, the research on Huang Lao, who has the same roots and different streams with Fang Fang, is also in full swing. According to Sima Tan, the study of the situation is based on Jiang's father-in-law. Later, due to the advocacy of Dou Taihou and Jingdi, it flourished. Famous officials and scholars in the Western Han Dynasty, such as Cao Can, Chen Ping, Shu Tian, Huang Sheng, Zhang Deng, Zheng Dang, Sima Tan and Yan Junping. , are people who study the situation of the situation. At that time, scholars liked Huang Lao more than Fang Xian, and Huang Xian denounced the alchemists, saying that they were not from Lao Zi and Zhuangzi and were not worthy to be compared with Lao Zi. Wang Chong is a believer in nature, and he also denounced alchemists and alchemists in the Preface of Lun Heng Dao. Yang Jiang wrote "Tai Fu Xuan", deeply praising Laozi's truth that "the straight road is not good, and the second song", saying that "detours are too mysterious." But they also opposed the alchemist, saying that they were "bitter and poisonous, which is hard to count." Because of these attacks, the alchemist had to disappear, but Fang was never praised again.

After Fang Xian, Huang appeared. The History of the Later Han Dynasty, Xiang Kaizhuan, said that Emperor Huan was in charge of Huang Lao and Fu Tu Dian in the palace. "Biography of Huangfusong" said: "At the beginning, Zhang Jiao, a giant deer, called himself a teacher of Dade, served Huang and raised livestock, and bowed down for the first time." The classic in his hand is "A Tale of Taiping Boys". "In the past ten years, there have been thousands of followers."

When Huang was still there, Fang gradually sank.