What is the curse of partisan strife?

At the end of the Han dynasty, the scourge of the same party fighting against differences was originally caused by snobs attaching themselves to power and attacking each other. During the period of Emperor Huan and Emperor Ling in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the emperor was arrogant and extravagant, ignoring the affairs of state affairs, but entrusted the imperial power to eunuchs, who were rampant and scholars were ashamed to associate. So everyone in the world is angry and Chu Shi talks about it. Naturally, it is to arouse fame, criticize each other, judge officials, rectify chaos, and be ruthless and straightforward. However, we can't get the correct results, and there are too many results. For example, people like Fan Pang and James Zhang, whose hearts are pure and they hate each other, ended up in the disaster of the Party, which is precisely the reason.

At first, when Emperor Huan of the Han Dynasty was a Hou, he studied in Ganling (now Qinghe County, Hebei Province) by Zhou Fu. After Emperor Huan of the Han Dynasty ascended the throne, Zhou Fu was appointed as the minister of history. At this time, Yin Fangzhi, who was in the south of the same county, was very famous when he was in power, so the villagers made up a ballad saying: "Fang (local chronicles) is the person who made the great reform policy in the world, and Zhou (Zhou Fu) is the person who got the book seal because he was the teacher of the emperor." The guests of the two families laughed at each other and guessed that they were friends and disciples, and their ill feelings gradually grew. Therefore, Ganling was divided into two areas, the south and the north, and the discussion in party member began. However, at this time, most of them are for good people, and there is not much interference to the overall situation. Later, the founder of Runan was appointed as a Gongcao, and the founder of Nanyang was also appointed as a Gongcao by Cenlian, asking about politics, so it was circulated in two counties: "Fan () was the founder of Runan and painted promise. Nanyang satrap Cen Xiao (Cen Yi) Hongnong adults sat screaming. " (These two sentences mean that Zongzi and Cheng Tang have nothing to do when they are officials. ) These rumors were introduced into business schools, with more than 30,000 students, led by Guo and Jia, praising Chen Fan and Wang Chang. There is a saying in imperial academy: "The world is a model, not afraid to resist Chen (fan), and the world is a beautiful man (often)." There is also the advanced people in Bohai, Wei Qiqing, who is not afraid of difficulties and dangers. He speaks frankly and deeply and does not avoid violent gentry. Therefore, no one below the officials is not afraid of their derogatory remarks, so they compete to make friends with them. This kind of passion and power struggle are mixed together, ranking first in the good area, accepting expensive tours with good friends and retreating tourists, resulting in one hundred and one hundred, and the influence is expanded.

At this time, there was Zhang Cheng in Hanoi, who was good at watching Feng Shui and divination. He figured out that there would be an amnesty to teach his son to kill. Mars, Hanoi Yin, urged the murderer to be arrested and he was pardoned. This made Mars even angrier and even pardoned the murderer. Zhang Cheng used divination to communicate with eunuchs to get back at Mars, and Emperor Huan of the Han Dynasty also reprimanded him for divination. Eunuch told Rizo's disciples to write a letter in prison, suing Mars and others to keep business students, make friends with students and disciples in various counties, and drive each other forward. * * * cronyism, slander and ridicule the court, confuse people's hearts and customs. For this reason, the emperor was furious, issued imperial edicts to all counties, arrested party member, and made it public, making the whole world angry for party member. Mars was arrested and more than 200 people, including Chen Ya, were implicated. Some of them escaped and were rewarded for being arrested. The cashier who caught party member came out and looked at each other. In the second year, Shang Huoqiao and Dou Wu, a captain of the city gate, even signed a petition to please them. Emperor Huan only understood the meaning, pardoned these partisans and let them return to the fields, but sentenced them to life imprisonment. The court still has party member's name.

Since then, integrity has been denounced, evil deeds have been extravagant, and the winds of looking at the wind in the sea have touted each other, taking celebrities in the world as their own titles. At the top are three kings, followed by eight handsome men, followed by eight worries, eight touches and eight chefs, just like the ancient eight yuan and eight kai. Dou Wu, Liu Shu and Chen Fan are three monarchs who are admired by the world. Mars, Xun Yu, Du Mi, Wang Chang, Liu You, Lang Wei, Zhao Dian and Zhu Yu are the eight handsome guys. Handsome man is a talented, prestigious person who dares to oppose eunuchs. Guo, Zong Ci, Basu, Xia Fu,,, Cai Yan and Yang Yi are the eight major considerations. Caring is a person with higher virtue and can teach people with virtue. James Zhang, Cenchang, Liu Biao, Sean, Kong Yu, Yuan Kang, Tan Fu and Chao Zhai are eight people. A person who can guide people and be respected. Duchamp, Zhang Miao, Wang Kao, Liu Ru, Humuban, Qin Zhou, Fan Xiang and Zhang Wang are eight A's. A is someone who can save lives with money.

At first, Yang Shan, the prefect of Chao Zhai, invited James Zhang to make Du You in the East. At this time, Houlan, a servant, lived in the east (now southwest of Jinxiang County, Shandong Province) and was cruel to the people. James Zhang listed the crimes of Houlan and his mother and demanded that they be put to death, so James Zhang and Houlan forged a hatred. There was a fellow countryman named Zhu Bin in Houlan, who was wicked. James Zhang despises him so much that he bears a grudge against James Zhang. So he wrote a letter to James Zhang and his fellow villagers in the name of Houlan, each with a title, and attempted to overthrow the monarchy by cronyism. Tan Bin, Chu Feng, Zhang Su, Lan Xue, Feng Xi, Wei Xuan and Xu Gan are the eight handsome men, Tian Lin, Zhang Yin, Liu Biao, Yu Xue, Liu Zuo, Xuan Jing and Gong Xugong are the eight caring men, and Zhu Kai, Tianyun, Shu Dan, Xue Dun, Song Xi, Tang Long, Win Consulting and Gong Xugong are the eight caring men. Emperor Han Ling issued a letter to directly arrest James Zhang and others. Therefore, Cao Jie ridiculed the former party for playing with the company. So SiKongYuFang, a teacher Du Mi, Changle Shaofu, Li Si, Yingchuan satrap Basu, Pei Xiang, Hanoi satrap, Yang Shan satrap Chao Zhai, Ren Cheng Xiang Liu Ru, Dawei Fan Pang and so on all died in prison. Everyone else died, and everyone who escaped without being caught was spared. Since then, all parties have become more hostile to each other, framing, attacking and retaliating against each other, and joining the Party in disorder. States and counties have also accepted the orders of the court, and even some people have nothing to do with this matter and have been hurt. As many as six or seven hundred people were involved in death, migration (the prisoner's wife moved to the border), abolition and prohibition. This year is the second year of Jianning (169).

In the fifth year of Xiping (176), Cao Luan, the satrap of Yongchang, wrote a letter defending party member, which was full of excitement. After reading it, Emperor Ling was furious, and immediately summoned Li Si of Yizhou, arrested Cao Luan, and sent Li Huai (now southeast of Xingping County, Shaanxi Province) to be beheaded with a sill car. Then, he wrote to the counties to monitor party member more closely. A person's close partisans and students, father and son, brothers and sisters, who have official positions are exempt from official prison, and are involved in five tasks (demotion, Cui Zi, meritorious service, minor achievement and hemp removal).

In the second year of Guanghe (179), Shang Lu (now southwest of Chengxian County, Gansu Province) and Emperor Shuling at sea raised objections to Julian's five clothes. He said: "Follow the ceremony, follow the ancestors and brothers, don't live together, don't be rich, and be kind. Of the five clothes, we belong to the farthest enchanter. Now the disaster of party member has even involved the five clothes, which violates the precepts and does not conform to normal laws. " After reading this book, Emperor Ling suddenly realized, so he wrote a letter to all the people involved in the party below his ancestors, and the scope of the party was narrowed.

In the first year of Zhong Ping (184), the Yellow Scarf Uprising broke out at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Lu Qiang, a regular servant, wrote to the Emperor Ling, saying, "The disasters of the parties have accumulated over time, and human feelings are resentful. For a long time, the light person colluded with Zhang Jiao (the leader of the Yellow Scarf Army), which was extremely harmful and regretted. " The spirit emperor was also deeply afraid of such consequences, so he granted amnesty to his henchmen, and all those convicted of immigration because of their family members' participation in murder were sent back to their places of origin. The party member involved are not exactly the same, and there are people who know the classics (such as Liu Shu); There is a ranger, (how to parallel); There are those who stand out and are eccentric (such as Mars, Basu, Fan Pang); There are also people who escape and implicate others (James Zhang, for example, killed more than 200 guests of his clan, was put to death in prison, and Cen Zhang Tang Mu fled to other places to remain anonymous); There are also people who have no intention of making friends with the so-called party member, but they are still not spared by chance encounter (for example, Xia Fuping never makes friends with officials, but is afraid of his reputation as a new official, so he is framed and innocent like Fan Pang and James Zhang); There are also people who used to be the top leaders in the party, but they are able to get rid of fatigue because of their tact and eloquence (for example, Guo is rumored to be good at interpersonal relationships, but he doesn't talk about alarmism and gets into trouble, so eunuchs are good at politics but can't hurt people. At the beginning of the party, most celebrities were killed, but Guo He of Runan survived. Some people have nothing to do with party affairs, but just want to attach themselves to those who are proud of being expensive (for example, Huang Fugui, it is said that party affairs have risen and become world-famous, and many people have been arrested. Although Huangfugui is a famous figure, he has never had a high reputation. Although he pretended to be a hero in Xizhou, he was still depressed. So I wrote to the Emperor: "I once recommended Zhang Huan, a former senior farmer, as party member. In the past, when I lost my left school, Zhang Feng, a former student, wrote to defend me, so I was one of the followers, and I was convicted of petitioning "). And so on, all kinds, and so on, these people are emotional, what they do is inevitable, and it is not enough to be ruled by officials. Besides, it is a bad habit to flaunt and flatter each other. At that time, people flocked, first, to make a name for themselves; Moreover, because of the election in the Han Dynasty, advocating the voice of China and joining the Communist Party can really be a shortcut to the south. The disaster of the same party fighting against differences is mainly because Emperor Huan and Emperor Ling trusted eunuchs, killed scholars and implicated the innocent. It has been used for more than 20 years before and after, and it is also the evil result of Huan and Ling Emperor's self-abuse of politics. After that, the Yellow Scarf Uprising rose rapidly, spread and flourished. However, during the Eastern Han Dynasty, the court was corrupt in discipline and lax in legal system, and was on the verge of extinction.