A wonderful introduction to the flower of the universe.

Alias: Qiu Ying, Qiu Ying, broom plum.

Latin name: cosmos

Family name: Compositae

Name of genus: Qiu Ying

Suitable area: East China

Distribution: Mexico and other parts of South America. Widely cultivated in all parts of China.

Growth habit: plants like light, like light, tolerant of barren soil, avoid chemical fertilizer, the soil is too fertile, avoid heat, avoid water, not suitable for summer high temperature, not cold. It needs loose, fertile and well-drained loam.

Growth type: Herbs (annual or biennial flowers)

Morphological characteristics: millet. Plant height is 120 to 150 cm. The stems are slender and erect, and the plant shape is free and easy. Leaves opposite, bipinnately divided, lobes sparse, linear, entire. The head flower is solitary, and the top is truncated or notched. Colors range from white, pink to purple. The tubular flower in the center of the disk is yellow. Frost blooms from September to the beginning.

Ornamental characteristics: flower viewing

Garden use: flowers in the flower border

Cosmos is tall, elegant in leaf shape and rich in colors, including red, white, pink, purple, etc. It is suitable for placing reading glasses and is planted as a background material on the edge of grass, around trees and beside roads.

Propagation and cultivation: sowing and cutting propagation. You can sow seeds directly in the open field in early spring. Attention should be paid to timely thinning. After four real leaves, the seedlings can be picked and transplanted. Sow at the beginning of June, and plant spacing is about 50cm. Plants in spring can't bloom until autumn. You can also use cuttings in early summer.

2 morphological feature editing

Annual or perennial herbs, 1-2 m high. Roots fusiform, fibrous roots, or adventitious roots near the base of stems. Stem glabrous or slightly pilose. Leaves bipinnately parted, lobes linear or filiform. Head solitary, 3-6 cm in diameter; Peduncle is 6- 18 cm long. The outer layer of the involucre is lanceolate or linear, nearly leathery, light green, with deep purple stripes, the upper end is long and narrow, equal to the inner layer and the inner layer, and the length is 10- 15 mm, and the inner layer is oval and membranous. Stipules spreading, upper end filiform, almost as long as achenes. The tongue flower is purple, pink or white; The tongue is elliptic and obovate, 2-3cm long and1.2-1.8cm wide, with 3-5 blunt teeth; Tubular flowers are yellow, 6-8 mm long, short tubular, upper cylindrical, and lobes lanceolate; The style has short pointed appendages. Achene is dark purple, 8- 12 mm long, hairless, with a long beak at the upper end and 2-3 spines. The flowering period is from June to August, and the fruiting period is from September to June. [2]

The universe (figure 2) (two)

3 growth habit editor

Prefer warmth, dislike cold and avoid heat. I like light, drought and barren land, and I like sandy soil with good drainage. Avoid strong winds and plant in the lee.

4 geographical distribution editing

Related pictures (6 photos)

This famous ornamental plant is native to Mexico and the United States, and is widely cultivated in China. It often grows naturally along roadsides, ridges and streams. Yunnan and western Sichuan are naturalized in a large area, with an altitude of 2700 meters. In addition, sulfur bacteria in Huang Qiuying. Also known as sulfur chrysanthemum (a common economic plant in Guangzhou), it is cultivated in China. It is characterized by: golden yellow or orange tongue-shaped flowers; Leaves pinnately parted 2-3 times, lobes wide, lanceolate to elliptic; Achene has thick hair, long beak 18-25mm, and slender beak. The flowering period is July-August. Native to Mexico to Brazil. Domestication is common in southwest and south Yunnan, with an altitude of 500- 1500m. [2]

Originated in Mexico, it has high survival rate, easy survival and long flowering period. Now it is planted all over the country, and the beautification of courtyards and roads is the best preferred flower variety.

5 Variety classification editing

Horticultural varieties include cosmos albiflora, cosmos grandiflora and cosmos purpurea. Horticultural varieties are divided into two systems: early flowering and late flowering, and there are also single petals and double petals.

Universe (Figure 3)(2 sheets)

6 main value editor

Horticultural value

Cosmos is tall, with elegant leaves and rich colors, such as pink, white and crimson. Suitable for placing reading glasses, planting sketches around the edges of grass, trees and roadsides to beautify and green, which is also quite interesting. Double petals can be used as cut flowers. Suitable as background material for flower border, it can also be planted beside fences, rocks, cliffs, tree altars or houses.

Medicinal value

Cosmic alias: dysentery grass

Source: Coreopsis. Compositae, the whole herb is used as medicine.

Habitat distribution: introduction and cultivation in various places.

Sexual taste: sweet and flat.

Indications: Clearing away heat and toxic materials and eliminating dampness. Indications: acute and chronic dysentery, red eyes and swelling and pain; External use for treating carbuncle, sore and swelling.

Usage and dosage: whole grass 1 ~ 2, decocted in water; Fresh whole herbs are added with appropriate amount of brown sugar for external use, and mashed for external use.

Excerpt: Cosmos and Gesanghua in National Collection of Chinese Herbal Medicine

7 cultivation technology editor

The universe (Figure 8)[3]

Sowing or cutting propagation.

Persian chrysanthemum breeds with seeds. In northern China, seeds are usually sown from April to June, and bloom continuously from June to August. The climate is hot and rainy from August to September, and there are few flowers. After the cool autumn, it continued to bloom until the first frost. If you sow in July and August, it will bloom in June at 5438+ 10, and the plants will be short and tidy. The seeds of the universe have the ability to sow themselves. Once planted, a large number of self-sown seedlings will be born in the future. With a little protection, it can bloom as usual. Seeding can be done in the open field in mid-April, and seedlings can be unearthed in about 6 ~ 7 days if the temperature is suitable. Cutting propagation is feasible in the growing period. The strong seedlings of about 65,438 0.5 cm can be cut to the node and inserted into sandy loam, and can take root in 6 ~ 7 days under suitable shade and humidity.

Spring sowing in April in central and southern areas germinated quickly, and it germinated 7 ~ 10 days after sowing. It can also be propagated by cutting and take root in 15 ~ 18 after cutting.

Transplanting 4-5 seedlings with true leaves, coring, or direct seeding. If basal fertilizer is applied to the planting area, there is no need to apply fertilizer during the growing period. The soil is too rich, the branches and leaves are white and long, and the flowering is reduced. Flowering people are not easy to bear fruit in the high temperature period from July to August. Cosmos is a short-day plant. Spring seedlings tend to be lush and have few flowers, while summer seedlings are short and neat, and they bloom constantly.

Planting method

(1) Breeding:

Usually propagated by sowing. Spring sowing in April, rapid germination, 7- 10 days after sowing. It can also be propagated by cutting and take root in 15- 18 after cutting.

(2) cultivation:

Transplanting 4-5 seedlings with true leaves, coring, or sowing directly after thinning. If basal fertilizer is applied to the planting area, there is no need to apply fertilizer during the growing period. If the soil is too fertile, the branches and leaves will grow in vain, the flowering period will be reduced, and it will be difficult to bear fruit in the high temperature period from July to August. Seeds are easy to fall off when they are ripe, so they should be harvested in the morning. Cosmos is a short-day plant. Spring seedlings tend to have fewer leaves and fewer flowers, while summer seedlings are short and tidy, and they bloom constantly.

Cosmos is strong, likes sunshine, bears drought, and has low requirements for soil, but it can't accumulate water. If planted in fertile soil, it is easy to cause the branches and leaves to grow white and affect the flowering quality.

Transplanting when the seedling height is 5 cm, sowing when there are 7 ~ 8 leaves, or sowing directly. If basal fertilizer is applied to the planting area, there is no need to apply fertilizer during the growing period. The soil is too rich, the branches and leaves are white and long, and the flowering is reduced. Or apply decomposed urine 5 times every 10 day during the growth period; Watering for 2 ~ 3 times in dry weather can grow and bloom well. Flowering people are not easy to bear fruit in the high temperature period from July to August. Seeds are easy to fall off when they are ripe, so they should be harvested in the morning. Cosmos is a short-day plant. Spring seedlings often have fewer leaves and fewer flowers, while summer seedlings are short and neat, and bloom constantly. It grows rapidly and can be enucleated many times to increase branches.

Cosmos plants are tall, so when planted in the windward side, columns should be set to prevent lodging and breaking. Generally, more dwarf plants are cultivated, that is, when the seedling height is 20 ~ 30cm, the top is removed, and then the new terminal buds are removed several times in succession to dwarf the plants; At the same time, it also increases the number of flowers. A small amount of base fertilizer should be applied to the nursery. Seed collection is suitable for picking achenes when they are slightly dark, so as not to be scattered after maturity.

The variety needs short sunshine treatment at seedling stage to bloom normally, and the suitable sowing date should be mastered. Suitable for direct seeding or seedling raising in the wild; Sowing and covering soil is about 1cm, and seedling emergence is about 5 ~ 10 days; Transplant seedlings with 4-5 true leaves. It is difficult to blossom and bear fruit during high temperature in July and August; Seeds are easy to fall off when they are ripe, so they should be harvested in the morning. Cosmos is a short-day plant. Spring seedlings tend to have fewer leaves and fewer flowers, while summer seedlings are short and tidy, and they bloom constantly. When Xie Guo ripens, cosmos plants die and seeds are sown automatically, thus prolonging life. You can also collect seeds when the fruit is ripe, sow and raise seedlings in late March of the following year, and bloom two months later. You can also choose cutting propagation, which will be carried out in May. You can choose a thicker top branch, cut off a branch 8 cm to 10 cm long as a cutting, and put 3 to 5 plants in a cluster in a flowerpot. The pot should be buried in the soil, 4 cm to 5 cm from the ground, watered and shaded, and take root after half a month. After rooting, apply dilute fertilizer solution 1 time every 15 days, and pull out the terminal buds when they grow to 15 cm to promote multi-branching. If the fertilizer and water are properly controlled, flowers can be seen in about 45 days. [4]

Maintenance points

sow seeds

Sow in the open seedbed at the end of March and the beginning of April. The ground temperature can germinate at the lower temperature of 15℃, but if it is sown early, it will grow into a giant plant with a height of 2 meters, which is easy to fall down due to the typhoon or the weight of the plant. There are also early-flowering varieties, which bloom 50 ~ 70 days after sowing, so sowing should be divided into early flowers and autumn flowers.

operate

I like warm, humid, sunny, slightly resistant to early frost and not strict with soil. Seedlings should be transplanted when the height is 5 cm, and planted when the leaves are 7 ~ 8. The requirements for fertilizer and water are not strict, and 5 times of decomposed urine is applied every 10 day during the growing period. Pillars should be set up before the flowering of high school varieties to prevent the wind disaster from lodging; It grows rapidly and can be enucleated many times to increase branches. Red spider is easy to occur in hot weather, so it should be prevented as soon as possible. If sown from late July to early August, it will bloom in 50 ~ 60 days, and the plants are short and tidy, which is suitable for National Day. The following countermeasures should be taken to cultivate a short, non-lodging universe:

1

Sow in late July.

2

After spring sowing, when it grows to 40 ~ 50 cm, pick the heart and let the axillary buds bloom.

three

Put up short bamboo and other pillars as soon as possible.

Diseases and hazards: countermeasures must be taken against mold, aphid and spider mite. Spraying benomyl on mold and Ortholland granules on pests.

Prevent lodging

Cosmos is tall and sparse, with large and beautiful flowers, but it often lodging, and the scenery is great. The following measures can be taken to prevent cosmos from lodging: sowing in July and August. During this period, the sown universe 10 can blossom in 10, and the plants are short and tidy. Pick your heart. In the growing period of cosmos, it is necessary to pick the heart many times, on the one hand, it can dwarf the whole plant, on the other hand, it can promote germination and branching to increase the number of flowers. Fertilize less and water less. Too much fertilizer and water can easily cause plants to grow white and lodging, and flowers are scarce.

disease control

Its main pests and diseases are often caused by leaf spot and powdery mildew. Red spider is easy to occur in hot weather, so it should be prevented as soon as possible.

Powdery mildew: Symptoms occur in leaves, tender stems, buds, buds and other parts. The disease is characterized by obvious gray powdery mildew layer (conidia and mycelium of pathogenic bacteria). The growth and development of damaged plants are hindered, the leaves are twisted, and they cannot bloom or the flowers are deformed. When the disease is serious, the leaves dry up and the plants die.

Pathogenic powdery mildew of Polygonum. ] belongs to the subfamily Ascomycetes. Mycelium is born on both sides of leaves, conidia are columnar, ascomycetes are aggregated to near aggregation, dark brown, oblate, accessory filaments are unbranched or irregularly branched, curved, ascomycetes are long or short oval, and ascomycetes are ovoid or oval.

The asexual stage of pathogen is powdery mildew (powdery mildew. ).

The pathogen overwinters on the diseased buds and branches of the host with mycelium, and produces a large number of conidia in the second year, which invades the host to absorb nutrients after germination.

Prevention and control methods Appropriate application of phosphate fertilizer and potash fertilizer, attention to ventilation and light transmission; Cut off the seriously ill plants or parts in time, bury them deeply or burn them to eliminate the source of germs; When necessary, spray 15% triadimefon wettable powder 1500 times at the initial stage of onset.

Harvest and preservation

Harvest cut flowers at the pedicel of cosmos. Buds can be harvested when they are semi-open to full bloom, and the operation is best carried out when the temperature is low in the morning. Products should be put into barrels immediately and precooled as soon as possible.

The flowers collected by classification should be classified on the premise of typical characteristics of varieties, no damage, no pollution and good visual effect: the length of first-class cut flowers is about 60cm; The length of the second cut flower is about 50cm, and the length of the third cut flower is about 40cm. The difference in the length of cut flowers of the same grade shall not exceed the standard 2 cm.

Packing: 10 peduncles of the same grade and variety are bound and fixed into bundles, which are respectively packed into corrugated boxes with film lining, air holes and product names.

Fresh-keeping management The cut flowers of cosmos are not resistant to storage and transportation, and they are temporary cut flowers. Usually use it now, do not need long-term storage, and use it as soon as possible after harvest.

When the storage period is treated according to the above methods, the peduncle of cosmos can be stored for 1 ~ 2 days, without affecting the decorative effect.

8 plant culture editor

Hua Yan Hua Yu

Flower language: pity the present [5]

The flower language of cosmos is a girl's sincerity, pure feelings, purity, nobility, freedom, hearty and happy forever.

Universe (white): Pure.

Universe (red): sentimental.

Flower-sending etiquette

Put all kinds of universes and grapes in a salad plate made of glass. White and pink ribbons are tied on the plate. The scientific name of the universe means beauty and harmony. Originally, it was a short-day plant, with autumn flowers, many varieties of early flowering, and the colors were red, yellow, pink, white and colorful. [5]

Related legends

Princess cosmos, the youngest daughter of the king of cosmos, was told by a witch that she would always be a lonely person. This is the strongest curse in the universe, and no one can break it. Therefore, the princess of the universe lives alone in the princess castle.

Princess Universe spent a long time alone in the castle. Every day, she works at sunrise and rests at sunset. She is always alone. Loneliness is always eroding her heart. Especially at night, because the night is always long and difficult to pass. She often sits on the swing in the garden at night and cries alone.

Finally, after a long time, a knight from far away passed by the princess's castle and saw the princess of the universe alone. It was a wonderful encounter. The knight and the princess fell in love at first sight, and they fell in love. Happy ferris wheel arrival, the curse of the princess of the universe was solved.

There is no prince in this story because only a brave knight can bring her happiness. [6]

There is a Tibetan legend: whoever finds eight petals of Gesanghua will find happiness.

Zhangdaren flower

Aisin Giorro Puyi 1906, the Qing Emperor (actually Empress Dowager Cixi) appointed Zhang as the Deputy Commander-in-Chief, and went to Tibet to do Tibetan affairs as the Minister stationed in Tibet, in order to save the crisis that government decrees were blocked.

1906165438+10 After Zhang entered Tibet, he severely punished corrupt officials and tried his best to rectify them, and personally drafted and played "Article 19 of Tibet" to summon the Qing court. Zhang's thought and practice were appreciated by the imperial court, the local government in Tibet and the monks and nuns, and people affectionately called him "Lord Zhang".

Zhang cherished national unity and was addicted to flowers. When he entered Tibet, he brought a bag of "cosmic" seeds, which were presented to dignitaries and monks at that time and spread in monasteries and courtyards of monks and lay officials. This kind of flower has a strong vitality. Since it set foot on this vast land, it has spread all over Tibet quickly. Simple Tibetans don't know the original name of this flower, only know that it was given by Zhang Daren, so they all call it "Zhang Daren".

Cosmopolitan originated in Mexico. It was only after Columbus discovered the New World that European ladies came across this lovely flower. The crew picked the seeds and took them back to Europe for planting. Because of its beautiful appearance and easy cultivation, it quickly extended from the garden to the countryside and mountains, and took root and sprouted in the European continent. In addition, cosmos has conquered the hearts of botanists. Its scientific name is Cosmos, and its original meaning in Greek has positive significance such as universe, harmony, order, reputation and good deeds. It can be seen that the namer really loves it.

It is said that European girls often attach a big universe to their love letters. A flower is loaded with many girls' thoughts in the Seed of Love, with expectation in shyness and anxiety in joy, and countless question marks "Does he love me or not?" . So the flower language of cosmos is: the innocence of a girl. Christianity has the habit of associating saints with specific flowers since ancient times, because the church often decorates the altar with blooming flowers when commemorating saints! In medieval Catholic monasteries, flowers were planted like gardening centers. Over time, the church mixed 366-day saints with different flowers to form a so-called flower calendar. Most of the monasteries at that time were located in southern Europe, which belonged to the Mediterranean climate and was very suitable for planting flowers and plants. The Great Universe, belonging to Compositae, was chosen to be dedicated to Saint Felicity, the dean of the 8th century Oxford Buddhist Temple. He is widely known for his great contributions to Oxford City and Oxford University. He has made great contributions to the development of Oxford and Oxford University, and can be said to be the patron saint of learning. So its flower language is-academic, or-always happy, so that those who have it will always be happy.