Bao Gong Case-Bao Gong Case Sequence

? Bao Gong Case-Bao Gong Case Sequence

Hu Shi once said:? Baolongtu Bao Zheng is a Wrigley figure. In ancient times, there were many exquisite stories about prison break, which were recorded in history books or circulated among the people. Most people don't know their origins, so these stories are easy to pile on one person. Among these detective-style officials, folklore somehow chose Bao Zheng of the Song Dynasty to make an arrow crib, and took many mysterious prison-breaking cases on him. Baolongtu became Sherlock of China? Holmes. ?

In Hu Lao's view, Bao Gong's position and influence in the eyes of China people is equivalent to Sherlock Holmes in the eyes of westerners. Actually, it's much more than that. Sherlock Holmes is a fictional character who is only good at reasoning and solving crimes; There is indeed a Bao Gong in history. He is not only good at solving crimes, but also honest and selfless. For thousands of years, he has been a model official in people's minds. The titles "Bao" and "Bao" show the common people's love for this honest official in the Northern Song Dynasty. Names like Bao Lali and Bao Heizi, which are close to abuse, reflect the fear and hatred of powerful people and corrupt officials. There are countless literary works based on Bao Gong. Until today, Bao Gong, as a typical art form, is still active in the art stage and literary works, and is familiar and loved by people. The author thinks it is necessary to summarize and classify all kinds of literary works describing Bao Gong in order to understand the development and evolution of Bao Gong's literary image in the past hundred years.

One. Bao Gong in history

Before talking about the image of Bao Gong in literary works, we might as well know about Bao Gong in history. Bao Gong, whose real name is Bao Zheng, was born in Luzhou, Northern Song Dynasty. He was a Tiansheng Jinshi, and Renzong was the censor at that time. Later, he served as a scholar in Tianzhangge, a bachelor in Longtuge, and an official to a Council. He is upright and upright, and his law enforcement is strict, and the powerful and powerful stop it. When they opened the government, they knew. Even less than, and Yamaraja Bao Lao? The language. Bao Zheng is 63 years old. Because he is an honest official, he offended many people. Later generations suspected that he was poisoned by an enemy. However, the autopsy showed that Bao Zheng did die of illness, but he may have taken a lot of drugs containing arsenic and phosphorus before his death, giving people the illusion that he died of arsenic.

Bao Zheng was loved by his parents when he was young, and his life was smooth sailing. The novel and drama say that he was born black and ugly, abandoned in the wild, raised by his wife, half fictional, and half transplanted the experience of Bao Zheng's youngest son to Bao Zheng's head, while Bao Zheng's black face probably evolved from being impartial. Judging from the portraits collected by Bao Zheng's descendants, Bao Zheng is a Confucian with a white face and narrow eyes.

Bao Gong didn't leave much information about solving crimes in his life (only one? Cut off the cow's tongue? See "History of Song Dynasty"), what else? Three hay cutters? 、? Whip the king? 、? Potential sword gold medal? He was never recognized as his royal highness by Cathay Pacific, but he was really trusted and appreciated by Emperor Injong Zhao Zhen. He quarreled with injong, even? Spit in his face? But the monarch and his subjects never turned against each other. Thirty-five years, depending on the ankle, death is a drink, and courtesy is reciprocated. Going back to Bi Gan and Qu Yuan, down to Hai Rui and Yu Qian, no virtuous minister or honest official is luckier than him. Throughout feudal history, only a few couples, such as Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang, Li Shimin and Wei Zhi, could achieve such a seamless relationship.

Two. Bao Gong's Image in Song Dynasty Textbooks

After the establishment of the Song Dynasty, some powerful measures were taken to restore and develop the economy. Not only did agriculture get a bumper harvest, but handicrafts and commerce also got unprecedented development. The all-round development of agriculture, industry and commerce has promoted the prosperity of the city and produced a new class of citizens. The unique spiritual life and aesthetic taste of the citizen class contributed to it? Talk? The rise of citizen literature and art and the frequent, complicated and mobile interpersonal communication also brought a series of social security problems, which could not but be reflected in the literary works at that time. As? Talk? One of them? Tell me a case It was widely welcomed by the public, and the image of Bao Gong appeared at this time.

As early as shortly after Bao Zheng's death, Bao Gong appeared as an artistic image in literary novels, such as Contract Documents, Three Releases of Bao Long to Solve Injustice, and so on. The former tells the story of a property dispute that occurred after the disaster, and Bao Gong successfully solved it through investigation and verification. The latter is a case of biting off one's hand and raping and killing her husband. Bao Gong relies on ghosts to redress grievances and solve crossword puzzles to catch the murderer. Start from scratch? Words? Yunyun, what the hell? Clear pronunciation and mellow voice, right when the whole? From the point of view, these words were originally said by the speaking artists in Goulan Vacherie, not written by the literati in the study. Bao Gong's artistic image in this period is still in the gestation stage, but it is only an embryo, which is the same as "Kanhill" in the same period. Mitchell, the capital of Sandu? Compared with Ran Gui, he is inferior in both character and solving crimes. However, it is undeniable that although the image is immature, it is a transitional period from a historical figure to a literary figure.

Three. The image of Bao Gong on the stage of traditional Chinese opera

Due to the further intensification of ethnic and class contradictions in the Yuan Dynasty, people in dire straits are extremely eager for literary and artistic works to show the image of honest officials that can't be seen in real life, so as to pin their ideals on Qingming politics and vent their anger at the dark reality. Under such social and cultural background, Bao Gong's image in literary works has been further established in drama literature, and it is very vivid and full, showing his personality characteristics of integrity, fortitude and resourcefulness.

According to the estimation of Yuan Qu experts, there are about six or seven hundred kinds of Yuan Zaju, including 162 kinds, including 1 1 kind about Bao Gong. They are: the brown rice promised by Chen Zhou (anonymous), the contract written by Baolong for making information (anonymous), the goddess making a scene in Kaifeng (anonymous), the three butterfly dreams promised (Guan Hanqing), killing Lu Zhailang (Guan Hanqing) with the information promised, and Baolong's intelligence investigation.

There were 8 kinds of Bao Gong operas in Ming Dynasty, and 5 kinds have been handed down to this day. They are: Rouge (in parenting), Yuan Rebirth (Xin Xin Ke), Ji (Shen Jing), Gao Wenju's Pearl Story (anonymous) and Guanyin's Fish Basket Story (anonymous). There are nine kinds of dramas in Qing Dynasty, and there are three existing ones: Gan (Zhu Zuochao), Double Nail Case (a Scarab Fishing) () and Zheng Zhaoyang (Shizifei).

A considerable part of Bao Gong Opera in Ming and Qing Dynasties inherited the content tradition of Bao Gong Opera in Yuan Dynasty, but it also changed and developed due to the different background of the times. First, because Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism was designated as the official ethics system by the Ming Dynasty, Bao Gong had a strong ethics and always advocated the Three Cardinals and the Five Permanents. For example, in Rouge Kou, Bao Gong rebukes the hero and heroine who pursue love freedom and curses men? Don't think about your parents in your hometown and covet women? , female? Don't keep women's morals? . Secondly, due to the strengthening of centralization of authority in Ming Dynasty, the political struggle in the imperial court became increasingly complicated, and the battle between loyalists and ministers became one of the main contents of Bao Gong's plays. For example, Zheng Zhaoyang put Bao Gong, Kou Zhun and Lv Duan, who were not at the same time, at the same time to form a loyal minister camp, while Liu Fei and Guo Huai were listed as treacherous court official camps, which highlighted the contradictory struggle between loyal officials and treacherous court officials. Thirdly, in order to cater to the public's appreciation interest, it has become a trend to pursue the life experience and power of Bao Gong's legend. In The Double Nail Case, Bao Gong was the satellites in the sky, and in The Story of the Pearl, Bao Gong claimed to be the emperor? Give me a Jin Mao, two bronze spears, a rusty piece of wood, a golden lion seal and a twelfth imperial staff? . As a result, the trial scope of Bao Gong gradually expanded, from the royal family to ordinary people, and even monsters. Bao gong became. The sun breaks, and the night breaks? what's up Where's the bag? .

By the way, I mentioned Bao Gong's stage image design. In the Yuan Dynasty Zaju, it was generally composed of? At the end? Or? Outside? Plays, some of Bao Gong's plays in Ming and Qing Dynasties are still on? Outside? Drama, but how is Bao Zheng composed in Fu Tao Ji, Guan Yin Yu Lou Ji and Rouge Ji? Outside? Pretend, but show? Black face, beard, collar, gauze hat? , the only unique is the "double nail case", the author's note: Playing Bao Gong outside, no need, crown belt? . At least since the middle of Ming Dynasty, Bao Gong's stage image has changed. Net? Role-playing can highlight its prestige, and? Black face and beard? This image laid the foundation for Bao Gong's stage image in later generations.

Four. Bao Gong's Image in Case-solving Novels

In the Ming Dynasty, the image of Bao Gong appeared in rap literature. Eight rap styles "Bao Gong An" include: the birth record of the new full-face rap bag to be made soon, the story of mine clearance in the new full-face rap bag, the biography of Renzong in the new full-face rap bag, the biography of Bao Guojiu's case, and the new rap bag. These eight novels do not belong to the story books of the Song Dynasty, nor to the case-solving novels of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, but they are 100 years earlier than Hundred Cases and Dragon Patterns in the Wanli period (the peak period of case-solving novels), and show signs of transition from short stories to long stories, which has a historical role in connecting the past with the future in theme and genre. Bao Gong's image is more legendary, and his life experience, power and status are close to modern times? Bao Qingtian? Mode.

After the middle of Ming Dynasty, especially during Wanli, Taichang, Apocalypse and Chongzhen, Zhu Jiachao's rule was teetering in the bitter wind and rain, but his novel creation was in a prosperous stage. This is probably due to the fact that the rulers are too busy dealing with all kinds of internal and external troubles to monitor and manage the cultural field, and turn a blind eye to case-solving novels as propaganda and popularization of law. In addition, the emergence of budding capitalism, the further awakening of civic consciousness and the development of commodity economy, especially the unprecedented development of publishing and printing industry, are also important factors contributing to the unprecedented prosperity of case-solving novels.

Among more than a dozen short case-solving novels, Bao Gong is good at Hundred Cases and Long Tu Case-solving. Each of them contains 100 stories about Bao Gong's investigation, but the repeated stories are as many as 5 1 story. "Solving 100 Cases" and "Solving Cases with Dragon Map" combine many crime-solving stories that have nothing to do with Bao Gong's name, and borrow this famous figure to expand their influence. On the other hand, * * *' s story of solving crimes makes Bao Gong a judge image that integrates investigation, trial and judgment. In these short stories, Bao Zheng's artistic image has been unified and strengthened. Upright? Based on what? With wisdom as the main feature, the image of an honest official is the opposite of powerful and corrupt officials. However, when describing Bao Gong's investigation, they mixed a lot of superstitious descriptions of ghosts and gods. Divine judgment? And then what? Be sentenced? Sharp opposition. ? Divine judgment? On the other hand, word splitting, dream interpretation, divination, fortune telling and ghost rehabilitation are also constantly appearing. If Bao Gong has any wisdom, he is only good at understanding the hints of ghosts and gods. On the other hand? Be sentenced? Although the process is not complicated, the examples are brilliant, and almost all of them have become classic cases. Bao Gong's responsible attitude of disguising himself and hiding his name before solving the case, and his method of trying to break through the criminal's psychological defense line are also admirable. The vivid description of the wisdom of solving crimes here is incomparable to Yuan Zaju and even contemporary drama.

After the case-solving novels entered the Qing Dynasty, with the great changes of the times and the whole social and cultural environment and the renewal of literary concepts, they developed the characteristics of rules and regulations and reached the peak. However, a hundred years later, with the gradual disintegration of feudal society and the invasion of western culture, traditional case-solving novels quickly slipped from peak to trough. During this period, Longtu Erlu, Three Gorges Wuyi, Xiaowuyi and Continued Xiaowuyi came into being. The first half of "Three Heroes and Five Righteousness" mainly talks about Bao Gong's handling cases to avenge, eliminate violence and fight against Pang Taishi with the help of heroes from all walks of life. In the second half, the students who wrote Bao Gong strictly investigated the three heroes to cut off the rebels of Xiangyang King, which rarely involved the elements of case-solving. "Xiao Wuyi" and "Continued Xiao Wuyi" have nothing to do with the case.

As far as artistic achievements are concerned, Three Heroes and Five Righteousness is undoubtedly a successful work, but in his monograph, Huang believes that the series of Zhanghui novels with Bao Gong theme after Shi Gong case are giants of martial arts novels and dwarfs of public security novels. In these martial arts works and court cases, Bao Gong not only gradually faded into a supporting role, but also began to change from an honest official who made decisions for the people to an oppressor who maintained the rule of the court.

Five. The image of Bao Gong in modern film and television works

After liberation, although there have been many film and television works about Bao Gong, such as famous movies and TV series Bao Zheng adapted from Yue Opera Chasing Fish, what really caused a whirlwind among mainland audiences was the broadcast of Taiwan Province TV series Bao Qingtian in the early 1990s, including Civet Cat for Prince, Mi Mei Case, Double Nail Case and Wu Notes. The play even moved Bao Gong's black face on the stage and the crescent-shaped mark on his forehead to the screen intact, making it almost a specific shape of Bao Gong in later film and television works with the same theme. Although Bao Zheng is the judge in the play, Gongsun Ce's task is to make suggestions and make unannounced visits, and Zhan Zhao's task is to catch criminals. So Bao Zheng basically only plays the role of making decisions on the court. As far as personality is concerned, Bao Gong has become very human. Although selfless in class, he is more like an amiable elder in class. A few years later, the Hong Kong version of Bao Qingtian was released, continuing the routine of the Taiwan version of Bao Qingtian. However, the biased materials in the play make Bao Gong avenge the ghost more than others and repeat the mistakes of Longtu police. At the same time, there are other film and television works about Bao Zheng, such as Clear Wan Li, Passionate Yang Jiajiang. During this period, Bao Gong's image on the screen was unremarkable and there was no breakthrough. Bao Qingtian seems to have reached a dead end. The mainland version of Young Bao Qingtian, which was shot in the late 1990s, took a different approach, borrowing and imitating the chronicle of Japanese idol suspense drama Jin Tianyi Zhi. Bao Zheng in the play is not a lofty and unsmiling person, but a new image of flesh and blood, which highlights Bao Zheng's superb reasoning ability and exuberant youthful vitality. In addition, these images of Bao Zheng are full of modern people's consciousness of pursuing democracy, freedom and truth, and full of idealism and romance.

In just ten years, Bao Gong's film and television dramas have been filmed from all angles, which at least shows the popularity of Bao Gong's theme. The literary image of Bao Gong can survive for hundreds of years in the development of China literature, which is even more commendable. Some people say that honest officials paralyze the people's struggle, embody the idea of rule by man and lack democratic consciousness, which runs counter to today's rule of law and democratic thought. However, Bao Gong's image has been deeply rooted in people's hearts, and no matter how slandered by others, it can't change the respect and love of China people for him. It is said that there is a tombstone in Kaifeng, engraved with the name of Yin, who has served as Kaifeng Prefecture since Bao Zheng, but there is an obvious depression in Bao Zheng's name. The reason is that people who come to pay tribute to the monument by later generations often point their fingers at Bao Zheng's name, and later generations carve the monument again. This is still the case, which shows Bao Gong's personality charm.