Do Dali Bai people name wealth _ Dali Bai girls' names

I want to know information about Bai people.

The population is 1858063.

General situation of nationalities

Bai nationality is a minority with a long history and culture in the southwest frontier of China. Mainly distributed in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture of Yunnan Province, Lijiang, Bijiang, Baoshan, Nanhua, Yuanjiang, Kunming, Anning and other places, as well as Bijie in Guizhou, Liangshan in Sichuan and Sangzhi County in Hunan. According to the statistics of the fifth national census in 2000, the population of Bai nationality is 1858063. Use white language, belonging to Sino-Tibetan Tibeto-Burman language family. Most residents speak their own language, and Chinese is widely used. In the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, "burning Chinese characters" was used, that is, the so-called "white reading of Chinese characters".

The ancestors of the Bai nationality were called "Dian Burning", "Lao", "Mao", "Bai Man", "Bai Man" and "Jia Min" in history. Naxi people call it "Nama" and Yi people call it "Lemo". The aborigines call themselves "burning children", "burning children", "Bai Ni" and "Bai Gang", which means burning people or whites. As early as the Neolithic Age, there were residents in Erhai Lake area who lived in semi-caves. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the relationship between Erhai area and the mainland became increasingly close. In BC 109, the Western Han Dynasty moved a large number of Han people here and spread their advanced production technology here. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, it was changed to Yongchang County. In the Tang Dynasty, Yaozhou Governor's Office was located here. Later, Nanzhao slavery regime was established with the ancestors of Yi and Bai as the main body. In 907, a "Dali Kingdom" with Bai Duan family as the main body was established, which was in a vassal relationship with the Song Dynasty. 1253, the Yuan Dynasty established a province in Yunnan and set up Dali Road and Heqing Road in Dali area. In the Ming Dynasty, it was changed to Dali House and Heqing House, and the policy of changing soil into water was implemented. The Qing dynasty continued to follow the policies of the Ming dynasty, but appointed some local officials and chiefs in remote mountainous areas.

socioeconomics

Before the founding of New China, the social and economic development in Bai areas was unbalanced. Generally speaking, the feudal landlord economy has an absolute advantage and the capitalist economy has developed. In some mountainous areas, especially in alpine regions, there are still remnants of feudal lords, slavery and even primitive communes. Agriculture is the main economic sector of Bai society. In the feudal landlord economic zone, landlords and rich peasants who account for less than 10% of the rural population occupy about 60% ~ 80% of the land, while farmers who account for more than 90.9/6 only have 20% ~ 40% of the land. More than 70% farmers have become poor farm workers. Land rent exploitation generally accounts for 50% to 60% of the harvest, as much as 70% to 80%; Usury and employee exploitation are also serious. Commercial capital is relatively developed, and there are some firms that import foreign yarn and export asbestos, yellow silk, bristles and tea. White commercial capital developed on the basis of landlord economy. Capitalists turned commercial capital into land capital and concentrated a large amount of land.

After the founding of New China, under the leadership of China, the Bai people have successively completed democratic reform and socialist transformation. In the central part of Dali, where the Bai people mainly live, the democratic reform was completed in 1953, and the socialist transformation was basically completed in 1956. In the Bai nationality areas ruled by Tusi, such as the remnants of feudal lords such as Lake Water and Liuku, democratic reforms were completed through peaceful consultation. In the Bai nationality areas such as Bijiang and Fugong, where the population is large and the class differentiation is not obvious, democratic reform is not carried out as a movement, but combines economic and cultural development with socialist transformation to gradually complete some tasks of democratic reform. 1956165438+10, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture was established.

Over the past 40 years since the founding of the People's Republic of China, especially after the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Party, Quanzhou's industrial and agricultural production has developed rapidly. Xiaguan, the capital of the autonomous prefecture, has developed from a consumer city before the founding of the People's Republic of China to an important industrial city in western Yunnan. Quanzhou has established electric power, machinery, auto repair, chemical industry, paper making, textile, leather, manufacturing and other industrial departments. 65,438+0,990, the total industrial and agricultural output value of Quanzhou reached 334,536,5438+0,000 yuan, of which 65,438+0,433, 690 yuan, 65,438+0,965,438+0.62 million yuan. Quanzhou's per capita gross industrial and agricultural output value11.4 yuan, the per capita net income of farmers is 576 yuan. Cars connect every town in the whole state. Great progress has also been made in education, medical care and health care. The Bai people already have a considerable number of professors, writers, doctors and various scientific researchers. Schistosomiasis, which was widely spread before the founding of the People's Republic of China, has been basically prevented. Now there is a prosperous scene in the Bai area, with the production getting better and the people's life getting better year by year.

Culture and art

In the long historical development process, the Bai people have created splendid culture and contributed to the civilization of the motherland. Traces of ditches were found in the Neolithic site in Canger. However, at the Haimenkou site in Jianchuan, it is found that residents have been engaged in raising livestock and agriculture. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, bronze culture appeared in Erhai area. During the Shu-Han period, Erhai area had developed into "paddy field animal husbandry". By the Tang Dynasty, Bai ancestors were able to build Cangshan "Gaohe" water conservancy project and irrigate tens of thousands of hectares. Building mountain terraces, Deng Chuan Luoshi River flood diversion project. Nanzhao has its own calendar. Zhou Silian, a Bai scholar in the Ming Dynasty, wrote Tai He Geng's Lost Catalogue and Li Xingwei's Strange Prescription Book, both of which are representative works summarizing ancient astronomy and medicine.

Bai nationality is unique in art, and its architecture, sculpture and painting art are famous all over the world. The three pagodas of Chongsheng Temple in Dali, built in the Tang Dynasty, are nearly 60 meters high, with a grade of 16. They are beautifully made, similar to the Little Wild Goose Pagoda in Xi 'an. Shi Baoshan Grottoes in Jianchuan have exquisite craftsmanship and lifelike figures. It has the commonness and strong national style of China grottoes statues, and occupies a high position in the history of China stone carving art. Jizushan temple complex, built in Yuan and Ming Dynasties, has overlapping arches and upturned corners. Carved layers of figures, flowers and birds on the doors and windows are unique and timeless. They are all made by the famous "Jianchuan Carpenter". Bai lacquerware has high artistic attainments. Most of the high-tech painters brought by Yuan and Ming Dynasties were selected from Yunnan. The lacquerware of Dali spread to the Ming Dynasty and has always been regarded as a precious "Song strip". When Eight-Nation Alliance invaded China, the Picture Scroll of Nanzhao History stolen by imperialism was made by Bai painters Zhang Shun and Wang Yu 1989. It vividly depicts the myths and legends established by Nanzhao in the form of continuous short paintings, and is one of the precious cultural relics in China. 1 172, Zhang's Dali scroll was called "the treasure of the south". This painting is 10 foot long, 134 inch long. With the theme of King Jing of Protecting the Country, 628 characters with different faces were portrayed. Exquisite brushwork and exquisite craftsmanship are the treasures of ancient art in China.

In ancient Bai people, there was a combination of music and dance. Genesis, a long poem circulated among the people, tells the story of Pangu's creation and traces the equal life of the Bai people in primitive society without class oppression and exploitation. It is "the world is peaceful", "regardless of the rich and the poor" and "the people value fat". Poems such as On the Road, Peony in Daci Temple and Cave of Heaven by Yang Qikun, a Bai poet in Nanzhao, are called "master" masterpieces and included in the whole Tang poetry. Literary works such as Wang Fuyun, Snake Bone Tower, Killing State Officials and Hooking the Sun praised the heroes of the ancient Bai people in class struggle and production struggle. Nanzhao's famous lion dance was introduced to the Central Plains in the Tang Dynasty, and Nanzhao's sacred music was listed as one of the 14 pieces of music in the Tang Dynasty. Bai Diao is a widely circulated metrical poem "3715" (the first three sentences and seven words, the last five words). In the middle of15th century, some scholars used this folk song form to write famous poems, such as "Ci Ji Hua Shan Bei" written by Yang Nai. "Blowing and blowing" in white drama is a comprehensive art developed on the basis of the early "Big Ben".

According to the historical picture of Zhongxing in Nanzhao, there are historical books such as Zhang Guo Shi, Weishan Career, Tiezhu Temple and Xi Erhai. During the Dali period, there were also white history and national history, both of which have been lost, and only fragments of white history are scattered in inscriptions in the Ming Dynasty. The Bai history books of Yuan Dynasty, Gu Baitong and Feng Xuan's Reading Yun Zhi, have been lost, but they are all blueprints of Yunnan local chronicles in Ming Dynasty, such as Yunnan Zai Ji and Nanzhao unofficial history. According to historical records, the history of Erhai area was studied by Yang Shiyun, a Bai scholar in Ming Dynasty. This book was collected by another Bai scholar, Li Yuanyang, in Jiajing's Annals of Dali, and it is the final edition of Wanli's Examination of Yunnan Tongzhi Evolution. Wang Song, a Bai historian in Qing Dynasty, collected 6/kloc-0 kinds of books about Yunnan when compiling Daoguang's Annals of Yunnan, and compiled them into 2l volumes, which are important reference materials for studying Yunnan's national history and local history.

Social customs and habits

Bai people basically practice monogamy. The son separated immediately after marriage, and parents usually lived with their youngest son. Some of the landlords are big families with four generations living under one roof. People of the same family and surname don't marry, but they will marry their uncles and aunts as usual. Marriage is usually arranged by parents, so it should be appropriate. A childless woman can be adopted by her husband's wife, and a childless woman can also adopt her brother's children (adoption) or adopted children. Son-in-law and adopted son had to change their names and surnames in order to obtain the right to inherit property.

Before the Yuan Dynasty, the Bai people generally practiced cremation. After the Yuan Dynasty, due to the influence of the Han nationality, it was changed to burial. Funerals are usually grand.

Rice and wheat are the staple foods of Bai people in Pingba area, while corn and adopted children are the main foods in mountainous areas. Bai people like to eat sour, cold and spicy flavors. They are good at curing ham, bow fish, fried chicken brown, pork liver and other dishes. They also like to eat a unique "raw meat" or "raw skin", that is, roast pork half-cooked, cut into shredded pork, and served with ginger, garlic, vinegar and so on. Bai people also like to drink roasted tea.

Bai costumes vary from place to place. In Dali and other central areas, men wear white or blue baotou, white double-breasted clothes and black collars, white trousers and bags embroidered with beautiful patterns on their shoulders. Dali women usually wear white coats, black or purple velvet collars, blue wide pants, short waistcoats with embroidered ribbons, embroidered "knotted shoes", silver bracelets with enamel and silver rings on their arms, and silver earrings with three whiskers and five whiskers on the right. Married people tie their hair in a bun, while unmarried people hang it on their backs or braid it on their heads, all of which are wrapped in embroidery, printing or colored towels.

In the housing form of Bai people, the dam area is mostly "three long houses", with huts with kitchens, barns and yards, or tile houses with "one front and two ears", "three sides and one wall" and "four entrances and five patios", with bedrooms, kitchens and barns separated. Most of the mountainous areas are straw houses, "flash houses", bamboo baskets or "wooden cribs" with stables upstairs and downstairs, and cooking and sleeping places are often connected.

Religious beliefs and important festivals

White worship is equivalent to the master of the village god and believes in Buddhism. The Lord has some natural gods, some princes in Nanzhao Dali and some heroes who kill people. In the late Tang Dynasty, Buddhism prevailed in Erhai Lake area. At first, "Brahman" and profound yoga were introduced. Profound monks call it "Gui Li", so it is also called "Yan Li". After the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, Zen Buddhism was introduced to Dali in the mainland, and Buddhist temples were spread all over the country, which made Erhai area have the title of "ancient and fragrant country" for a long time.

"March Street", also known as "Guanyin City", is a grand festival and ceremony for the Bai people. The annual summer calendar is held from March 15 to 20 at the foot of Diancang Mountain in western Dali. At first, it was full of religious activities, and later it gradually turned into a grand material exchange meeting. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, businessmen from Sichuan, Tibet and Jiangnan provinces came here to do business. After the founding of New China, March Street has developed into an annual material exchange and national sports literature and art conference. Torch Festival is another grand festival, which is held on June 25th every summer. This is an activity that the Bai people wish for a bumper harvest and prosperity before the autumn harvest. That night, torches were erected in front of every household, and there was a public torch handle at the entrance of the village, with red and green paper flags inserted on it and some auspicious sentences written on it. The villagers marched in the fields with torches for a week to kill pests. In addition, there are festivals such as "Around the Three Spirits" and "Playing in the Sea".