Nanjing folk custom

The custom of farming solar terms carries out farming and arranges life according to the twenty-four solar terms. For example, "six or nine heads are hit in spring, and the oxen are full of fields", and it is cloudy on the first day of the New Year's Day, "when the year is old, the dark clouds are bald, and the high and low fields and rice are cooked together". At the beginning of spring, people will hold activities such as exploring spring, picking spring, welcoming spring, playing spring, welcoming spring and "Spring Cattle Map". In summer, people who grow up in summer eat supplements and weigh themselves. In autumn, "thunder hits the autumn head and everything declines" and "clouds cover the sun on August 15, and the rain will clear up next year". In the cold winter, it is mainly the field management of "crops should be harvested, the land should be cultivated in winter" and "the grass beside the field should be clear in winter, with more fertilizer and less pests in the coming year". The solstice in winter is as big as a year. People eat rice cakes, wrap jiaozi, wear new clothes and offer sacrifices to their ancestors.

The ritual custom of farming is to sow rice around Tomb-Sweeping Day, choose time and experienced old male farmers, and make speeches to please others. On the first day of transplanting, it was called "opening the seedling door". In addition to a set of procedures, but also sacrifice to the land god. If there is no rain, go to the Chenghuang Temple to pray for rain. In order to control pests and diseases, the torch was thrown away in the middle of the first month. If there are pests in Taihu Lake, put a broom in the field, which is called "sweeping insects", or invite General Liu Mengchun to go out for a cruise. After the Mid-Autumn Festival, there will be a Land Fair, a Young Seedling Fair, a Rice Flower Fair and a Qingfeng Fair.

Handicraft customs are passed down from generation to generation. Apprentices should have a "recommendation guarantee" and a "guarantee person in charge" to sign a contract. During the apprenticeship, I have different degrees of respect and inferiority. At the end of school, we should hold a ceremony to learn from the teacher, hold a "full teacher's wine", and "three obeisances and nine deductions" to the teacher's mother. All walks of life have their own grandfathers, and every teacher's birthday, Chinese New Year holiday and construction day, sacrificial activities are held. For example, the masons and carpenters were taught by Luban, the barber industry, the charcoal burning industry, Mr. Chen Lao, the sculpture industry, the pottery industry, the pen making industry and the bamboo ware industry are Meng Tian and Taishan. The silk industry is very developed. Suzhou in the Ming Dynasty, "every family raises silkworms and embroiders". Machinists worship the god of machines and build temples and statues. In the past, looms were divided into jacquard and plain weave machines. Only male weavers sit on jacquard machines and weave silk with various patterns for imperial officials to enjoy, while female weavers can only weave silk on plain knitting machines for ordinary people to wear. Suzhou embroidery has a long history, and all previous governments have attached great importance to it. Embroidery industry respects the world as the founder, and folk embroidery masters train embroidery artists. Clay figurines in Huishan, Wuxi are deeply loved by people. Women buy "Daafu" for good luck, silkworm farmers buy "Spring Cattle" to pray for smooth farming, and citizens like "Guanyin" and "Zhong Kui" and look forward to God's blessing. Robbie tea in Xishan, Wuxian enjoys a high reputation. Every year from the vernal equinox to Grain Rain, tea pickers go to the mountains to pick tea after bathing and changing clothes. What tea farmers are most worried about is drought or insect disaster. When this happens, they will kill pigs and sheep to worship the Dragon King Bodhisattva and the Jiang Meng Bodhisattva, and some people even wander around Chashan with their bodhisattvas on their backs. On New Year's Eve, people presented the first tea to the Bodhisattva, and made a cup of tea in the early morning of the first day of the first lunar month, offering it to the kitchen god.

Fishery custom Jiangsu has a dense river network, and fishermen have been engaged in fish farming and fishing for generations. Fishermen in Taihu Lake worship the legendary Dayu who is in charge of water control, so they built the Wang Yu Temple on Mount Ang. Every spring, the whole pig and the whole sheep borrow food from God Yu Wang and invite a troupe to perform in return for the blessings of the gods. Every year from May to July, fishermen hold activities to invite God to have a meal before going out to sea to fish in the lake, commonly known as "doing court work". It is considered good luck to catch crucian carp or carp in the first net when you open the net in the morning. If you catch snakehead, you will catch a lot of fish that day. If you catch white herring, you will think it will be a difficult day. Fishing in a small pond, burning paper and incense when drying the pond, offering sacrifices to the pond god.

Market folk custom

? Generally, large temple fairs are held in the off-season, ranging from one day to ten days. During the temple fair, gongs and drums were loud, fireworks filled the temple, and vendors outside the temple peddled, juggled and snacks. Thousands of people flocked to the temple fair from all directions by boat or on foot. In addition to peddling, vendors in the market also have various inherited blows, such as peddlers shaking leather drums, coppersmith shaking copper strings, sugar porridge beating bamboo poles, fortune-telling drumming gongs, and collecting waste products to ring bells. Businessmen have more signs, such as the word "dang" written on the high wall, the word "tea" hung in the teahouse, the yellow and white flag curtain hung in the hotel, the red, yellow and blue rotating cylindrical lamp erected in front of the barber shop, and the red lantern hung in the bathroom. On the fifth day of the first month, on the birthday of the God of Wealth, the store set up the Hall of the God of Wealth and held sacrificial activities. It is said that the Buddha of Wealth is Marshal Zhao Gong and the Five-Way God. There is also a set of "jargon" in all walks of life, called "incision" Shopkeepers and employees are the first buyers to negotiate the price with incision, so that the buyers are unknown.

Dietary customs Jiangsu pays attention to the choice of ingredients, and the four seasons are different. Nanjing chefs are known as "heavenly chefs", Nanjing salted duck is also known as "official salted duck" and "tribute duck", and osmanthus salted duck is well-known at home and abroad. Yangzhou cuisine is one of the four major flavor cuisines in China, represented by steamed shad, "three sets of ducks" and stewed lion's head with crab powder. Sweet and Sour Mandarin Fish in Suzhou is famous for its original stuffy shark's fin and sauced duck. Home cooking includes fried snails, grilled crucian carp with onion and dried mushroom barbecue. Nanjing loves to eat wild vegetables, including chrysanthemum brain, Malantou, Artemisia selengensis and hen. Snacks 140 kinds, making seasonal snacks according to seasonal changes. For example, on New Year's Day, we eat cakes, spring rolls, Yuanxiao and Qingtuan on Lantern Festival, spiced tea eggs in long summer, mung bean cakes in summer, moon cakes and pumpkin cooked glutinous rice in Mid-Autumn Festival, crab roe buns in September, rice cakes in October and laba porridge and shredded chicken porridge in December. Famous teas include Biluochun in Suzhou, Yangxian Tea in Yixing, Yunwu Tea in Nanjing and Yuhua Tea. In rural areas, there is heavy bean tea on the shore of Taihu Lake, and Nanjing uses boiled water to brew honey or sugar "sugar tea". Eggs boiled in boiling water are called "Yuncha" and eggs boiled in tea are called "Yuanbao Eggs". There are also many teahouses in various regions, which are not only places to quench your thirst, but also important social occasions. Yangzhou Fuchun Teahouse is quite famous. In addition, there is a tea theater, where the audience can eat melon seeds while drinking tea and go to the opera. The teahouse also needs to send tea and light cigarettes to the audience, and vendors sell snacks back and forth between seats. There are many kinds of drinking, including Chinese New Year wine, Sanfu wine, Yuanxiao wine, Dragon Boat Festival wine, July and a half wine, Mid-Autumn Festival wine, chong yang wine wine, winter solstice wine, wedding wine, three dynasties wine, house wine and foreign wine. Clothing headdress

Clothing custom Suzhou women like to wear Chinese-style big-breasted and double-breasted shirts in their early days. They often use blue and black fabrics as fabrics and wear long black skirts or waist bags as skirts. I like Baotou, Baotou and waist pocket are very particular. Baotou is often made of indigo cloth, with floral piping on both edges and white or black cloth on both corners. Baotou is embroidered with colorful patterns. There are fine pleats on both sides of the waist bag, tassels on the belt and five-color patterns embroidered on the waist bag. Fishermen in Taihu Lake like to wear double-breasted plaid homespun shirts.

? The construction process of residential custom-made houses is very auspicious, from the selection of land, materials, dates, columns and beams to the completion celebration, all in accordance with the traditional mattress-laying method. If you choose a place, please ask the "Yin and Yang Master" to set the place and direction with the eight diagrams. On the third day of the first month, the forest was chosen as the pillar on the mountain, and the lower part was surrounded by red paper to worship the mountain god. When logging, the tree can't directly fall to the ground, nor is it stripped on the mountain. No crossing. Choose an auspicious day to board the beam, put a cross-section on the beam, put couplets on the pillars on both sides, shout "Good luck on the beam" when boarding the beam, set off firecrackers, sing "Song of the beam", and throw steamed buns and red dates down after boarding the beam. After the house is built, some pictures are often drawn on the walls and doors to ward off evil spirits, and some brick gatehouses engraved with historical stories and plant patterns will be built.

During pregnancy, there are many rituals, such as the traditional experience of judging the baby's sex, the routine of pregnant women's health care, giving birth to a baby, giving gifts to celebrate, taking the baby's name, three dynasties rituals, celebrating the full moon, one hundred days and one year old.

? Marriage customs are mainly manifested in marriage concept, marriage form, marriage etiquette, divorce system and so on. The first stage of the marriage procedure is around the family of both men and women, and there are ceremonies such as "asking names", "Naji", "engagement" and "recruiting relatives". The second stage begins with "invitation period", also known as "farewell day", followed by "making the bed", "hungry marriage", "visiting the church" and "disturbing the room". In the third stage, from the second day after marriage, there are ceremonies such as "opening the face" and "pleasing the red and happy eggs". Marriage forms include buying and selling marriage, canonical marriage, cousin marriage, exchange marriage, parenting marriage, finger-pointing marriage, ghost marriage, voluntary marriage and so on.

The custom of celebrating birthdays is that people under 60 are called "birthdays" and those over 60 are called "birthdays". Some people think that people will have activities when they are 25, 29, 33, 36 and 66. The rule of Jiangsu people is "do nine but don't do ten", "men don't do forty and women don't do thirty". Birthday celebrations can also be divided into "warm life" and "righteous life". The latter will set up a birthday hall for the queen mother and the birthday girl. Birthday gifts are more exquisite, and some also invite monks to do Dojo. After the birthday, the host invited you to eat noodles and the troupe performed. Birthdays are usually arranged by children. The birthday of 70, 80, 90, 100, when the elder dies, the child will still have a birthday.

Funeral customs include bathing, mortuary, funeral, wake, funeral, family sacrifice, funeral and burial. Jiangsu people admire the creed of "being buried underground", and now even if cremation is adopted, they can rest assured that they will be buried underground at last.

18 years old, the festival custom Spring Festival generally refers to the first to fifteenth day of the first lunar month, and celebrations are held almost every day. Lantern Festival, also known as Shangyuan Festival or Lantern Festival, is decorated with lanterns. Generally, lanterns are put on the thirteenth day of the first month, and the levels are fourteen, fifteen and eighteen. During this period, everyone eats glutinous rice balls. On the Dragon Boat Festival on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month, we eat all kinds of zongzi and Huang Wu: yellow croaker, cucumber, eel, salted egg yolk and realgar wine. "Five whites": white cut melon, white garlic, white tofu, white chopped chicken and water bamboo. Insert wormwood and calamus to hold a dragon boat race. On the Mid-Autumn Festival on August 15th of the lunar calendar, every family enjoys the moon and eats moon cakes. On the ninth day of the ninth lunar month, people enjoy chrysanthemums and eat Chongyang cakes. On New Year's Eve, people worship the kitchen, paste Spring Festival couplets, change the door gods, worship their ancestors on New Year's Eve, and have New Year's Eve dinner. In addition, there are blessing in Zhonghe Festival, Tomb-Sweeping Day's outing to worship ancestors, giving in bath festival, Jojo Festival sacrifice game and Mid-Autumn Festival sacrifice ancestors.

? Cultural and entertainment customs are characterized by Kunqu Opera in Kunshan, Pingtan in Suzhou, Yangju in Yangzhou, Wuxi Tin Opera and Nanjing White Bureau. Folk literature includes myths, legends, folk stories, folk songs, proverbs and riddles. Silk and bamboo in the south of the Yangtze River began to appear in Suzhou in the Ming Dynasty. "Silk" refers to silk stringed instruments, such as Huqin, Yueqin, Pipa, Sanxian, Qin Qin and dulcimer. "Bamboo" refers to wind instruments, such as flute, flute, sheng and suona. The music played comes from folk music in weddings, funerals and celebrations.

Jiangsu customhouse

Suzhou embroidery has elegant patterns, beautiful colors and exquisite embroidery. It is known as the four famous embroideries in China together with Xiang embroidery, Yue embroidery and Shu embroidery. Embroidery is very popular in Suzhou. According to legend, Sun Quan's concubine, Mrs. Zhao, was known as the "needle essence" at that time because she could embroider five mountains, rivers, seas, cities, formations and other scenery on square silks. Generation after generation, it has become a unique art for women. Especially in Guangfu Township, 30 kilometers west of Suzhou, near Taihu Lake, every woman in the countryside is proficient in this art except sericulture. The raw materials of embroidery are different, such as satin bottom, diamond bottom and yarn bottom. Embroidery methods such as velvet, thread and hair (generally replaced by black yarn). In recent years, Suzhou embroidery factory has created "double-sided different embroidery", which has made Suzhou embroidery art reach a new peak.

Pottery is a famous handicraft in southern Jiangsu. Because the working people of past dynasties used wisdom, accumulated experience, constantly invented and created, and gradually improved their quality, they left a brilliant page in our history. Ding Shu Town, a famous pottery bean in Yixing, Jiangsu Province, produces daily-use craft ceramics, which are exquisite in craftsmanship and beautiful in shape, just like artistic flowers blooming in a hundred flowers, dazzling and lovely.

The teapot, a precious craft product in the pottery bucket, has a history of thousands of years and has long been well-known at home and abroad, enjoying the title of "divine product" internationally. The ancients regarded the famous hand-made pots as "as expensive as Yan Huang", "the treasure is more than yellow" and "the price is doubtful". Finding a pot of soup is better than priceless.

The reason why purple sand teapots are expensive is that there are seven unique things: first, tea has no bath soup taste, and its color and fragrance are strong; Second, making tea in summer is not easy to spoil every other day; Third, make tea in winter, and the boiling water will not explode; Fourth, the teapot has been used for a long time, and there is still tea fragrance without tea; Fifth, the heat transfer is slow, and the pot is hot but not hot; Sixth, the lid of the pot is tight, so you don't have to worry about the "hat" when pouring tea; Seven, the color of the pot is harmonious and does not fade, and it becomes brighter after long-term use. The beauty of "Ming Ying wins sand" lies in the special nature of purple sand. Purple mud is hidden in the depths of rocks, and then carefully selected by people after mining, so it is called "rock in rock" and "mud in mud". Mud is red but not bright, purple but not beautiful, yellow but not arrogant, black but not ink, fine texture and sandy. After high temperature firing, it still has good air permeability. The unique purple clay makes the teapot and teacup have unique functions.

The production technology of purple sand teapot is very particular. In the long-term labor practice, the pot-making skills created by artists have their own styles. There are thousands of teapots. "Fiona Fang is different, the modelling is different, there are exquisite lines, antique, fresh and pleasing to the eye teapot, also have exquisite relief decoration teapot. It is colorful and diverse, and it is taught by pots; There is a pictographic teapot full of life interest, which is lifelike and shaped like a pot. There is also a teapot that integrates writing, calligraphy, painting and seal cutting. Words pass with the pot, and the pot is expensive with the words. The beautiful purple sand teapot shines brightly in China arts and crafts products.

This clay sculpture was handed down from Sun Bin. He studied the array method, made clay figurines and horses, and the clay sculptures were handed down. Huishan clay figurines flourished in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. There is clay in the mountains, with fine soil quality and strong plasticity, which is suitable for clay sculpture. For three or four hundred years, "Huishan Clay Fighter" has enjoyed a good reputation at home and abroad.

Huishan residents are good at colored sculptures, and every household is a clay figurine. Huishan clay figurines have a deep mass base. It is based on fairy tales, folklore and the daily life of the people in the south of the Yangtze River. It preaches justice and opposes evil, and expresses the will, love and hate and yearning for a better life of the working people. Many vivid clay sculptures, such as "Huishan Daafu" and "I love Tiananmen Square in Beijing", have unique artistic styles and are loved by the masses. Huishan clay figurine factory has a wide variety of clay sculptures, with an annual output of more than 300 kinds and 6 million pieces. Products sell well all over the country and more than 60 countries and regions around the world, and receive thousands of foreign tourists every year. This ancient folk art will shine brilliantly in the four modern buildings.

1958, when Comrade Guo Moruo went to Wuxi, he wrote a poem: "There are no figures in ancient and modern times. In an instant, the clothes of a generation are different, which is naturally wonderful. It is circulated outside the city, and hundreds of people are concentrated. Children specialize in magic. " He highly praised the creative spirit of Huishan clay sculpture workers.

Jinling Lantern Festival

It began in the Six Dynasties and flourished in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. According to legend, during the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang ordered people to light lanterns to celebrate peace with the people. Now a lantern festival is held in the Confucius Temple area, starting from the Spring Festival and lasting for one month. Especially at midnight snack, the lights on both sides of Qinhuai River are like the sea, and the crowds are like a tide.

Nanjing International Plum Blossom Festival in Spring

Plum blossom is the city flower of Nanjing. Visiting and appreciating plum blossoms is a custom in Nanjing, which has been enduring since the Six Dynasties. Now there are beautiful scenery of Pearl Spring, Fujiabian in Lishui, Gulin Park in Nanjing, especially Meihua Mountain. Every year from the end of February to the middle of March, Nanjing will hold the International Plum Blossom Festival.

Jiang Xinzhou Grape Festival in Summer

Jiang Xinzhou, an island in the Yangtze River southwest of Nanjing, has beautiful scenery. From July to August, thousands of acres of vineyards on the island are fruitful. Visitors can enjoy the river scenery, enjoy the natural oxygen bar and enjoy the wild interest of picking grapes.

Autumn Nanjing Shi Yuhua Art Festival

Rain flower stone, one of the landmarks of Nanjing. Every autumn in September, Nanjing will hold activities such as "Rain Flower Stone" performance, fine display of rain flower stone and quarry tour in Yuhuatai Scenic Area. Liuhe County, the main producing area of Shi Yuhua, also held sub-venue activities.

Listen to the bell in winter to welcome the New Year.

Nanjing people happily greet the New Year with bells. The activity of listening to the bell in New Year is usually held in qixia temple Bell Tower. The temple mage chanted prayers for peace and wished people peace, and then the host and guests rang the bronze bell 108 times to welcome the new year.