The performance field of Hakka culture

The connotation of Hakka spirit is very rich, and its core lies in unity and forge ahead. This is very prominent and concrete in the history of Hakka immigration and Hakka culture.

First of all, the spirit of self-unity of Hakka ancestors formed a strong centripetal force. It is this centripetal force that enabled them to bring the splendid civilization of the Central Plains to the south during the long migration process without being assimilated by the indigenous people in the migration areas. The typical Hakka buildings in Gannan, Jiangxi and Meizhou, Guangdong, such as the multi-storey Longwu, Yongding Tulou and Changting Jiutang Eighteen Wells, are not only "a wonderful work in the history of world architecture", but also a symbol of Hakka unity and forge ahead. In some large earth buildings in Yongding, there are stone pillars, stone drums, carved beams and painted buildings; There are patios, gardens, rockeries, bonsai and fish ponds, which are beautiful. There is even an earthen building attached to a small school, with a building name and carved columns, such as "Zhencheng Building" and "Zhengang Building, Lide Shuren", which teaches people to abide by the law, pay attention to honesty and strive for progress. These cultural imprints all shine with the spiritual light of the Central Plains civilization, which respects literature and martial arts, and studies family heirlooms.

Secondly, this spirit of unity and forge ahead is also manifested in the absorption and assimilation of foreign cultures. The migration of Hakka ancestors to the south is a long-term struggle between the Han nationality in the Central Plains and the indigenous people who moved in, and finally formed a community. Today's Hakkas have never relied solely on the reproduction of the Han nationality who moved into the Central Plains, but have developed and grown up through the integration with local ethnic groups, and some other ethnic groups have moved into Hakka homes and been assimilated into Hakkas. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement, with Hakkas as the main body, put forward that "harmony is precious and everyone enjoys peace" and "there are many people in the world, and all are brothers; The slogan "Many women in the world are sisters" shows the simple democratic thought that Hakkas should respect each other, live in harmony and treat the aborigines equally. In Hakka areas, people's religious beliefs are also very tolerant and friendly, and Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism and Christianity can live together in a temple like a family. Even Liu Bang and Xiang Yu, enemies, can share a shrine to accept people's sacrifices. Mazu was originally the patron saint of people sailing along the coast, and Hakka invited her to Shanxiang as the patron saint of Shanxiang. Hakka culture inherits and develops the essence of China culture. Long-term migration has developed an eclectic, pioneering and non-conservative folk custom, which has made Hakka people have strong cohesion and vitality. Before Hakka ancestors entered Gannan, most of the aborigines here lived in houses in Ganlan (overhead buildings). Tuweizi was built in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, when bandits were everywhere along the Jiangxi-Guangdong border and the society was in turmoil. In order to effectively save their lives and accumulated property, the Hakka family spared no expense to manage and build it. Its structural form consists of 65438+ in Meizhou 2 District (Meijiang District, Meixian District, xingning city, Wuhua County, Fengshun County, dapu county County, Pingyuan County and Jiaoling County). This indestructible huge building has turrets at the four corners, which are connected and echoed, and the firepower is like a net; Fire attack, surrounding multiple fire water injection ports; In order to prevent siege, there are many granaries in the enclosure ... If we subdivide the shell, we can also see two basic modes: solid hollow type and solid type. The main building in the enclosure adopts "hall style", but the horizontal houses on both sides are raised to form a fully enclosed square enclosure plane, such as Kansai New Enclosure, with an area of 10000 square meters and three internal rooms (one main room and two auxiliary rooms). Hollow, such as Yi Yan round house in Yangcun, covering an area of 2,500 square meters. There is no main building in the paddock, only houses are built around the paddock, and there is a big peace in the middle except the well.

Today, Gannan is one of the main settlements of Hakkas, with more than 7 million Hakkas living there. When the distant years have passed, this enclosed house soaked with Hakka blood and tears has become a typical Hakka home structure in the eyes of the world and a symbol of Hakka emotional world. It embodies the whole spiritual feelings of Hakkas, embraces the vicissitudes of the years experienced by Hakkas, retains people's hearts, and constitutes the call of Hakkas to wander abroad. Hakka people have great ideas about funeral customs, even too much red tape. Hakka people have a strong sense of ancestor worship and attach great importance to the pursuit of the future. "General funeral etiquette can be divided into three parts, namely, before burial, during burial, after burial, or three stages.

Generally, there will be a second burial!

During the second burial, the body should be taken out, cleaned and sacrificed. Hakka ancestors came from the Central Plains, so their marriage customs were deeply influenced by ancient customs. Hakkas are the same, and men and women must be married by matchmaking, so as not to laugh at the country.

Hakka people are married in accordance with the ancient six rites. The so-called six gifts are: farewell, setting a date, giving a bride price, offering a dowry, seeing the bride off, visiting the church, eating noodles and bowls of chicken. Most Hakkas live in mountainous areas, and their economy is mainly agriculture. The main agricultural product is rice. Paddy fields in Hakka areas use streams near mountains and rivers near rivers. A waterwheel is used to irrigate fields. Farmhouse manure, using compost or furnace ash as manure seeds, and adding lime to fertilize the field.

When the rice is ripe, no employees are hired when harvesting; As for the women nearby, they will take their sickles to the fields to help cut rice. This is called "helper". When their families harvest rice, the women who get help will help others. It fully embodies the fine tradition of Hakka people's unity, mutual assistance and equal treatment. Hakka costumes are simple and practical, spacious and simple. Generally like to wear plain colors, especially blue, black and white. The apron worn by rural women to cover their stomachs can actually cover their chests. The hem is wide to both sides, and the upper end is embroidered with flowers, plus "neck chain", "waist chain", "tooth tag" and "bracelet". Girls wear braids and young women wear buns. Workers often wear short shirts, commonly known as jackets, to make up for it. Most men who read books have changed their suits and pants.

In terms of shoes and socks, more cloth shoes are made by housewives. Hakka customs generally include national traditional festivals, local sacrifices and rituals.

Annual custom

☆ vernal equinox: In February, the vernal equinox began to sweep graves to worship ancestors, also called "Spring Festival". Before sweeping the grave, a grand ancestor worship ceremony should be held in the ancestral hall, pigs and sheep should be slaughtered, drummers should be invited to play, and the ritual students should read the eulogy and quote three praises. At the beginning of the spring equinox grave sweeping, the first thing is to sweep the graves of ancestors and distant ancestors. The whole family and the whole village have to be dispatched on a large scale, and the team often reaches hundreds or even thousands. After the ancestral graves of Kaiji and Yuanzu were swept, they were divided into rooms to sweep the graves of ancestors in each room, and finally each family swept the graves privately. In most Hakka areas, ancestor worship and grave sweeping in spring begin at the vernal equinox or earlier, and must end in Tomb-Sweeping Day at the latest. There is a saying everywhere that after the Qingming Festival, the tomb door is closed, and the ancestors' spirits are not needed.

☆ Spring Festival: It is the most solemn festival with New Year greetings and entertainment activities.

Beginning of spring: It's spring.

Lantern Festival: The 15th day of the first month is the traditional Lantern Festival in China. Eat, play and enjoy the Lantern Festival in solving riddles.

☆ February 2: Festival.

☆ Qingming: Qingming in March, ancestor worship. In addition to the vernal equinox, most Hakka areas sweep graves to worship their ancestors, and some places are also sweeping graves in Qingming. On this day in Tomb-Sweeping Day, there are places for offering sacrifices to altars, such as the roadside land Bogong.

☆ Dragon Boat Festival: The fifth day of May is the Dragon Boat Festival, commonly known as the May Festival or Duanyang Festival by Hakka people. Every household buys meat, kills ducks, makes zongzi and makes rice fruit for the holidays. Dragon Boat Festival is a big festival. In many places, people who work outside will go home for the New Year. The main contents of the festival are eating zongzi, realgar wine and dragon boat racing.

☆ July Festival (Mid-Autumn Festival): Ghost Festival. July 15 is the "Ghost Festival" in Hakka area. In some places, it is necessary to celebrate the festival one day in advance, which is called "14 people on July, and ghosts on July 15". In some places, Hakkas also worship their ancestors in July and a half.

Mid-Autumn Festival: commonly known as August Festival, it is a big festival. Eat moon cakes, enjoy the moon and celebrate the reunion. Every household has to buy a dining table, buy pork, kill chickens and ducks, and cook rice and fruit for the holidays. On the night of Mid-Autumn Festival, families get together for the holidays, eat moon cakes and enjoy the moon after dinner. Customs in different places are generally the same.

☆ Chung Yeung Festival: The ninth day of September is Chung Yeung Festival, also known as Chung Yeung Festival. Hakkas, commonly known as "September Festival", is a big festival at the end of the year. There is a saying that "there is no big festival after the Double Ninth Festival", and many people who go out have to rush home for the New Year. On this day, people in many places will take their children to climb mountains. Some people fly kites on the mountains, which means they can avoid evil spirits and plagues. Many old people say that this custom was brought by ancestors from the northern Central Plains and passed down from generation to generation. On this day, some old people and women go to temples to burn incense and worship Buddha.

☆ Winter solstice: November of the lunar calendar, also called "winter solstice". Hakkas have a saying that "the New Year is celebrated in winter". On the solstice of winter, we should eat pork and beef, make rice fruit and soup pills, and the rich should eat pilose antler and ginseng to make up for the winter.

☆ Fast Day: owned by a few Hakkas; April 20th is the fasting day for non-Hui people every year.

Etiquette and custom

Marriage customs:

Matchmaker: In the past, young Hakka men and women could ask a matchmaker to introduce their marriage after 16 years old. Generally, the man's parents entrust the woman's home as a matchmaker, and some women's homes let the matchmaker visit the man's home first.

Look at the girl: two men and women talk through the central media. If both sides are interested, they agree to "see the girl."

Write Geng Tie: After both parties agree, they should inform each other of the date of birth. When you go back, please ask the fortune teller to "check the eight characters". If the eight characters hit it off and don't collide with each other, write a Geng post (common name wedding list) and put it on the incense table. If there is no writing on the wall within three days, the marriage is settled (if the eight characters don't match, the man will return the Geng Tie to the woman's house).

Fill the red list: also known as "opening a red wedding post", or talking about bride price. The man's parents, clan relatives and matchmaker go to the woman's house together and draw out the bride price that the man wants to give to the woman's house. Some red lists should also include gifts for husbands, such as hats, silver flowers, clothes, shoes, socks and so on. In the process of opening a red bill, the two sides will bargain and finally finalize it through negotiation. After the red list is opened, men and women will exchange rings, handkerchiefs and other tokens. Finally, the man came to the woman's house and went back after lunch.

Engagement: also known as "bride price", that is, to formally confirm marriage again. Young men and their parents are going to the woman's house to deliver pig's head, fish and meat. , as well as the woman's parents, brothers and sisters, uncles and grandparents will appear. After lunch, girls will come out to meet and call each other "parents" and "parents-in-law" and "mother".

Looking at the house: that is, the woman goes to the man's house to look at the house, some before the "gift" and some after the "gift". In addition to girls and parents, all the women who go home will go. There are more than a dozen people, big and small, who don't bring gifts, even if they bring a little, the man doesn't dare to pick them up.

Delivery date: after the marriage is settled, the man should ask the fortune teller to choose the date of going home, including the date and time when the bride goes out and the time of going home. In addition, the date when the woman cuts the red skirt and the man makes the bed should also be chosen at the same time.

Send food to the bride price: One or two days after the bride passes by, the man's family should ask the clan to send the bride price and the fish, meat, poultry, noodles and other things specified in the red list to the woman's house, and then bring the bride price and furniture back to the man's house when the woman returns.

Wedding reception: also called wedding reception or door-to-door reception. On the day before the wedding, the man's family will go to the woman's house to pick up relatives, including a drummer band, firecrackers, a sedan chair, a censer (going to the woman's ancestral temple, temples and social workers to burn incense), a porter, a chicken guide (a male and a female) at one end, wine and Song Ming at the other end, and the woman will bring the clothes worn by the bride and a wooden basket. When the parents arrive, they eat snacks first, and then they take them to the ancestral temple to burn incense to worship their ancestors. At noon or in the evening, the woman's family will hold a banquet. The bride usually leaves at midnight or midnight. She is getting brighter and brighter, which symbolizes that she is moving towards the light. If she had gone out at night, she wouldn't have had such unlucky things as carrying a coffin. In front of the wedding procession are lanterns, followed by drummers, sedan chairs in the middle, and people who accept the wedding ceremony in the back. When the bride arrives at the man's house, she will wait at the gate or the house next door if she hasn't arrived at the prescribed time. The introductions are usually at 7: 00 or 8: 00 in the morning, and some even have to wait until noon. When entering, the bride will kick open the door of the sedan chair, and the man's bridesmaid will lead the bride out of the sedan chair and then "cross the fire" at the gate. Before entering the gate, the bride will cross the fire with fir branches.

Visiting the bride: After the bride enters the hall with the sound of drums, she begins to visit the bride. There are incense tables in the hall, with parents and elders in the east, consorts in the west, relatives in the north and younger generations in the south. Before meeting the bride, the husband will hang red on the groom and cover him with a five-foot red cloth. I read aloud: "I have five feet of red in my hand, and I only beat the groom, so that the groom can have a son and his son can be the champion." When visiting the church, the groom stands on the left and the bride stands on the right. Li Sheng said: One worships heaven and earth, the other worships ancestors, the third worships Gaotang, and the four couples respect each other as guests. Hold a banquet at noon, eat a wedding banquet, invite guests with firecrackers, once every half hour, and let the banquet ring three times when you start sitting. Then, the gift students signed up for the table, and two people took the table. According to seniority and personal relationship, arrange them to sit at the table first, and then others can sit at the table casually. The male and female guests are seated separately, and the bride and groom want to propose a toast.

Rooms are noisy: one is noisy in the lobby, the other is noisy in the new house, and some are noisy in the lobby first and then in the new house. During the noisy period, firecrackers will be set off every few minutes until midnight.

Back door: Also called "turnstile". Generally speaking, on the third or fifth day after marriage, the woman sends the bride's sisters and other women to invite the bride and groom as guests, and the matchmaker and the bride and groom's sisters also go, totaling 7- 14. After lunch, they will come back that day.

Send the full moon: one month after the wedding, the bride's family will come to send the full moon, as well as chicken, vegetables, seeds, seeds and beans. To show that the grain is abundant and the fortune is prosperous.

Often the mother-in-law will be strict with her daughter-in-law, and she will start working after three days of marriage.

Traditional festival customs:

1, fertility etiquette

Birth: When a married daughter is about to give birth, usually one or two days before the baby is born, her family will bring chicken, eggs, noodles, dry powder and so on. Going to the daughter's house to "give birth" means wishing her a safe delivery. When my mother was gone, my sister-in-law was born and gave a banquet at noon.

2. Adult etiquette

Hakka rite of passage can be divided into two types: male and female. The adult ceremony for men is called "crown ceremony" and the adult ceremony for women is called "ceremony". (The adult ceremony of Hakka is commonly known as "going out of the garden")

Birthday: On the birthday, the married daughter will be given a rooster, as well as a shroud, hat, birthday cake, birthday shoes and birthday socks, from head to toe. My father will also give my mother a whole set of birthday presents, except birthday candles, a rooster, a peach, a noodle, a cake, a wine and a piece of meat. Others come to celebrate their birthdays. Generally, relatives and friends send birthday wishes, birthday couplets, or gifts. In many places, birthday ceremonies are held for elderly people over 70 years old, with many descendants and good family circumstances. Hakkas' birthdays and birthdays are all gifts from insiders themselves, and congratulations from home are given first, then invited; Except in-laws and close friends, send invitations, not invitations.

3. Build a house and move to a new house

Hakka people regard building a new house and moving to a new house as one of the major celebration activities, which should be celebrated grandly.

When building a house, please ask Teacher Kan Yu to determine the location of the house and the orientation of the door. When the column is on the beam, it should be decorated with lanterns and pasted with red couplets. After the completion of the new house, you should "exorcise evil spirits" and "eliminate evil spirits" the night before you move in.

Before moving to a new house in Jiexi, Guangdong, you should treat your family to "meet the sun" (that is, auspicious days are usually at the end of the year and at night), set up a square table at the entrance of the new house, and host a banquet by astrologers, and invite the ancestors of the first three generations to enjoy it. This is called "worshipping the door gods" (it is called "living" without worshipping the door gods first). Then burn the title deed written by the fortune teller and inform the gods and ancestors that there is a master here. Wait until the ancestors of God eat, burn paper money and set off firecrackers. The head of the latter family carries a charcoal stove, and each family member carries new kitchen utensils and other small objects (a few families bring hens and a nest of chickens, indicating a prosperous population), and every place in the new house has to pass by. The next morning, the daughter-in-law of the same family came early to help "make tea" (food for local Hakkas to receive guests), make glutinous rice balls, receive relatives and friends who came to congratulate, and prepare a banquet to entertain relatives and friends at noon. There are many courtesies and rough descriptions.

Traditional customs of the times:

Chinese New Year: "Hundred Festivals First". Like most parts of the province, Hakkas regard Chinese New Year as the most grand and joyful festival of the year. People began to prepare for the Spring Festival very early. 9. Sweet potato slices and rice cake slices will be dried in 10 for frying and frying in the New Year. As soon as the "winter solstice" arrives, we will start steaming wine. For nearly 30 days a year, every household will steam rice cakes, make rice fruits, kill pigs, make tofu and kill chickens. Welcome the New Year with great joy.

Chinese New Year: New Year's Eve, that is, New Year's Eve, is the warmest and happiest day of Chinese New Year. On this morning, every family should worship bodhisattva and god. On New Year's Eve, portraits of ancestors should be hung in each hall, and red Spring Festival couplets should be posted at the gate. Red notes should be posted on barn doors, in front of livestock fences, on furniture beds and beside water tanks, which are called "sealing the year" or "becoming popular". Adults and children should take a bath, put on new clothes and celebrate the New Year cleanly. Each hall will also be decorated with tables, incense tables, chickens, fish, meat, fruits and so on. To worship their ancestors. On New Year's Eve, we have a family reunion dinner with rich dishes. Put more bowls and chopsticks on the table to invite our ancestors back for the New Year. Before meals, sift the wine for your ancestors, sprinkle it on the ground, and then start eating. During the dinner, the old people and children eat chicken legs to show respect for the old people and young people.

Shounian: eat a reunion dinner on the first day of the first month or all day, clean the stove and be vegetarian. At night, we should keep the old year, say goodbye to the old and welcome the new. Every room should be brightly lit all night. This is called "lighting the old fire". In some places, cowshed and pigsty should also be illuminated. Parents should give their children lucky money, and some places give old people lucky money.

Opening the door: on the first day of the first month, the door is opened at the auspicious time stipulated in the general book, and firecrackers are one after another.

Happy New Year: I am a vegetarian on the first morning of the first month. After dinner, people greet each other with auspicious words. The children are wearing new clothes. They are very happy and love to play. Some of them are vying to pay New Year greetings to the elderly: "My grandparents and uncles have money, and all the candied fruit is given to ya (me)." On the second day of the first month, visit relatives to celebrate the New Year. In particular, the newly-married son-in-law (the Yue family will post an invitation with a book) will go to her parents' house to pay a New Year call. Generally, young couples go together, and a son-in-law goes alone; Some came back the same day, and some stayed for five or six days. When you go, you should bring little hens, rice fruits, candy, incense sticks and firecrackers, and then burn incense, light candles and set off firecrackers in front of the ancestors of the Yue family. At noon, the Yues treat, and the son-in-law should be drunk, not drunk or enthusiastic.

Eat New Year's Eve: eat "New Year's Eve" on the morning of the third day (some steamed on the night of the twenty-ninth year before last, and some steamed on the second night of the first month). Put chopsticks on the rice, several pairs for several people in the family, a leafy branch, and some fruits such as oranges and grapefruit. Before eating the New Year's Eve, you should put the rice on the "Sun" shrine to worship the gods and ancestors. There are many dishes to prepare for the New Year's Eve, including chicken and meat, which is similar to having a reunion dinner on New Year's Eve. You can't kill animals in the third grade, but chickens should be killed in the second grade or kept during the Chinese New Year.

Wandering gods: Hakka villages in Chaoshan area (including Chaoshan village) will invite temple fair gods in the village to form a team of wandering gods ranging from dozens to 200 people on a fixed day at the beginning of each year to beat gongs and drums and cross the street. Pray for the gods to bless every family in the village (almost all the gods here have the patron saint of Chaoshan-the king of three mountains).

Year boundary: the fifth day of the first month, the year boundary. The portraits of ancestors in the hall should be put away, the paper curtains should be taken down and burned, and those who go out on business can start. On the seventh day of the first month, you should eat "seven kinds of vegetables", that is, seven kinds of pure vegetarian dishes are cooked together. That is, smashing tea. Hakka people eat smashed tea on the People's Month Festival and enjoy it with seven vegetarian dishes.

Lantern Festival: The Lantern Festival on the 15th day of the first month, also called "Shangyuan Festival", means that every household should prepare dishes and drinks for the New Year. To celebrate the Lantern Festival, the Spring Festival amusement activities will reach a climax. From the beginning of the Lunar New Year to the fifteenth day of the first month, entertainment activities are constantly going on in various places, mainly Youlong lanterns and lion dances, and some activities begin on the first and second days of the first month. Dragon lanterns and lions will be posted in advance before they arrive, and red envelopes and snacks will be given when they arrive. Dragon lanterns, lions, etc. It will not only perform in every household, but also pay New Year greetings to gods and ancestors in various temples and ancestral halls in the village. During the first market after the Spring Festival, all kinds of dragon lanterns, boat lanterns and lion lanterns will be performed at the party, which is called "opening the market". During the Spring Festival to the Lantern Festival, there are also some recreational activities in various places:

Send Spring Cattle: Generally, on the first day of New Year's Day, a group of three or five people will send pictures of spring cattle to all households, including those who play suona, drums and cymbals, and blow "Happy New Year" red stickers from door to door, and the host will give them red envelopes.

Boat lights: Lights are like boats, performing and singing on land. Rehearsal before the Spring Festival, gongs and drums team, playing ten times to cooperate. When we arrive at the village, we will have some snacks and then perform in the open space. The boatman and the boatman can sing tunes such as Pregnant in October, Ancient People in December, Guazi Ren, and A Flower. The boatman just rows a boat and can't sing. In the evening, I will "open the heavenly officials" in the ancestral hall, sing "God bless the people" and so on, and finally have a drink and dinner.

Lion lantern: Nuo people appeared, including lion head, lion tail, monkey, sand monk and gongs and drums team. After the lion, monkey and sand monk sing, they will perform martial arts, boxing, knife dancing, playing with sticks and jumping on the table. Lions will hire a master to coach martial arts before the Chinese New Year.

Worship nine customs:

Hakka nine is homophonic with nine nine, so Hakka people regard nine nine as an auspicious symbol and have the custom of worshipping nine nine.

When Hakkas build new houses, they usually choose dates related to the ninth festival, such as the ninth and eighteenth day of the first lunar month. The number of floors and rooms in the completed building is also a multiple of 9, which means that we can live together for a long time. Nine is especially important in the wedding ceremony of Hakkas. When men and women meet and exchange invitations, they usually choose dates related to Nine. The mantissa of the engagement fee should be nine, such as 1999 yuan, and the wedding team should fill in nine people. All gifts should be nine parties for good luck. For Hakkas' birthdays, they have to make 865,438+0 or 360 birthday pins, and all the dishes they use are three, six and nine cuts, such as three fresh soup, stewed dog meat (nine dogs), leek tofu, Chongyang (99) birthday cake and so on.

Because nine and leeks are homophonic, children should eat leeks when they drop out of school. Hakka folk songs also use nine leeks, such as: swallows carrying mud across Jiujiang, sisters sending lang abroad, and nine kinds of leeks in September. These two people have a long friendship. Hakkas attach importance to Nine, which is also reflected in the fact that they regard the ninth day of the first month as an auspicious day. After the Spring Festival, people who go out to work or do business will not leave home until the ninth day of the ninth lunar month, expecting good luck and prosperity in the new year. Proverbs are a kind of idioms that are easy to understand. Almost all of them are one or two short sentences in form, which generally express a complete meaning.

Hakka proverbs are spiritual wealth summarized and created by Hakkas in their long-term working life. Their language is vivid, rich in content, meaningful and intriguing.

Hakka proverbs can be roughly divided into the following three categories:

(1) Production proverbs. Summarize production experience, including meteorology, seasons, farming techniques, livestock raising, handicrafts and so on.

Such as "getting up early and raining late, getting up late and drying fish with Xia Hong", "awn seeds burn the sky, and it rains on the summer solstice", "hoeing mud in spring and peeling skin in summer; Dry hoe is shallow, wet hoe is deep ","pigs should be fed well, cows should be fed night grass "and so on.

② Social proverbs. Reflect class oppression and social sentiment.

For example, "Crows are as black as crows, and plum blossoms are everywhere", "Money makes the mare go", "The jar mouth can be sealed, but the population can't be sealed", "The strength at one time lies in strength, and the victory and defeat through the ages lies in reason" and so on.

③ Life motto. Summarize the experience in all aspects of daily life and reflect people's world outlook, attitude towards life and moral concepts.

For example, "standing firm is not afraid of strong winds", "good years are bad years, and you will not starve to death in bad years" and "you will be tired every day if you have the opportunity; If you want the essence, you must first listen to others say, "Take a hundred steps after dinner, and don't go to the drugstore".

Hakka is a folk family good at singing, and there are many nursery rhymes. Hakka nursery rhymes are indefinite in length, short in sentence structure, changeable in rhyme and clear and brisk in rhythm. These nursery rhymes are as popular as Hakka folk songs, and every sentence ends with the same rhyme, so they are catchy and unforgettable when I was a child. Different from Hakka ballads, Hakka nursery rhymes only recite and don't sing. Hakka dialect has six or seven tones, which is more musical. Here are some nursery rhymes that have been circulating among Hakkas for a long time for everyone to enjoy.

★ Sit in rows

Sit in rows, sing folk songs, beat drums and gongs. Fried snails on the back of the bride's stove. The snail shell stung the official's foot, and the official smiled.

★ Xiao Lang Studies.

White rice, white pearls, dressed as Xiao Lang to learn. Go in the first month, come back in the second month, carry the basket and clip, and go back to the flowerpot without dripping. Kai water, ducks washing vegetables, chickens and dogs treading water, foxes cooking and monkeys stealing vegetables.

★ water chestnut

Water chestnut, the horn is curved, and the elder sister is married in water chestnut mountain. Brother rides an ox and other elder sisters, but elder sisters have no time to mow the grass and do things. Put down the sickle and worship twice, and both eyes shed juice into the field.

★ shrike

Shrike has a big mouth. It has a mouth to talk about others, but it has no mouth to talk about itself.

★ Fireflies (fireflies)

Flamingo, shine on the grass, turn over the shit pit and hang lanterns.

★ In the moonlight, Scholar Lang

Moonlight, scholar lang, the boat has to wait and the sedan chair has to be lifted. Once carried to the middle of the river, shrimp and hairy crabs worship Guanyin. A flower at the foot of Guanyin, take it to A-mei and go to another family. Go to another house and laugh! Moonlight, scholar, riding a white horse, crossing the lotus pond, planting leeks and leek flowers on the back of the lotus pond, getting married, the carp planted at the head of the family pond is eight feet long, longer than wine and food, and shorter than girls.

★ Second sister, learn to grow vegetables.

Two sisters, learning to grow vegetables, it is difficult to bend over when growing vegetables, and learn to shoot birds. Birds can fly and cry on the way. The friend asked, why are you crying? No grandpa, no sadness, no undercut. You go home, the cat carries water, the fox cooks food, and the cat goes upstairs to catch food.

My husband taught me the beginning of life.

My husband taught me the beginning of life, and I taught my husband to shoot wild boar. The wild boar ran across the river, but Mr. Wang was helpless. The wild boar ran over the wall, and Mr. Wang happened to be right.

Hakka operas can be divided into three types: (1) Local operas originated from local folk songs, merged with other art forms, and developed by absorbing nutrients from brother operas such as tea-picking operas and folk songs. (2) operas imported from other places and gradually localized, such as Han opera and puppet show. (3) Exotic dramas spread in Hakka areas in primitive form. Such as Qiyang Opera, Peking Opera, Yue Opera and Gan Opera.

Tea-picking operas are divided into Gannan tea-picking operas, Minxi tea-picking operas, Peyo tea-picking operas, Guangxi tea-picking operas and Taiwan Province Hakka tea-picking operas.

Stuffed tofu is one of the three famous dishes of Hakka cuisine. This dish is based on jiaozi brewed in the north. Because there is more rice and less wheat in the south, and there are abundant soybeans, people cook tofu as dumpling skin into meat stuffing, which is particularly delicious, so it becomes a famous Hakka dish. Stuffing depends on everyone's taste or family wealth. Generally, pork with pork belly is better, with a little mushrooms, squid, shrimps and so on. Add monosodium glutamate and salt, put the stuffing into the tofu block the size of a matchbox, cook it with vegetable oil and fry it, and then cook it for more than 10 minutes. In the northern mountainous area of Xingning, tofu is brewed with pork and onion, which has a unique flavor. Jiaoling people like to use sea black salted fish or thin eggs as stuffing. Nanxiong people have the practice of oily tofu. There is a famous "Four Fort Stuffed Tofu" in Liancheng, Fujian, which is tender and refreshing, delicious and will not be forgotten after eating. The stuffed tofu in the temple diet is filled with peanuts, leeks, onions and yuba. Suitable for frying, frying and boiling plants, fragrant but not greasy. In terms of brewing methods, people in Meixian District of Meizhou City are the most peculiar and triangular. Cooking techniques include stewing, frying, frying, boiling, steaming, medium-cooked, medium-cooked and hot pot. All kinds of things, competing for each other.

Hakka leicha

Tea smash is a unique flower in the vast and exquisite tea art of the motherland. This custom generally exists only among Hakkas. When making tea, the drummer sits down, holds a ceramic bowl on his legs, puts a handful of green tea into the bowl, and holds a rolling pin half a meter long, knocking and spinning frequently. Add sesame seeds, peanuts and herbs (vanilla, yellow flowers, fragrant leaves, rattan grass, etc.). ) pour it into the bowl while grinding. When the contents of the bowl are mashed, the tea will be ground. Then, filter the ground tea with a spoon sieve, put it in a copper pot, add water and boil it, and it will be fragrant in a short time. It is said that tea crushing has the effect of detoxification, which is both edible and medicinal; It can quench thirst and satisfy hunger. On the other hand, tea-smashing originated in the Central Plains, flourished in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and still spreads in Hakka settlements in Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi. Hakka people are enthusiastic, and most of them entertain guests with tea. There are two kinds of hospitality: meat and vegetables. Treat vegetarian guests with peanuts, cowpeas or soybeans, glutinous rice, kelp, sweet potato vermicelli, dried japonica rice, cold dishes, etc. For people who eat meat, add fried shredded pork or small intestine, sweet bamboo shoots, shredded mushrooms, fried tofu, vermicelli, chives and other ingredients.