National Culture of Baima Scenic Spot in Wang Lang

According to textual research, Baima people are descendants of ancient Baimafan people or Miao people. During the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties, they settled in the north and south sides of Motianling at the junction of Sichuan and Gansu provinces, with a total population of about 6,543.8+0 million.

Give accurate information

(1), source

Baima people are descendants of Yan Di. "Historical Records-Biography of Southwest Yi" "From Ranlong to Northeast China, there are the most princes and the most white horses, all of which are similar." Ranlong area is in today's Mao Wen area, and Pingwu is in the northeast of Maowen. This is the earliest white horse record in history.

(2) development

During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the pre-Qin regime established by the Miao people in the Yellow River valley was the most powerful regime at that time. In order to consolidate the political power, Di people carried out a series of policies of sinicization and ethnic integration, which was also the second great ethnic migration and ethnic integration in the history of China.

According to Records of the Historian Biography of Southwest Yi, during the great migration of the Di army to the north, the detachment "Baimafan" did not want to move with the center of political power, and chose to stay in the north and south sides of the Motianling at the junction of Sichuan and Gansu. But in the Ming and Qing dynasties, it was no longer called Biandi, and Fanfan or Xifan was originally a branch of Baima Biandi, so the name Baima has been preserved to this day.

(3) Settle down

"Biography of Northern History Bian Zhi" said: "Bian Zhi is a westernized alien, with a white horse. On the occasion of three generations, Gai had his own monarch, and the world saw him once, so the book of songs said,' Dare not come to the king'. Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, I have lived in the south of Qilong and the west of Hanchuan, and I have relied on my comeliness. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent corps commanders Guo Chang and Wei Guang to destroy it, taking it as Wudu County. Self-help, Wei to Bashu, there are actually many varieties, either white or old, each with its own princes and worshipped by China. " The scope mentioned here is equivalent to today's southwestern Shaanxi, southeastern Gansu and northwestern Sichuan. It can be seen that from the Warring States to the Qin and Han Dynasties, Miao people have settled in the vast areas of Songfan, Pingwu and Longnan, which is consistent with the areas where Baima people live now. (1), sacrifice

Wizard:

Baima people worship animism, nature and ancestors, especially mountain gods. The White Horse people believe in "Bai Mo", which is the general name for wizards by the White Horse people. Men only. The learned are called "Bai Gai", and the young and inexperienced are called "Bai What".

Sacrifice to god:

Every village of Baima nationality has a lush hill that rises from the ground and is honored as a "holy mountain". Cattle and sheep can't be raised on the holy mountain, and they can't be cut down at will. Baima people have been protecting the ecological environment of Shenshan Mountain, which is shaded by trees and gurgling with springs. For thousands of years, it seems to be sheltering ancient villages. One of the mountains is called "Yi Nian Selamaa", commonly known as "Master of White Horse", which is not only the black god, but also the chief mountain god of White Horse in Chaiquan Village.

Every Spring Festival, from the fourth day of the first month to the fifth day of the first month, is a day to worship mountain gods. White horse people from all over the country went out to worship this mountain under the guidance of "Bai Mo". The ritual procedures and contents of sacrifices vary slightly from place to place. Every year, April 18th, July 15th and October 15th of the lunar calendar are the days of offering sacrifices to the black god, which is a big sacrifice every three years. In case of hail, people have to choose auspicious days for sacrifice.

Vulcan, water god and tree god are important gods worshipped by white horse people. Vulcan lives in the fireplace at home, and the iron tripod of the pot is its symbol. It is forbidden to step on it or cross it. Water gods live in rivers or Haizi. On New Year's Day, they go to the river or Haizi to get water, sprinkle "new water" inside and outside the house, sing "water songs" and hold a ceremony of "praying for water". The tree gods live in the "thousands of generations of uncultivated old forests" left by the mountains near each village, and they don't touch any trees on the first day of the New Year's Day. For other natural gods, such as Rain God, Raytheon and Fengshen, there is no fixed memorial day. If you need to sacrifice in the event of a disaster, you should choose an auspicious day.

Ancestor worship:

Sacrificing ancestors means offering sacrifices to family gods. Baima Tibetans have no specific body symbols and no divine cards. Just above each fire pit, there is a sacred chest with a square barrel on it, which is used to light cypress (a kind of cypress). On the back wall of the cabinet, there is a "Yola", commonly known as "door crane" (because it is also hung on the door), with characters such as livestock and poultry cut on it. Before each meal, the male elders at home dip a little rice with chopsticks and show it to the god cabinet to show their ancestors. When eating wine, you should also dip your middle finger slightly and bounce it to show your respect.

Sending seeds in the twelfth lunar month is a large-scale ancestor worship activity. From this date to the date of "breaking ground" in early February next year, farmland will no longer be cultivated. People think that this period is the time for ancestors to cultivate. When flowers bloom in spring, it is the season of the dead. People think that dying during this time is a good performance of life.

White horses worship gods, and every stockade has them. In fact, the most famous hunter died in this stockade, which is also a tortuous reflection of ancestor worship.

(2) Marriage customs

biographical notes

The costumes of the White Horse people are very unique. Different from any other ethnic group, men, women and children wear lotus leaf felt hats and white chicken feathers. Women wear pleated clothes, fish dominoes hanging on their chests, seahorse teeth strings hanging around their necks, colored belts and copper coins tied around their waists, and men wear robes.

The marriage of Baima people is generally arranged by their parents, and the age of marriage is roughly between 15-20 years old. It is a shame not to marry foreigners.

Give accurate information

The marriage of Baima people is mainly arranged by their parents, but also freely combined. Children often propose before the age of ten, and some even get engaged at birth. There is no full-time matchmaker, and the selection criteria mainly depend on wealth. Cousins get married first, and people with the same surname can also get married. The age of marriage is roughly between 15 and 20 years old. But don't marry foreigners, especially Tibetans. As the saying goes, "Stone sheep (goats) and sheep can't be in the same circle", otherwise they will be laughed at by everyone.

Engagement: Generally, the man's family asks the woman's relatives to be intermediaries, bring a can of wine and propose to the woman's family. If the woman's parents accept wine, it is consent. This is called marriage proposal wine. Not when the wine is gone. After the wedding ceremony, on the second, third or fifteenth day of the following year, the future son-in-law, accompanied by relatives and friends, went to the woman's house for three days with a large piece of pork, and everything went well. It was considered that the engagement was successful and he could get married that year or the next year. If the woman's family goes wrong or her marriage breaks down, the gift money given over the years should be converted into money and paid back twice. The engagement gift is called "carrying out", commonly known as wine and meat to marry a wife.

Marriage: The wizard "Bai Mo" chose an auspicious day. On the wedding day, the man's family invited two unmarried, beautiful, virtuous, dignified, diligent and capable girls to the woman's house to meet the bride, and the groom himself went to the wedding. The wedding team should bring buns and wine to share with the children along the way. They sprinkled mud and cow dung on the groom and shouted to celebrate. The bride was accompanied by her uncle and aunt and an unmarried girl. When she left, her mother cut a fat pig and put it on the bride's head. After she left the gate, she took it off and took it to her husband's house. It is said that it will be used to treat lice in the future.

When you get married, you should give a banquet to the whole village. Everyone in the village should give gifts to the bride, such as vegetables, meat, belts and so on.

The bride rides more horses at the man's house. The wedding was presided over by Bai Mo, and the distinguished guests and relatives, such as officials and heads of state, men and women sat around the fireplace. First of all, the groom will propose a toast to the distinguished guests, elders and parents-in-law, and demonstrate in front of everyone how to honor their parents-in-law in the future. The elders also wish their children and grandchildren prosperity. Then, Bai Mo recited scripture to worship God, and the newlyweds knelt before Bai Mo. Bai Mo put butter or sheep oil on their heads or shoulders and prayed, "Today is a good day. After marriage, we can raise seven or eight children!" Then scatter the god-fearing highland barley to the shrine and then to the crowd. Everyone cheered in unison and the ceremony was over. The guests drank, sang wine songs and danced round. It usually takes three days and three nights to celebrate.

Divorce: it is mostly proposed by the man (the woman can't file for divorce), so please ask the official for divorce, and the losing party will bear the cost of food and drink. If mediation fails, a divorce can be obtained, and the woman can return to her parents' home, and both parties can remarry. But divorce is rare, because the loser will be cleaned up by the other family.

Widowed after marriage, the other party can remarry after three years of filial piety. But the woman can't take the children and property away unless the man has no relatives.

Parent-child relationship: Some people give property and gifts when they marry a woman. After giving birth to a doll, the woman's family asks relatives with the same surname to send it to him. Generally, the dowry is very rich, including seven to twelve cattle and sheep, six or seven bags of grain (per bag 100 kilograms), more than a dozen clothes, and some personal land.

(3) Singing and dancing

Song and dance are the most indispensable part of the life of Baima Tibetan people. White horse folk songs can be divided into labor songs, lyric songs, wine songs, dance music and so on. Its characteristics are high-pitched, melodious, concise and lively, while dance shows the unique cultural spirit and belief of the nation. White horse dance is usually rich in stories, mainly based on the worship of nature and ancestors and the cultural display of fairy tales, among which the most representative ones are round dance and Cao Gai dance.

"Nine Songs": Baima Tibetans call it "Nine Songs", which is a rich theme of Baima Tibetans, mainly focusing on impromptu exchange of feelings and persuasion. Most Baima Tibetans live in wet and cold areas, so everyone has the habit of drinking. The content of wine songs is mostly praise and compliment, which expresses the singer's self-modesty and desire for national unity. When the singer meets the elder, one person leads the singer, and when many people sing in chorus, they must kneel down and offer wine when singing the second sentence, which is the highest etiquette of the white horse people; If you meet guests of the same age or the same age, then the requirements for the singer are not so formal, and his singing is lively and naughty.

Jump Cao Gai: "Cao Gai" is also called by Baima people, which means mask. "Jumping Cao Gai" means dancing with a mask on. This mask is in the shape of "Dana's corpse world"

For example, "Na" is black, "Da" is a bear, and "corpse world" is a fairy, which means black bear god. Local legend says that ghosts are most afraid of black bears, so they dress up as black bear gods. "Cao Gai" in a trance is generally a pair (one yin and one yang). The male phase is called "Cao Run" and the female phase is called "straw hat". Masks are full of thick eyebrows, round eyes and big mouth showing tiger teeth. There are two snakes on the forehead, and the three heads are tied together. They are all carved in whole wood, and they are generally twisted and fierce. Masks are usually hung above the door of a house to ward off evil spirits and protect the safety of family members. Nowadays, the "grass-jumping cover" has been designated as a provincial intangible cultural heritage by the cultural department and is fully protected by the cultural departments at all levels.

Yuan Yuan Dance: It is an ancient and favorite group dance of Baima people. Every year on the morning of the eighth day of the twelfth lunar month, people in the village go up the mountain to collect firewood. After dinner, young men and women beat gongs and drums, singing and collecting firewood. Everywhere, the host enthusiastically handed over the bundles of firewood prepared in advance, put them away and lit a bonfire in the yard. Everyone, men, women and children, joined hands and formed a big circle around the fire, singing and dancing, changing the formation in an orderly way, and the young people walked with torches in their hands. This is what the locals call round dance. The round dance of the White Horse people perfectly combines song, dance and fire. It is reported that this special form of song and dance is a gathering of young men and women looking for the right person.

Cat dance: It is the oldest dance of the White Horse people. It is born by imitating animal movements, has a unique charm, and quite has the legacy of the ancient "white beast leading the dance". Cat dance also reflects the life form of this ancient nation coexisting with all things in nature from generation to generation.

(4), clothing accessories

The women's clothing of Baima nationality is called "Hand-given Horse" (known as pleated garment in Chinese). Pleated clothes are women's clothes with bright colors, strange patterns and exquisite workmanship, which can be called a unique dress. The pleated garment is in the form of a long skirt, and the back is sewn with folding fans. A (red) belt made of sheep hair with a brush-like tail; Wearing a delicate and beautiful vest (handmade). Women walk inside to express their emotions, and the feeling should be that the fairy has come recently. But men's clothes are not much different from those of other Tibetans. Baima Tibetans wear white Tibetan robes and have white chicken feathers on their heads. Pleated clothes are made by hand, and it usually takes nearly a month to finish.

Men's wear generally has two sets of black and white, and women's wear generally has two sets of red and white. They wear black and red in winter and white in summer.

White horse people wear lotus leaf felt hats regardless of gender and season. It is said that this is because they live by the sea to keep out the sun. Miss White Horse wears fish dominoes on her chest, a string of seahorse teeth around her neck, colorful flower bands and a string of copper coins around her waist. Hippocampus is the fastest breeding animal, and fish is the most fertile animal. As female ornaments, seahorse teeth and fishbones symbolize a hundred children and grandchildren, and they are entrusted with the good wishes of a prosperous population. The geometric pattern of the belt is said to be a record of how many mountains, rivers, plains and forests it has crossed. The string of copper coins tied around the waist means "wealth".

(5) Special diet

Buckwheat noodles and blood sausage

The blood sausage of buckwheat noodles is mainly made of buckwheat noodles. Add a proper amount of fully stirred pig blood and drinking water to buckwheat noodles, add a proper amount of onion, ginger, pepper, salt and refined bone soup, fully stir into a paste, then pour it into high-quality casing and hang it on a fire pool to dry. It can be eaten directly after cooking, with unique taste and fragrant teeth and cheeks.

Potato ciba

Potato Ciba is the most representative traditional food of Baima people, and the production process is also full of hardships. Peel the washed potatoes and cook them, then mash them in a concave container (such as a stone trough) until they are very thick, and then put them into a bowl or basin. Stir-fry sauerkraut, onion, ginger and garlic until they are half cooked, and add water to make soup and water.