Information about three warlords

Wu (1874- 1939), a native of Penglai, Shandong Province, entered a private school at the age of 6 and became a scholar at the age of 22. 1896. Later, he joined the army to avoid disaster. From the Nie Shicheng Department of Huai Army, Goshha (orderly) began, "With his skill of being a scholar, he was appreciated by Cao Kun, and his official career prospered, becoming a direct warlord general. Through the 1920 direct Anhui War and the 1922 first direct Anhui War, Wu mastered the most direct forces and strength and became a hero. He suppressed the strike of Beijing-Han workers, and his hands were covered with workers' blood; Reject dissidents, dispatch troops everywhere, and provoke warlords to scuffle; They are hostile to the southern revolutionary regime, clamoring for "destroying the red in the north first, and then destroying the red in Guangdong" in an attempt to "unify" China by force.

Cao Kun bribed the president, and the direct warlord acted perversely, arousing strong opposition from the people all over the country. With the support of the Japanese, the direct warlord Zhang didn't want to live in the northeast and tried to control the Beijing government. The conflict of direct service intensified, and the second direct service war broke out in 1924. The war ended in direct failure, and Cao Kun was captured and fled to the south. Since then, Wu has tried to make a comeback several times, and sometimes joined forces with Feng Yuxiang and Sun to resist Feng. However, under the offensive of the Northern Expeditionary Army, the main army was wiped out in Wuhan and finally moved to Beijing. After the July 7th Incident, in order to implement the policy of "controlling China with China", Japan tried to make Wu the head of the national puppet government. 1938 After Wang Jingwei publicly surrendered to Japan, Japan even planned "cooperation between Wang and Wu" and even put forward a plan of "Wang Zhu, Wu Zhu, and sharing equally", but Wu refused. 1February 4, 939, Wu passed away.

As the core figure after Yuan Shikai and Duan, Wu, like other warlords, fought hard to suppress the revolution, but "there are two things completely different from other warlords. First of all, he worships Guan Yue, a great figure in the history of China. When he failed, he didn't go abroad or live in the concession. Second, Wu has been an official for decades, ruling the territory of several provinces and leading hundreds of thousands of soldiers. He has no private savings, no land property and an innocent name. Compared with the warlords of the same period, it is finally commendable. " (Dong: The Japanese are trying to move a new puppet) Wu's national integrity as a traitor should be affirmed. This paper attempts to make a preliminary discussion on the ideological roots of Wu's rejection of traitors.

Wu refused to be a traitor when the nation was in danger, which was inseparable from his personal experience. First of all, Wu was educated in a private school since childhood, familiar with Confucian classics and very familiar with Confucius and Mencius. In the more than twenty years from childhood to youth, although Wu interrupted his study in a private school because of his father's death, he did not give up his studies. He still insisted on self-study in various ways and tried to pass the imperial examination. 1896, the 37th place in the college entrance examination was admitted to the scholar. Although he can't be said to be extremely knowledgeable in old school, it also reflects that he has really made some efforts. At this point, he is significantly different from the gangster Zhang and the cloth dealer Cao Kun. Confucianism attaches great importance to the country and the nation, and has an inestimable influence on the cultivation of China people's patriotic feelings. As a "Confucian general" among the northern warlords, Wu likes to train his subordinates with Confucian "loyalty, filial piety, courtesy and righteousness"; Compared with other warlords, Wu also has a clearer understanding of national justice.

In military training, Wu not only attaches importance to military education, drills and military equipment, but also often admonishes officers and men with Confucianism, asking them to "admire ancient heroes, recite the proverbs of ancient philosophers, read the Spring and Autumn Period well, be loyal to others, so as to achieve their patriotic aspirations and become a brave and pragmatic person." In order to learn from the earth, we must share joys and sorrows with the foot soldiers, so as to win the hearts of the people. "He worships Guan Yu, the embodiment of folk loyalty, and also worships Yue Fei who is loyal to the country. He often denounced the traitorous behavior of Anhui and Feng departments with anti-imperialist patriotism, which made people think that he was a "revolutionary general" of Beiyang.

For himself, Wu also put forward the "three noes": "Don't live in a concession, don't collect money privately, and don't raise foreign debts." Although some people accuse him of grandstanding, to some extent. Wu did live up to his creed. In employing people, Wu refused to use relatives, and personally ordered that Wu's "Heaven, Hand, Tao, Yuan and Dragon" would never be used. This kind of employment is relatively rare among the northern warlords.

Wu defeated Tianjin during the second direct service war. He was surrounded by Yen Hsi-shan, Feng Yuxiang and Feng Jun on three sides, and refused the suggestion of letting his subordinates hide in the concession to ensure safety on the grounds of "opening officials, hiding outsiders and hurting the country". Even if his dental disease worsened and his life was threatened, Wu refused to go to the concession and eventually died at home.

1927, after Wu hid in Sichuan under the attack of the northern expeditionary army, Jiro Arakawa, commander of Japan's first dispatch fleet, sent his spy chief to contact Wu, saying that Japan could support "rifles100000, 2,000 machine guns, 500 cannons and a number of bullets", in addition, it could help millions and help Wu make a comeback, which was rejected by Wu Yan. When Wu was defeated and in urgent need of financial support, it is really commendable that an old warlord could be persuaded by the Japanese, which should have a lot to do with the Confucian education Wu received in his early years. Wu's growing environment also has a certain influence on his attitude of alienation and even hostility to Japan. Penglai, the hometown of Wu, the hometown of Qi Jiguang, the national hero of the Anti-Japanese War. Qi Jiguang's anti-Japanese deeds are deeply rooted in the local people's hearts and are respected and loved by the people. Wu's father named Wu after Qi Jiguang because he admired Qi Jiguang. Wu himself has never forgotten this and has always been proud to be a fellow countryman in Qi Jiguang. Penglai is not far from Ahava in the Sino-Japanese War. During the Sino-Japanese War, Japanese warships shelled the coastal government of Dengzhou (Yantai), and Penglai was not spared. Penglai Pavilion was destroyed by gunfire. Wu's personal experience of Japanese aggression and humiliation after the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 also had a certain influence on his thought. Wu expressed his anger at Japanese aggression in the Song of Deng Penglai Pavilion, which was written for his army: "The North Sea is full of states, and the Bohai Sea is stormy! Think about the happiness of the people in Jijiang and Liaoshen. There is a fence in front of Changbai Mountain and a battlefield in front of Heilongjiang. So far, the enemy situation is vertical and horizontal, and the situation is sinister. Sino-Japanese war, land deprivation, Chen Jia war, sovereignty decline, the country remains the same. The Yi people dispersed. When I was ordered to terminate the sharp brigade, I restored the old mountains and rivers during World War I, but I am back, and I will always travel in Pengshan and study Tommy. " ("Tao Juyin: Biography of General Wu")

It is precisely because of this ideological basis that Wu would "try to negotiate with Japan without losing China's sovereignty, so as to end the Sino-Japanese War, return to his wishes and listen to it. If you are similar to the "temporary" and "reform" regimes, you are dependent on others, dare not go out of the mountain, and are determined to fight the war to the end "to answer the inducement of the Japanese invaders.

Objectively speaking, Wu's direct line has always been closely related to Britain and the United States, but it has a cold relationship with Japan. When the Japanese plundered China's rights and interests, they opposed it several times. In addition, in order to compete for the control of the Beijing government, there have been several scuffles with the Anhui and Feng warlords supported by Japan, and they have deep grievances with each other.

In the struggle against Anhui and Feng schools, Wu repeatedly fought with him on the pretext of opposing his obsequious Japanese traitorous behavior. 19 19. In the struggle against the Paris Peace Treaty, Wu repeatedly electrified to support the patriotic movement of students, opposed the signing of the peace treaty by the Beijing government (Anhui Department), and demanded the recall of Cao Rulin, Lu, and the cancellation of the Sino-Japanese secret treaty. Wu even suggested: "On the Shandong issue, we need to make a final solution to Japan with considerable strength" to create public opinion for overthrowing the Anhui government.

1922, during the Washington Conference, the Japanese government (Fengxi) conducted pro-Japanese diplomacy and redeemed the Ji Jiao Railway occupied by Japan with Japanese loans. Wu took the opportunity to unite the generals directly under him and accused Liang Shiyi of "hooking up, betraying the country, flattering foreigners and being willing to be Li Keyong". . And fu's t-shirt He also pointed out that "if people don't go, the country can't be safe." "Excuse me, today's citizens who recognize traitors? "

After Japan invaded the three northeastern provinces and fostered the establishment of the puppet Manchukuo, although Wu had no military power, he still denounced Japan for "pretending to be an independent country of Manchuria, but in fact it was a vassal of Japan, with the name of occupation in words and plunder in words".

Wu started from the pro-Japanese Anhui and Feng schools, and suffered many losses from the Japanese in the war with them, so he kept a considerable distance from Japan. After the outbreak of the Zhi-Wan War, the Anhui Department fought Wu with excellent Japanese weapons, which took a temporary advantage and caused great difficulties to Wu Jun. The Japanese Guards in Tianjin also cooperated with the Anhui Army to drive the Zhi army out of the railway line. Only later, Wu took advantage of the sudden change, and the weapon advantage of the Anhui army could not be exerted. It was only under the attack of the army that he defeated the Anhui army and forced Duan to step down. Xu Shufeng hid in the Japanese embassy.

In a direct service war, Feng Jun's army defeated Tianjin and wanted to retreat from Tianjin to Shanhaiguan. After catching up with Tianjin, the Japanese army, in the name of representatives of diplomatic envoys, protested to Wu on the pretext that China's troops could not be stationed in Tianjin under the "Xin Chou Treaty" and tried to cover the army's retreat. Wu was extremely dissatisfied with this and told American reporters that if Japan intended to interfere, it would go all the way to Tokyo.

The day before Feng Yuxiang's mutiny in the second direct service war, Ji Feng, commander of the Japanese army stationed in Tianjin, called Wu to prohibit the direct service troops from using the only available Qinhuangdao pier at that time when they retreated. The vanguard of Feng Jun going south to Luanhe River is the Heilongjiang cavalry brigade led by the Japanese army. For the failure of the second direct service war, Wu will also write it in the Japanese notes.

Although the Japanese tried many times to win over Wu, after a direct service war, they sent their good friend Masujiro as an adviser to Wu, trying to win over Wu by providing military equipment, but Wu did not accept it. After the Japanese army occupied North China, in order to carry out the policy of "controlling China with China", it tried to pull Wu out of the mountain and act as the head of the pseudo-government, and made a plan of "Wu Work" for this purpose, which cost 30 million yuan before and after. In order to get in touch with Wu, Okano Masujiro was transferred to Beiping as "Please Hurry"; Daisaku Kawamoto, the head of Japanese secret service, also worshiped Wu Weishi, "learning the life and moral articles of the master", in an attempt to win over Wu with the relationship of old friends and apprentices.

After Wang Jingwei publicly voted, Japan adjusted its policy of "peace movement" and planned "cooperation between Wang and Wu". Encouraged by the Japanese, Wang Ching-wei first wrote a letter to Wu, accusing Goh Chok Tong of being a traitor. After Wu's reply was rejected, Wang Jingwei personally went to Beiping and invited Wu to meet at the official residence of the commander-in-chief of the North China Army in Japan to discuss cooperation. Wu also told him, "We are from China; Talk about China. If you want to talk about it, you can talk about it in China's home.

Generally speaking, the direct warlords developed with the support of Britain and the United States have a cold attitude towards Japan. After the Japanese invasion of China broke out, except for a few direct generals such as Qi who defected to Japan and became traitors, most direct generals such as Feng Yuxiang, Lu and Yu Xuezhong were anti-Japanese and patriotic. Even Cao Kun, who was bribed to become president, refused the Japanese request to let him go out of the mountain and refused to be a traitor. Therefore, Wu's improper choice of traitors has something to do with his own faction.

In addition to Wu's personal factors, in order to prevent Wu from defecting to the enemy, the Kuomintang and the Communist Party also made a lot of efforts to win over Wu. 1939 on new year's day, I wrote a secret letter to Wu, expressing my "concern" about Wu's situation; Comrade Dong also wrote an article, hoping that Wu could "celebrate all night" and "not be a puppet of the Japanese aggressors"; Patriots from all walks of life also hope that Wu can keep his integrity and not be used by the Japanese. Under the influence of various factors, Wu finally made the right choice. Wu joined the army at the age of 28 and died at the age of 66. All his life, he explored the east and the west, which can be described as "fruitful". However, his efforts and goals run counter to the interests of the people and the trend of historical development, which will only bring him many accusations. But his "inaction"-"not borrowing foreign debts, not living in concessions, not accumulating private wealth" and finally "not being a traitor" won him a little respect. For Wu, his inaction is more rare and valuable than his actions.

Sun fangchuan

Sun (1885- 1935) was born in Licheng, Shandong. 1908 graduated from the Japanese Army NCO School. 192 1 August, served as the garrison commander of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and the second division commander, and became a direct warlord. 1923 1 served as the military overseer of Fujian. 1924 During the Jiangsu-Zhejiang War, he sent troops to Zhejiang, served as the governor of Fujian and Zhejiang, and supervised the military affairs in Zhejiang. 1925, defeated Feng Jun in Feng Zhe War, occupied Shanghai, Jiangsu and Anhui, and became the commander-in-chief of the allied forces in Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangsu, Anhui and Jiangxi provinces. 1926 1 1 was defeated by the Northern Expeditionary Army in Jiangxi, took refuge in Zhang, and joined forces with the Zhang Zongchang Department of the Lulian Army to fight against the Northern Expeditionary Army. 1927, the territory of Jiangsu and Anhui fell again. In August, he counterattacked Nanjing and lost to Longtan. 1928 fled to Shenyang, and then to Dalian and Tianjin. 1925 1 1 was killed by Shi Jianqiao to avenge his father.

Zhang

Zhang (1875.3.19 ——1928.6.4), a warlord leader, was named Yuting. 1March 875 19 was born in Xixiaowa Village, Haicheng County, Liaoning Province (now Zhangjiawopengtun, Yejia Village, Dongfeng Town, Dawa County, Panjin City).

Zhang was born in a poor family, when he was a professional pig farmer. /kloc-when he was 0/2 years old, he went to a private school to eavesdrop. After being discovered by Yang Jingzhen, the teacher of the school, he was allowed to study for free. Father/Kloc-died at the age of 0/4 and went to Zhen 'an County (now Heishan County) with his mother to join his grandfather. I sold steamed bread for a living, worked as a peddler, studied carpentry, and later studied veterinary medicine and horse racing with my stepfather.

1894, he was exiled to Yingkou because of his father's revenge and murder. When the Sino-Japanese War broke out, he joined the rebel army stationed in Tianzhuangtai, Yingkou. Later, because of his outstanding performance, he was promoted to be the guardian of Yijun and Song Qing, and later promoted to corporal. After the defeat of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895,/kloc-0 was repatriated to China in March, and returned to his hometown to join the rebellious people. 1902 was incorporated by the government as a patrol cavalry to help lead. Because of his meritorious service in fighting against bandits, he was promoted to be the guard of Taonan.

After Wuchang Uprising, Zhang rose up, served as the deputy minister of the military department of Fengtian National Security Council, suppressed the revolutionary army, was promoted by the Qing court, became the "Commissioner of Customs Training", and was awarded a Henaan. He was appointed as the general manager of the reconnaissance battalion in charge of the military power of Fengtian Army and became the largest military leader in the province. After Yuan Shikai became president, he became the teacher of the 27th Division in 19 12. After Yuan Shikai proclaimed himself emperor, he was made viscount and general Wu Sheng, in charge of military affairs and the governor's envoy in Fengtian. After Yuan's death, he was appointed as the Governor and Governor of Fengtian by Beijing government, and was also the Governor of three northeastern provinces. With the help of Japan, he took control of Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces and became the leader of the Feng clan. Since then, based on the northeast, Zhang has expanded his power to the customs. 1920 Before the outbreak of the Zhi-Wan War in July, he and his immediate family jointly controlled the Beijing government.

1April, 922, the first direct war. After the defeat, Zhang claimed to be the commander-in-chief of security in the three northeastern provinces under the pretext of "the parliament of the three northeastern provinces" and declared northeast autonomy. 1924 launched the second direct war, defeated the direct warlords and controlled the Beiyang government. 1926 is called the commander-in-chief of Guo Jun. 1April, 927, killing 35 patriotic progressives such as Li Dazhao.

1On June 8th, 927, Zhang became the Grand Marshal of Beiyang Military Government, exercised sovereignty on behalf of the Republic of China, became the supreme ruler of the country, and formed the 32nd and last cabinet during the period of Beiyang warlord rule, becoming the last ruler of Beiyang Military Government.

In April 1928, it collapsed under the attack of four armies: Jiang, Feng, Yan and Gui. On June 2nd, it was announced that Zhang would withdraw from Beijing. Because he did not meet all the requirements of Japanese imperialism (including mining, setting up factories, emigrating, building ports in Huludao, etc.). ),1at 5 o'clock in the morning of June, 928, when Zhang returned to Fengtian from Beijing by special train and drove to the bridge at the junction of Jingfeng Nanman Railway near Huanggutun, he was blown up by a bomb embedded by the Japanese Kwantung Army. In troubled times, he died of serious injuries that day.