What is the threshold of absolute feeling?

Absolute threshold or absolute threshold is a foreign word and a Chinese translation of absolute threshold. As far as I know, western scholars first applied absolute threshold to the fields of psychology and physiology, and what they expressed was the lowest level of stimulation that a person could perceive. In the same sense, everyone's absolute threshold is different, because the absolute threshold is negatively correlated with everyone's absolute sensitivity, which refers to the ability to just detect the minimum stimulus intensity. The smaller the absolute threshold, the greater the absolute sensitivity; The greater the absolute threshold, the smaller the absolute sensitivity.

Application of absolute threshold in physical examination;

When we have a physical examination, we will have such an experience: during the hearing test, the doctor will fiddle with a Y-shaped metal bar behind our head, which will make a low buzzing sound, and then the doctor will let us judge which ear the sound is close to. The sound made by this metal strip is the absolute threshold of hearing. This absolute threshold is based on the results of a large number of sampling surveys. People who can't hear this sound have hearing problems-hard of hearing.

When we measure our eyesight, the doctor will let us see the word e. The smallest e we can see is our absolute threshold. The absolute sensitivity of normal vision is 1.5, and people with absolute sensitivity over 2.0 can see smaller E.

Because everyone's hearing is different, everyone's innate ability is different. Obviously, the taste of those restaurants must have extraordinary absolute sensitivity, and he can feel a small absolute threshold.

The absolute threshold of organs can be improved by exercise. For example, those blind people must have good hearing, because they have sacrificed their eyesight but exercised their extraordinary hearing. In the TV series "Assassination", Wang plays a man with extraordinary hearing, who specially invites people to decipher secret messages through him. There is a folk saying that "the easy thing is not predicted, and the person who sees the deep fish is unlucky." Because such people think there are too many "providence", A Bing has long forgotten it. Therefore, it is not necessarily a good thing that the human body's organ protection ability is super strong. Mr. Bruce Lee, a senior, constantly challenged the absolute sensibility of his body, and even used electric shock to paralyze and exercise his nerves, thus achieving self-transcendence. Facts have proved that this kind of extrasensory feeling, which violates the laws of nature, is also a violation of "God's will", which may have some inevitable relationship with his early death.

Many clairvoyances and fortune tellers with extraordinary feelings in life are blind and deaf, which may be an enhancement of sensory substitution function.

Absolute threshold is also widely used in advertising marketing:

In the textbooks of western consumer behavior, there is a special section to introduce the theory and application of absolute threshold.

Give a simple example, such as "eyes". Because everyone's vision (absolute sensitivity) is different, so those industries that need vision will also have requirements for people's vision. According to different jobs, such as train, ship and plane drivers, the requirements for vision are different. At the same starting point, some people can see billboards 500 meters away with the naked eye, while others can only see 300 meters. Therefore, for highway advertising companies, it is necessary to consider setting a reasonable billboard distance according to the absolute threshold of normal distribution of the general population.

Because everyone has different sensitivity to price, we should learn a little psychology when formulating price strategy, because everyone's psychological sensitivity is absolute and the absolute threshold of psychological feeling is different. For example, if the price of a commodity is 10 yuan, and the price is reduced during New Year's Day in 0.5 yuan for promotion, only 1% people may buy it, which shows that the absolute threshold of 0.5 yuan is too small to reach the absolute sensitivity of ordinary people. When 2 yuan reduces the price, 10% people may buy it, which shows that the absolute threshold of 2 yuan has aroused enough sensory stimulation. When 5 yuan reduces the price (usually, merchants are unwilling to reduce the price by 50%, but adopt "buy one get one free") or "buy one get one free", more than 50% people may buy it, or even 100% people will snap it up. This shows that the absolute domain value is large enough. The absolute threshold is related to price, commodity nature and consumers' own class. In other words, people of different classes (income, education level and occupation) have different absolute thresholds for the same commodity.

Absolute threshold and social morality;

Absolute threshold is also widely used in social science, and the makers of laws and contracts must formulate legal provisions based on a social moral value generally recognized by society. Therefore, in many laws and contract terms, there is always "not violating good customs" and so on. Some countries think that same-sex marriage is allowed, some countries recognize homosexuality, but they can't get married, and some countries don't recognize homosexuality. This shows that each country's moral standards and moral bottom line are different, and this moral bottom line is actually an absolute threshold of morality.

Absolute threshold and food and drugs

The distribution of tobacco in Australia is very fine. The tar content of the same brand of tobacco varies greatly. The smallest unit is 1 mg, followed by 2 mg, 4 mg, 8 mg, 10 mg, 12 mg, 16 mg, while the tobacco in China is basically 8- 16 mg. This shows that people in each country have different absolute taste thresholds for tobacco and food. I used to work in a grocery store. An old lady bought a pack of cigarettes. I didn't catch her grams (she asked for 1mg cigarettes, and I gave her 10mg cigarettes). She cried, "Jesus, did you kill me?" This example shows that the old lady's absolute threshold is very small and her absolute feeling ability is very strong. So we often see that the same brand of wine has different degrees, which is also the reason.

In the experiment of new drugs, in order to avoid harm to human body, a large number of drug metabolism experiments, animal experiments and volunteer experiments are often carried out to confirm the curative effect. Successful chemical drugs often reduce the side effects on human body as much as possible while treating diseases, and how to use the dose also involves the absolute threshold.

Absolute threshold and personal value realization

Some people are excellent, and many people are mediocre. Many excellent people often make up their minds early, speak carefully, act quickly and have a long-term perspective. Mediocre people often only look at the present, but they are also short of money. Therefore, the absolute threshold of everyone's thoughts is different, which leads to different life trajectories.

Reasons for absolute thresholds

The essential reason of absolute threshold is the difference between sense and value, which can also be perfectly explained by the marginal utility theory in economics, so I won't go into details one by one because of the limited space.

Complement the understanding of absolute sensory threshold.

Sensory law

First, the consistency between sensory intensity and stimulus intensity.

1. Sensitivity and sensory threshold

The environment we live in has many stimuli, but not all of them can arouse our feelings. For example, dust falling on the surface of our skin, sound with a frequency higher than 20 000 Hz, 0-level still wind (the wind speed is less than 0.3 m/s), the slight sound of a classmate turning pages while listening attentively, and the whispering of two strangers in the vegetable market. We can't detect it. Sensory stimuli must have appropriate intensity. Sensory intensity depends on stimulus, and psychology uses sensitivity and sensory threshold to explain the relationship between them.

Sensitivity refers to the ability of sensory organs to perceive appropriate stimuli. Sensitivity is generally measured by sensory threshold. Sensory threshold refers to the amount or intensity of stimulus that can cause sensation in a certain period of time. The stronger the sensitivity, the smaller the sensory threshold; The weaker the sensitivity, the greater the sensory threshold. Sensitivity is inversely proportional to sensory threshold. Every feeling has two kinds of sensitivity and sensory threshold: absolute sensitivity and absolute threshold, differential sensitivity and just perceptible difference.

2. Absolute sensitivity and absolute threshold

Absolute sensitivity refers to the ability to perceive only the minimum stimulus intensity. Absolute domain refers to the minimum amount of stimulus that can just cause sensation. Absolute sensitivity can be measured by absolute threshold. The smaller the absolute threshold, the greater the absolute sensitivity; The greater the absolute threshold, the smaller the absolute sensitivity. Expressed as:

E= 1/R

Where e is the absolute sensitivity and r is the absolute sensory threshold.

The absolute threshold of different senses is different, and the absolute threshold of the same sense will also be different due to the nature of the stimulus and the condition of the organism.

3. Different sensitivities and obvious differences

This ability to detect only the smallest difference between two similar stimuli is called differential sensitivity. The smallest difference between two similar stimuli can only cause a sense of difference, which is called just perceptible difference. Differential sensitivity can be measured by obvious differences. The smaller the detectable difference, the greater the differential sensitivity; The greater the perceived difference value, the smaller the difference sensitivity.

In 1830, German physiologist E.H.Weber found that the ratio of the difference threshold to the original stimulus was stable in a large range, that is, in the range of moderate stimulus intensity, the sense of difference between the two stimuli was not determined by the absolute difference between the two stimuli, but by the ratio of the absolute difference between the two stimuli to the original stimulus. This is Weber's law. For example, for a weight of 50 grams, if its just perceptible difference is L grams, then the weight must be increased to 565,438+0 grams, and we can just feel that it is slightly heavier; For the weight of 100 grams, it must be increased to 102 grams, and we can only feel that it is slightly heavier. Expressed as:

k =δI/I

Among them, k is Weber's score, which is constant, I is the original stimulus, and Δ I is the stimulus increment that causes differential sensation.

Different senses have different Weber scores. In the range of moderate stimulus intensity, the Weber scores of vision, hearing and weight were1100,110 and 1/30, respectively.

Second, the law of sensory adaptation

Sensory adaptation refers to the phenomenon that the sensitivity changes due to the continuous effect of stimulus on the receptor. Adaptation can increase or decrease sensitivity.

Visual adaptation includes light adaptation and dark adaptation. When we come from darkness to light, we will feel dizzy at first and can't see things around us clearly. After a few seconds, we will gradually see the objects around us. This is called light adaptation. Photoadaptation reduces the sensitivity of visual organs under strong light stimulation. When we go from light to darkness, we can't see anything clearly at first, and it takes some time to gradually see the outline of things around us. This is called dark adaptation. Dark adaptation improves the sensitivity of visual organs under weak light stimulation.

The phenomenon of auditory adaptation can often be observed in life. For example, if you go to a dance, you will feel the music loud when you first arrive at the dance. After a while, you will feel that the music is not as loud as it sounded at first. It is generally believed that auditory adaptation will temporarily reduce auditory sensitivity, and auditory adaptation is selective. That is to say, under the sound of a certain frequency, the sensitivity of human ears to the sound of that frequency and the sound of adjacent frequencies will be reduced, but the sensitivity to other frequencies will not be affected.

"Into Lan Zhi's room, I haven't heard its fragrance for a long time; Abalone has been in the restaurant for a long time. " This sentence is about olfactory adaptation. Different stimuli need different time to adapt to the sense of smell, some only need one or two minutes, and some need more than ten minutes or even longer. The adaptation of smell is also selective, that is, after adapting to a certain smell, it does not affect the sensitivity to other smells.

In real life, we all have the experience of taste adaptation. If we put a substance in our mouth, the taste of this substance will soon disappear. In addition, the adaptation to a taste will significantly affect the taste of what you eat later. For example, if we eat sweet food and then eat sour food, we will feel more sour.

Tactile adaptation is faster and more obvious. For example, people who wear watches usually don't feel heavy on their wrists. Temperature perception adapts quickly, and it can be felt in about three or four minutes. Pain is hard to adapt to.

Sensory adaptation is positive for the body (even if it is difficult to adapt to pain, it is also positive for the body). Organisms can constantly perceive external things in the ever-changing environment, and then adjust their behavior in order to live and work better.

Third, the law of sensory interaction.

1. Interaction of the same senses

Empathy interaction refers to the phenomenon that other stimuli in the same sensitivity affect the sensitivity to a certain stimulus. A prominent example of the same sensory interaction is sensory contrast.

Sensory contrast refers to the phenomenon that the sensitivity of receptors changes due to different stimuli. Sensory comparison includes simultaneous comparison and subsequent comparison. When different stimuli act on the same receptor at the same time, simultaneous contrast occurs. For example, gray squares look brighter on a black background than on a white background. "The moon and stars are scarce" is also a phenomenon of feeling contrast. When different stimuli act on the receptor one after another, there will be a lasting contrast. For example, eating an apple after eating candy will make you feel that the apple is sour.

2. Interaction of different senses

The interaction of different senses refers to the interaction between the senses of different receptors due to different stimuli, that is, the sensitivity to a stimulus will change because other receptors are stimulated. The law of interaction between different senses has not been revealed, but it is generally manifested that weak stimulation of one receptor can improve the sensitivity of other receptors, while strong stimulation of one receptor will reduce the sensitivity of other receptors. For example, weak sound stimulation can improve the sensitivity of vision to color, while strong noise will reduce the sensitivity of vision to differences. In life, we can experience the interaction between taste and smell. If we close our eyes and hold our noses, we don't know whether we are eating apples or potatoes. People who have a cold are often insensitive to taste.

There is also a special manifestation of the interaction between different senses-synaesthesia, which refers to the psychological phenomenon that one feeling has another feeling. For example, the sound of cutting glass will make people feel cold; Seeing yellow produces a sweet feeling and seeing green produces a sour feeling; Red, orange and yellow make people feel warm, while green, cyan and blue make people feel cold.

Fourth, develop sensitivity.

With the growth of individual age and the enrichment of life practice, people's sensitivity will gradually develop, and different people's sensitivity shows great differences. For example, because blind people can't understand the world with their eyes, they rely on hearing and touch to get information. Therefore, the hearing and touch of the blind are sharper than ordinary people. We can see in our life that the blind can recognize RMB and Braille by touch, and judge the road conditions by the sound of crutches knocking on the ground. This phenomenon that the skills of one sensory system are lost and compensated by the skills of other sensory systems is called sensory compensation.

People's sensitivities have great potential for development. Some special occupations require practitioners to use certain sensory organs for a long time, so these practitioners are more sensitive than the average person. For example, an experienced grinder can see a gap of 0.000±5mm, while ordinary people can only see a gap of 0. 1 mm; Experienced pilots can hear the difference between 1 300 rpm and l 340 rpm, while ordinary people can only hear the difference between 1 300 rpm and l 400 rpm. Musicians have sharper hearing than ordinary people; People's taste and smell are more acute than ordinary people in seasons.

People's sensory ability can be developed through acquired training, so teachers should carry out various purposeful and targeted activities as much as possible, and train students in various senses, so that students' sensory ability can be fully developed.