What's the allusion in The Empress Dowager Xu Xuan's Surrender to the Country?

Just one month before the Yuan Dynasty published the Report on Building a Lake and Cutting the Song Dynasty in Huaixi, Jia Sidao's mother Hu died in the Southern Song Dynasty. Jia Sidao's three-month mourning period should have been a crucial moment for the Song government to step up preparations for deployment. However, the emperor's "division officer" should be filial and not act as an agent for military affairs as usual, so the court let time pass in vain while waiting and watching. In July, Du Zong of Song Dynasty died. In most cities, Bo Yan is giving a speech and preparing to leave the south. In the Southern Song Dynasty, in Hangzhou, the princes abandoned the country and were busy being buried to show their loyalty to the monarch.

Turning a deaf ear to the national crisis, "calm as usual" seems to be the product of authoritarian power, mutual criticism between parties and hypocritical moralization politics in the Southern Song Dynasty. The small court is located in a corner, "making Hangzhou a Bianzhou (referring to Kaifeng, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty)". The state is not enough, and even "pre-borrowed" taxes from the people for more than ten years. People scold them for treating the West Lake as a "golden pot" and ruining people's rights and interests; Others wrote poems to satirize the government's narrow-mindedness, short-sightedness and long-term vision.

This "small family" has been almost completely manipulated by Jia Sidao in the last ten years. 1259, Kublai Khan retired from the front line of Ezhou, and Jia Sidao, who was in charge of the defense of Jinghu Lake, made a "victory in all directions" and "Jianghan purge" and became famous in one fell swoop and became the left-facing prime minister of the DPRK. He soon reached the peak of power. When he called hundreds of officials to discuss, he could sharply reprimand them: "If you didn't get promoted like Taoism, how did you get where you are today?" At that time, people had a poem, "Who knows that the hub has Emperor Zhao, and the court only said flat chapter". There are 65,438+0,600 Taiwan Province students in Hangzhou, who flaunt Taoism and often create political agitation by anonymous slander and distributing "posters" (leaflets). Although it is hard to escape the stigma of "empty talk and wrong country", it has a little restrictive effect on ministers. However, during Jia Sidao's administration, he was able to imprison celebrities for a period of time and silence students by pretending to worship Taoism. High pressure and inducement have seriously eroded the necessary flexibility of the government to deal with various stimuli. Although there was no national subjugation in the Southern Song Dynasty, the atmosphere of national subjugation was already permeated in China. "The tower was suddenly surrounded by prostitutes when Xiangfan lost aid." In this way, the whole court sat in the middle of Wu, waiting for its demise. Even in the fall of Xiangyang, when the Yuan Army cut down trees at dusk to build boats and prepare to cross the river, some people in the Song Dynasty still believed that "fishing boats are like leaves, and Jiang Tao is boundless", and the northern soldiers would certainly not break the "natural barrier of the Yangtze River". State affairs are in the hands of such a group of monarchs and ministers. Although the strength is not weak, despite the heroic resistance of the military and civilians in one city and one pool, it is impossible to save the tragic fate of national subjugation.

Appreciation of Ancient Landscape Paintings Bo Yan's Boatman from Xiangyang to Yunzhou. At that time, Song Jun assembled 654.38+10,000 troops in Yunzhou, stationed in the east of Hanshui River, the west bank of Yuncheng and Xinying, crossing the river with guns and crossbows. There is a chain between the two cities, and stakes are densely planted in the river to prevent ships from going south. Bo Yan camped 20 miles north of Ying City and decided not to attack. He secretly sent his troops to attack the dirty Huangjiawan Fort in Keying City, but went ashore by boat, sailed into Tenghu from the tributary of Baoxi River and reached Han, so he bypassed Yingzhou and went south. In Shayang (southeast of Jingmen, Hubei Province), Xincheng (northwest of Qianjiang, Hubei Province) and Fuzhou (Mianyang, Hubei Province) along the Hanshui River, the Yuan Army encountered tenacious resistance, either attacking the city by force, or fighting hard first, and then surrendering.

The Yuan army wanted to capture Hankou, so it crossed the river. In preparation for the battle, the Song Navy opened a dam to lead a boat from Lunhe to Shawukou (south of Huangpi, Hubei) and reached the north bank of the Yangtze River. In the 11th year of Zhiyuan (1274), in December, Bo Yan captured Yangluobao, a fortress on the south bank of the Yangtze River, more than ten miles east of Shawukou, and ordered Asu to divide his army and return to the river, "by taking surprises", and captured the Qingshan Rocky Base on the other side of Shawukou (now more than twenty miles northeast of Wuhan). The Yuan army stormed on a snowy night, climbed ashore and fought. After repeated fighting, he won the south bank. Tomorrow, Bo Yan will get Asu's report and order the generals to attack Yangluobao and go down the mountain. Song Jun suffered heavy casualties, with "corpses everywhere". Yuan army crossed the river after several days and nights.

After crossing the river, Asu suggested taking Ezhou and Hanyang first. "Although it is ten days late, it can be a perfect plan." Yuan army then returned to the west. Ezhou confronted Hanyang across the river, relying on Hanyang Navy. The Yuan Army first burned 3,000 Hanyang Army ships. "The fire in the city is shining, and the two cities are afraid." If you don't fight for a long time, you will fall. Bo Yan then crossed the river and defeated Chiyi.

At the end of the year, Bo Yan divided his troops by 40,000, and ordered Ali Haig to take Jinghu Lake, so as to avoid the worries of the Eastern Division. In March of the 12th year of Yuan Dynasty, Ali Haig confronted the navy assembled by Song general Gao Shijie at the mouth of Dongting Lake, defeated thousands of Song Jun ships and captured Yuezhou (now Yueyang, Hunan), a major town south of Jinghu Lake. The Yuan Army marched northwest from here and attacked Jiangling. In April, they surrounded Shashi, the gateway of Jiangling, smashed the gate and set fire to the city. Shashi's money has decreased. The morale of the Jiangling garrison collapsed and accepted surrender. Ali's Hague occupied the winning place in the north and south of Beijing, and "the envoys did not go to the counties". The people in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River were shaken, and the imperial edict said, "No one will surrender." . In addition to Tanzhou, the Yuan Army encountered little resistance in the north and south of Dongting Lake.

Since Bo Yan was ordered to destroy the Song Dynasty, Kublai Khan has been anxiously waiting for the battle report ahead. He was not entirely sure whether the Yuan Army could pacify the Song Dynasty in one fell swoop. The spy he sent to the Southern Song Dynasty once sneaked into Longhu Mountain in Xinzhou (now Shangrao, Jiangxi) and asked about his fate in Zhang Tianshi. He got a positive answer and brought it back to Fuxi, Zhang Tianshi. Nevertheless, this is not enough to guarantee the battle result of real knife and real gun. This situation did not last long after Bo Yan's expedition to the south. Kublai Khan was so impressed that he had to rely on divination to eliminate his worries. Fortune tellers "wait for a bus, and a hundred are chariots" (fortune tellers waiting to be summoned in the court need dozens of cars to pick them up). When the good news came from the army crossing the river and Kezhou, he still dared not let go completely. He called Yao Shu to the Imperial Palace in the middle of the night and said to him, "I only crossed the river, and there was civil strife at home.". God refused to end the protection of Song and let me go north. Now that Bo Yan has crossed the river, I wonder if it will end the fate of the Song Dynasty! Zhao Guanjia has been on earth for 300 years. Fate didn't come to my family, but to them first. So don't despise the Song Dynasty! " Until Ali Hague captured Jiangling, it cut off the connection between Sichuan and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and completely ruled out the hidden danger of "I have nothing if I move up" in Bo Yan. Kublai Khan was relieved and relieved, claiming that "the situation in the southeast is settled", so he happily held a banquet in Beijing to celebrate.

By the end of the eleventh year of the Yuan Dynasty, the Yuan Army set out from Ezhou, went downstream and headed east. The pioneer is and, leading the land and water forces, and then entering. General Song in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, many of them are old subordinates of Lu, so the cities along the river often "fall with the wind" and rely on it. In February of 12th year (1275), Yuan Shi arrived in Chizhou (now Guichi, Anhui).

Since the news of the fall of Ezhou reached Hangzhou, both Song Ting and the DPRK have been shocked. Jia Sidao buried his mother for nearly two months. Empress Xie presided over the court affairs on behalf of the 4-year-old emperor Zhao Xian, and ordered Jia Sidao military forces to resist the Yuan Army. 1275 Just after the Lantern Festival, Jia Sidao led130,000 troops and 2,500 ships to the west and returned to Wuhu (now Anhui) under the Yangtze River. Although he said that "he is determined to win in one line", in fact, he has already made plans to retreat. Before he left, he made an appointment with his cronies and asked them to move Zhao's imperial clan to Qingyuan (now Ningbo, Zhejiang). If he could not sail, he would meet him at sea. He fantasized about following the example of "crossing the sea" in the early years of the Southern Song Dynasty, avoiding Mongolia to get Song Jun's soldiers, waiting for his withdrawal, and then trying to revive.

After starting from Wuhu, Jia Sidao also fantasized about avoiding fighting with the Yuan Army. First of all, I want to get in touch with (Lu's nephew) who recently defected to Yuan, and I want to make peace through two Lu. Then, on the grounds of repatriating captured officers of the Yuan Dynasty, Bo Yan's attitude towards peace talks was directly tested. These two measures failed to take effect, but in early February, they officially sent a peace envoy on the condition of paying tribute. Bo Yan insisted that Jia Sidao be "negotiable" under the Yuan Army account before holding peace talks. In fact, he refused to negotiate with Song. Jia Sidao's wishful thinking all failed, so he "recruited the clippers by stealth" and prepared to escape from the front.

In mid-February, the Yuan Army marched from Chizhou to Dingzhou (in Chizhou, now northeast of Tongling, Anhui Province), where Sun Huchen, the Song striker, was stationed. The Yuan army pushed forward with a crossbow and bombarded the Song Navy with giant guns. Thousands of warships "covered the river" and raided Song Shuiying. Jiang Caifen, the general of the Song vanguard troops, rose to the challenge. Just after the battle, Sun Huchen jumped on the boat of the concubines. When Song Jun saw that the Lord had changed ships, they all shouted "Step Shuai Dunyi"! The water camp of the vanguard army was in a mess and was repeatedly pursued by the Yuan army. The body flowed through the river, and the river turned red.

The Yuan army pursued the victory and approached Xiaguibule Water Array. Xia Gui quit without a fight. He drove the command boat of the rear army to his dirty place in a gondola and shouted to Jia Si, "Others are outnumbered, and the situation is exhausted!" Jia Sidao was "surprised", which made the armies flee; He evacuated to Yangzhou himself to prepare for drifting at sea. 130000 Song Jun suddenly surrendered without a fight. In fact, Yuan Bing arrived at Lugang, where Jia Sidao was stationed the next day (in Dingjiazhou, south of Wuhu, Anhui). At the end of February, Jiankang (now Nanjing, Jiangsu) was taken without fighting. At the beginning of March, I entered Zhenjiang. Dozens of cities around are very arrogant. Yuan army was ordered to rest here. In May, he was called to Que to discuss, and the battle of attacking Song in the southeast was a little intermittent.

In autumn, Zhao Jin and Zhang Zhou were training in Zhenjiang, and Yuan Jun was invited to play. Song navy division "connected to the grass and crossed the river with flags", and every ten ships were a ship with iron locks to show the determination of future generations. At this time, it did not return to the north for pilgrimage. The Yuan Army was commanded by Asu and divided its forces to fight. The Yuan army set fire to Song Shi's tent, and Song Jun was defeated. Zhang Shijie was chased to the sea by the Yuan Army. After the collapse of the Lugang Division and the Zhenjiang water war, there were almost no mobile combat troops available in the Song Dynasty. Except Yangzhou, Thailand to the north of the Yangtze River and Changzhou to the south of the Yangtze River, the Song people basically had no power to carry out large-scale positional warfare against the Yuan Army. The advance of the yuan army in the southeast has become a trend of breaking bamboo.

In August of the 12th year of Zhiyuan, Bo Yan returned to the frontline troops. In November, in order to get rid of Yangzhou's aid, Asu was ordered to stay in Guazhou, and the rest of the soldiers launched a general attack on Song in three ways. On the right, ride from Jiankang to Guang Dejun's Si 'an Town (southwest of Changxing, Zhejiang), flanked by Dushangguan (90 miles northwest of Yuhang, Zhejiang) Lin 'an. On the left, Dong Wenbing and Fan, commander-in-chief of the Southern Song Dynasty, led the navy to sail from Zhenjiang, bypassing Hangzhou Bay. Bo Yan led the central route with 10,000 people, going hand in hand by land and water, along the canal, often in Suzhou, Wuxi, Pingjiang (now Suzhou, Jiangsu) and Jiaxing, and tending to Lin 'an. Changzhou defended the city and resisted, and the Yuan army forced it to kill the city. "Inside and outside the city, the skeleton must be immeasurable. Well, pools, ditches and gullies are all full. There are only 400 women and babies left. "

After the defeat of Lugang, Song Ting "looked at the DPRK with great anxiety" and "cried with remonstrance". But apart from crying, they can't come up with any decent strategy to save the country. Jia Sidao's solution is to let Mimia move to Qingyuan and drift around. Thanks to the queen mother's prohibition. Chen, a colleague, saw the public opinion turn sharply, and quickly turned back and said that he would kill Jia Sidao to thank the world. Queen Xie demoted Jia Sidao to a distant death. On the way, Jia Sidao was killed by the escort. After the strike, Chen presided over the state affairs, reprimanded Wen Tianxiang and Zhang Shijie for their suggestion of fighting the Yuan Army with the teacher of the diligent king, and made peace with Mongolia wholeheartedly. In the last few years of his death, Song Ting made peace with the enemy, which made him suffer an indelible historical shame:

/kloc-in the summer of 0/275, Empress Xie wrote to Lu and Fan, "rebel generals", asking them to mediate and urging a truce and peace.

1276 At the beginning of this year, Liu Yue was sent to Bo Yan Peace Barracks. At this time, the yuan army has arrived in Wuxi. Liu Yue said in tears, "Now the queen mother is old, and the king who succeeded her is young, and she is still mourning for the late emperor. It has been a ritual since ancient times that soldiers do not cut their funeral. I sincerely hope that the Prime Minister will pity us and retreat to the north, so as not to disturb our palace and shake the imperial tomb. How dare you not pay tribute every year and repair it every year! What happened today is indeed that the traitor Jia Sidao broke his promise to you, thus endangering our country! " Although Kublai Khan may still have the intention of making peace at that time, Bo Yan was determined to destroy the Song Dynasty, so he replied categorically: "At the beginning of my accession to the throne, I sent my credentials to make friends with you. Your country is a rogue, and they have detained our special envoy 16 years. This is why we are here to find fault. Last year, he killed Lian Xixian and other envoys sent by North Korea for no reason. Whose fault is this? If your queen mother told me to stop marching, why didn't you learn from wuyue's practice of giving up land, or surrender like South Tang Li Houzhu? You won the world from Chai's children in the second week of the Song Dynasty, but today you lost to the children. It's God's will, why say more? "

Twenty days later, Special Envoy Song said goodbye, claiming that besides the coin, he should also show filial piety as a gift to train his son and nephew. If not, you can call yourself a grandnephew. Nothing more, just sealed a small country to preserve the ancestral temple of the Zhao family. This time, the peace was suspended because Bo Yan's army arrived at the gate of Hangchow.

There was another fraud case before that. It is said that there was a pawnbroker's wife named Zhao Menggui who was accepted as a concubine by Bo Yan. On a whim, Queen Xie sent someone to visit her with a gift, hoping to impress her. The messenger came back and said that Zhao promised to reach a peace treaty. Song Ting was very excited about it, but nothing happened afterwards. A few years later, it was discovered that Zhao had never been rewarded by the imperial court and had never been a concubine. Probably someone used the Song room to make peace, eager to cheat and seize property.

Without moving or discussing peace, the courtiers began to abandon their posts and flee. In fact, this phenomenon is far from beginning in the late Song Dynasty. For this reason, Queen Xie published the list of the imperial court, and the wording almost reached the point of swearing. She said, "Who are you to drag out an ignoble existence like this? How can I meet my ancestors underground when I am dead? " In the first month of the second year of Deyou (1276), the Yuan Army approached Hangzhou. Senior officials left without saying goodbye, even to the point of "staying overnight". On the fifth day of the first month, there were only six civil servants. On 13, there was no one in the sky, and even the lively scene of "crying for land" at the beginning could not be seen.

On the seventeenth night of the first month of this year, Zhao's orphans and widows probably stayed up all night. They decided to present the imperial seal to the Yuan Army for surrender, and the surrender table of the Song Dynasty was ready that night. It's only one year and one day since Jia Sidao began to refuse to destroy the Song Dynasty. A contemporary poet described the scene in the palace that night and said, "Kill six watchmen at random and wait for dawn. The courtiers have written a surrender letter, and the courtiers have signed Xie Daoqing. "

18, Song Feng handed the national seal to Yuan Army Camp outside Lin 'an. Looking for a table "don't be a vassal, still write a song number" was returned.

On 25th, the revised form was delivered to Bo Yan.

On the 26th, Yuan Army entered Hangzhou.