bai dance

Bai nationality is one of the ethnic groups with a long history and developed culture in the southwest frontier of China. As for its ethnic origin, there are "migration theory of Gansu and Qing dynasties" based on literature, "indigenous theory" based on archaeological excavation, and "migration and indigenous integration theory" based on the process of national formation. Although there is no conclusion, it shows that the Bai nationality is an ancient nation. White people call themselves "Bai Zi" and "Baini", but he calls them more. "Kunming" in the Han Dynasty and "Search" after the Three Kingdoms and the Jin Dynasty were all related to the Bai people. Historical records of Tang and Song Dynasties recorded Bai Man, Yuan and Ming Dynasties called Bai Man, and Ming and Qing Dynasties later called Min Jia. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), according to the wishes of the Bai people, in June 65438 +0956 65438 +065438+10, it was officially determined that "Bai" was the national unified name.

The Bai language belongs to the Tibeto-Burman language family of Sino-Tibetan language family, with an undetermined language branch. There is no written language. In the lyrics of folk songs, big Ben songs, operas and folk songs and dances, Chinese characters are often borrowed to remember the vernacular.

Bai people mainly live in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province. Sangzhi County, Hunan Province, Xichang District, Sichuan Province, and Huajie District, Guizhou Province also have a small distribution.

Dali is one of the earliest cultural birthplaces in Yunnan, and also the capital of Nanzhao in Tang Dynasty and Dali in Song Dynasty. According to legend, as early as the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Zhang Shu and Sheng Lan (now Dali) learned classics and fu from them. In the 25th year of Kaiyuan in Tang Dynasty (AD 737), Nanzhao destroyed five imperial edicts and captured Dali City. With the support of the Tang Dynasty, Nanzhao regime was established in Dali area. Since then, Nanzhao frequently sent friendly envoys to the Tang Dynasty, and sent children to Chengdu to study China culture, and a large number of cultural classics were introduced into the Central Plains. Li Bai, Du Fu and Bai Juyi in the Tang Dynasty all recited the History of Nanzhao.

During the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, travelers Kyle Poirot and Xu Xiake came here and wrote their travel notes. Among the painting and sculpture arts, there are the relief of Nanzhao Grottoes in Shi Baoshan, the scroll of Nanzhao Kingdom in Jianchuan and the scroll of Fan Wen in John Zhang, Dali, in which 33 dancers and 17 winged beasts are painted.

In the eighth year of Tianbao of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (AD 749), Feng Jiayi, the king of Nanzhao, brought back from Chang 'an two pieces of Le Hu and Qiuci Le presented by Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty to Nanzhao. In the 16th year of Zhenyuan in Tang Dezong (AD 800), more than 200 people from Wang Yimou of Nanzhao and the Song and Dance Troupe went to Chang 'an to present the sacred music of Nanzhao, and Wei Gao, a metronome expert in Chengdu, wrote "Using the capital of Huangling, dancing 60%, working and praising two people", holding the word "sacred music of Nanzhao" with 28 overtures. The whole Divine Comedy is divided into four parts: the first part is Qiuci, the next part is Drum, the next part is Hu, and the next part is Military Music. "The Divine Comedy is superb in skill and graceful in dance. Tang Dezong studied in Lidetang and gave lectures to Taichang workers. As the banquet was held in the hall, he sat in the palace to play. "(See New Tang Book) Nanzhao Shengfeng Music inherited the traditional music and dance of ancient nationalities in southwest China, and absorbed the music and dance of Central Plains, Northwest China, Myanmar and India (Tianzhu) at the same time, forming a complete song and dance art, which was listed as one of the fourteen songs in the Tang Dynasty (see Tang). It shows that the art of song and dance in Dali area in Tang Dynasty has reached a considerable level.

Bai folk dance was first seen in Fan Chuo's literature in Tang Dynasty. Among them, "The Eighth Barbarian Custom" contains: "Children parade in the hutongs at night, blowing cucurbit silk or leaves, all of which send love words and call each other." This custom is recorded in Ouyang Xiu's Biography of Nanzhao in the New Tang Dynasty, Jing Li's Yunnan Annals in the Yuan Dynasty, Yang Shen's Yunnan Annals in the Ming Dynasty and Hongxue Poems by Zhou Zhilie in the Qing Dynasty.

74 kinds of Bai folk dances were collected. The most representative and widespread is the "overlord whip dance", which not only exists in three kinds of folk activities, such as "Around the Three Souls", "Spring King's First Month" and "Tian", but also has performances in building houses and weddings or festivals. The earliest description of Bai Bawang's whip dance was Duan Wei's Poems of Zhi Zhu in Sanling, which described Bai Bawang's whip and "octagonal drum" in detail. It shows that the overlord whip was popular in Dali area in Qing Dynasty.

White overlord whip has various routines, and there are hundreds of styles of play. In addition to the overlord whip in Dali's Three Souls, the overlord whip in Eryuan County in the first month of spring, the overlord whip in Tianjiale, the overlord whip in Jianchuan Shilong, Yunlong and Binchuan all have their own characteristics.

There are also two kinds of dances, the octagonal drum and the "double flying swallow", which dance with the overlord whip. "Around Three Souls" is only performed near the ancient city of Dali, so these two dances are only circulated around Erhai Lake.

"Li Ge Gao" and "Daya Sasai" are also called "Dago" by Bai people. At present, there is no reliable data to record the time when it came into being. Judging from the content and artistic characteristics of song and dance, it may be related to the nomadic and hunting life of Bai ancestors. For example, Li in Eryuan Xishan is a combination of singing, walking and dancing, with singing as the mainstay and slow movements. Fighting and jumping the queue in Dongshan, Jianchuan is simple and simple. Retained more characteristics of Bai original ecological song and dance.

Dragon and lion dancing is also an ancient Bai folk dance. There are many ancient lakes and rivers in the Bai area. There are not only many myths and legends about dragons, but also many sculptures of dragons in pavilions. In today's Dali, there are still names such as Longshouguan, Longweiguan and Heilongqiao. The Bai dragon dance is unique from modeling to performance. For example, the "dragon dance" of the Bai people in Jianchuan begging for rain is made of willow branches. The dragon dance of Bai nationality in Dali, the dragon head, the dragon body and the dragon tail are not connected with each other, and the dance rotates relatively freely, but it feels seamless from a distance. In the Qing Dynasty's Dali County Records, it was said: "On the Lantern Festival, everyone lights lanterns, there are dragons riding horses, and there are Aoshan operas ... tourists are singing and dancing." It can be seen that dragon dancing was very popular in Dali in Qing Dynasty. Lion dance in Bai area has a long history.

Bai folk dance (including folk activities) is usually performed in three specific situations:

The first is to perform on traditional festivals. There are many folk festivals of the Bai nationality. Besides the traditional festivals that are the same as those of the Han nationality, there are more than 20 festivals unique to the Bai nationality, such as Domination Festival, March Street, Torch Festival, February Worship, Shi Baoshan Song Festival and so on. Almost every month, folk dances and activities such as "White Crane Dance", "Spring Deer Crane", "Phoenix Driving Kirin", "Playing Cow", "Playing Horse" and "Playing Knife" are held in these ethnic festivals.

In the first month of the troubled spring, the white language is called "the one who takes is wise." Spread in Eryuan and Fengxiang.

According to Li Shaogu, an old artist from Baodayi Village, the origin of Naughty Wang's first month was that Zhang Daguan, a member of Baoda who was then the magistrate of Yizhang County in Huguang during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, brought back the "meeting god" he saw there and blended it with local folk customs. Another is to punish parents who have babies in the first month: because babies born in the first month should be conceived in the first year's seedling planting season, and the rural areas require young and strong laborers to go all out to plant seedlings in the awning season, people who do not comply with local regulations should be punished.

The first month that plagues King Chun is usually held on the 14th to 18th day of the first lunar month. The location is often chosen in the country square. Before the activity began, the villagers reported their roles, including hall officer, assistant officer, archer, card handing officer, armor officer, fisherman, firewood, ploughing, reading, industrial and commercial office, mute, Sargam, lotus drop, teacher, fortune teller, god man, Zhai Gong, Zhai Po and the way of the first month-"The King of the Spring", among which, Before the performance begins, first dress up as a funny licensee, beat gongs and drums, walk or ride to the nearby countryside, and call it "the first month of the troubled spring king!" To attract the audience. Except for "welcoming the court official", "interrogating the prisoner" and "reading the imperial edict", the performance sequence is all conducted in different contents and forms, each occupying a venue. The whole village is divided into several venues to perform or perform alternately in the same venue. Every performance has a bully whip, interspersed with dances such as "jumping". Daobai and lyrics are mostly contradictory, or they are amused by homophonic words in Bai language. Performers will take the "prisoners" of the punished families to the hall for trial. After the "prisoner" pleaded guilty, the performance reached a climax.

The first month of the troubled spring is now rare, and there is a tendency to be gradually replaced by fields.

The "Cup Going to the Sun" held by the Nama people of Bai nationality in Lanping County on the eighth to fifteenth day of the second lunar month is also called "February Jump", which is called February Festival in Chinese. It is a large-scale collective song and dance sacrifice activity. Performers should have six sacrifice teachers representing six families, including warriors (called "property reports"), the Golden Temple Goddess disguised as men, Tian Gan, Wu Sangui wearing a red mask, horses wearing a black mask, fairies, fairies and so on. The content of the program is very complicated, which shows the worship of the local Bai people to their masters, heroes and ancestors.

The second is in the farming, planting or harvesting season. For example, Tian is also called "Miao Sai" and Bai is called "Straightening". Promote the cultivation of rice in rural areas of Dali, Eryuan, Jianchuan, Yunlong and Binchuan counties.

Tian's performances are usually held in village squares after transplanting rice seedlings in May of the lunar calendar. Sometimes they are invited to perform in neighboring villages. Its organizers are generally experts in production and are called "Miao officials" and "Deputy Miao officials". Miao official is responsible for the overall arrangement of all the work of Miao competition, and the deputy Miao official is responsible for the life, bookkeeping and income and expenditure accounts of Miao competition.

Tian's performance is used to assigning roles in the team that organizes the seedling competition. Tianjiale in each county has its own characteristics, but the performances are roughly the same. The whole activity, with large scenes and many roles, can reach 80 or 90 people. In addition to Miao Guan and Deputy Miao Guan, there are people who dress up as fishermen, woodcutters, old couples who plow fields, dumb people and Sargam, as well as farmers, teachers, people engaged in small industries and vendors who dress up as buffaloes, oxen, lazy people who dig fields. And the girl who beat the overlord whip. Before the performance, Miao Guan wore a hat made of Miao with flowers on the top, a jacket, a tall horse, sandals on his left foot and cloth shoes on his right foot, and the groom led the horse forward. A large group of people walked from one village to another, singing while walking, and marched to the central square for intensive performances.

Tian's performance used the language, music, costumes and props of the Bai people. During the performance, drums were blaring, such as "arranging a team", "planting seedlings", "swinging a dragon's tail", "flying dragons to heaven" and "bees crossing the river". Folk dances such as overlord whip, white crane dance, horse racing, dry boat and clam dance are interspersed around the square. Play all kinds of farming activities and performers, and sing with Bai's "Blowing the Chamber". The lyrics are humorous and vivid, the performance is vivid, and the atmosphere is warm and cheerful. Taking "farming" as the main content, the wife of the old man who tills the field (disguised as a man) makes people laugh. All the activities of the field include the whole process of rice planting and transplanting, which shows the rich farming culture of the Bai people and fully reflects the cheerful and optimistic character of the Bai people and their desire to have a bumper harvest and a prosperous livestock.

There is also a kind of farmhouse music, which directly runs through productive labor, such as the "seedling door opening" activity in rural Dali. Opening the seedling door is also called "seedling planting competition". Before the game, the flag was planted in the venue, and the suona drum played with the music. After the competition started, the laggards were easily blocked in the rice fields by transplanting experts. At this time, some people who play suona went down to the field and played suona behind him to show their urging.

Dali Tianjiale combines labor production with entertainment activities. As a folk activity, it is increasingly loved by the Bai people.

The third is to perform in religious ceremonies. Bai people believe in wizards, gods, Taoism and Buddhism, so there are many sacrificial ceremonies and religious ceremonies. The largest scale is the main sacrifice activity. Worship to the Lord is the traditional ideology of the Bai nationality, and there are still worship activities in the villages of the Bai nationality. When welcoming or offering sacrifices to our Lord, some temple fairs are quite lively, combining "riding a horse" to pray for good weather and "playing with cows" to pray for a bumper harvest, singing and dancing, accompanied by suona gongs.

Witchcraft dance in Dali is associated with the worship of the Lord and the custom of "receiving aunt Jin". Generally, two or more wizards can dance with more than ten people, echoing each other. In the process of dancing, onlookers can join in singing and dancing, and there are certain procedures. It used to be a relationship between a wizard and an apprentice. When dancing, the wizard also took his apprentice and held a single-sided flat drum (locally called sheepskin drum). The wizard's actions are simple, rude and single. The witch swings her hips, looks around, or leans over or leans back. Witchcraft dances in Jianchuan are usually performed in this main temple, with witches and gods performing on the same stage. There are many stylized movements in the dance, such as "fork incense on the chest", "double throwing incense", "wrapping flowers inside and outside" and "double throwing flowers". Eryuan witch dance can be roughly divided into two situations: one is the occasion of village sacrifice; The second is family sacrifice. Family sacrifice has the steps of receiving the soul, searching for the bottom, asking the soul, answering the soul and sending it away. Now wizards only have individual activities in remote villages.

Buddhism in Dali is divided into Mahayana and Hinayana, which are different from tantric Buddhism and Zen Buddhism. During Nanzhao period in Tang Dynasty, Tani religion was popular in Dali, and Zen was introduced into Dali at the end of Song Dynasty and the beginning of Yuan Dynasty. At present, Buddhist music and dance in Buddhist sacrificial activities are only spread in Eryuan, Jianchuan, and in towns such as Feng, Ironmaking, Southern Yunnan, Shaxi and Jinhua. There are several kinds of dances, such as "circling the altar", "vase flower dance", "flower treasure flower dance", "lotus lantern dance" and "sword dance", which are mostly performed in the main hall of temples or religious families.

There is also totem worship and primitive nature worship in mountainous areas. For example, the Chinese translation of "building a high pot" in Dada Township of Yunlong Changxin District is "funeral dance" or "coffin dance". The dancers are all young men, holding hands in a circle, in which coffins are parked and candles are lit in front and above. In the dim candlelight, the dancers rotate counterclockwise, with moderate rhythm and tragic atmosphere. This kind of dance contains the religious color of "immortal soul".

Bai folk dance has a deep foundation and is worthy of being a treasure of Bai traditional culture.

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