psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis is a method of treating neurosis founded by Austrian medical scientist Freud.

The central concept of his theory is unconsciousness; Desires and conflicts that do not conform to social norms are suppressed and still affect consciousness unconsciously, which can be manifested as neurotic symptoms. Psychoanalysis is a set of theories and techniques developed from the clinical practice of neurosis, and it is the most profound and meticulous investigation of human psychological structure in history.

Psychoanalysis can solve symptoms on the surface, but in essence it combs the whole spiritual history of people in the analysis, so as to face the symptoms directly and rebuild the self-renewal of personality. Psychoanalysis is the official beginning of the whole psychological consultation and treatment, and Freud is the originator of today's psychological counselors.

Before 1980s, psychoanalysis had a solid position in the field of psychological service. With the development of behaviorism, humanism and cognitive psychology, the position of psychoanalysis in psychological counseling began to waver, but this does not mean the decline of psychoanalysis.

Because each school has certain defects, today's psychological counselors often absorb the advantages of various methods (psychoanalysis is still an important method) and use them flexibly to better serve people's hearts.

What does psychoanalytic psychology inspire design psychology?

J.A. Schellenberg, a professor of social psychology at the University of West Michigan, even regarded Siegmundt Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, as the first master of social psychology in the 20th century. However, if we examine the contents of contemporary social psychology in detail, we will find that psychoanalytic theory seems to lack a broader connection with contemporary social psychology knowledge. Psychoanalytic theory can't find its place in the substantive explanation of many social psychological phenomena or social behaviors. In contemporary social psychology, we see more explanations of social psychology and social behavior from behaviorism, social learning theory and social cognitive theory. So, what is the basis of psychoanalysis as an important theoretical school of social psychology? Chaplin and Krakow thought: "Freud's contribution to social psychology is limited" [1](P578). So, does the whole psychoanalytic school also lack its contribution to social psychology? In other words, does psychoanalytic theory, like other schools of psychology, mainly belong to psychology rather than social psychology? Obviously, it is extremely risky to simply deny the social psychological value of psychoanalysis theory. Indeed, psychoanalysis has nothing to do with social psychology at first, and it is even just a treatment for mental illness. However, the founder and later representatives of this school did not make this theory just stay at the level of personality psychology research, but started with paying attention to social and cultural phenomena closely related to human psychological activities. Psychoanalysis has gradually embarked on the road of social psychology, and the psychoanalytic movement has involved a large number of social psychological problems for decades. It can be said that psychoanalysis is the schools of psychology with the most social psychological significance among various schools of psychological theory. There are two main reasons why psychoanalysis theory lacks its due influence on social psychology in the contemporary social psychology system except individual socialization theory and attitude theory. First, the most important reason is that with the establishment of social psychology experimental methods, the research focus of social psychology has also shifted, which makes the establishment of psychoanalytic social psychology experimental methods and the research focus of social psychology shift. This deviation makes psychoanalytic social psychology gradually marginalized from the knowledge of contemporary social psychology. Compared with contemporary scientific social psychology, which fully respects the principle of positivism, psychoanalytic social psychology is extremely backward. However, we will soon see that contemporary social psychology's rejection of humanistic orientation, including psychoanalysis, makes the road of social psychology narrower and narrower. Second, for a long time, psychoanalytic theory lacks a summary of social psychology. Psychoanalysis, as a theoretical school, is rich and complex, including both the exploration of general psychological motives and the study of abnormal psychological processes. Many social psychology topics are intertwined with these contents. Before they were "translated" from psychoanalytic discourse into modern social psychology language, people often ignored their social psychology value. Therefore, a century after psychoanalysis was founded, we rediscover the topic of social psychology in psychoanalytic theory, and its significance is obvious. This can not only systematically summarize the historical contribution of psychoanalysis to social psychology, but also, more importantly, examine the unique stand, viewpoint and method of humanistic psychology represented by psychoanalysis theory. In order to obtain the enlightenment to the methodological significance of contemporary social psychology. Secondly, psychoanalysis, the four major topics of social psychology of psychoanalysis, is a very large and complex theoretical school in terms of its content. The theoretical viewpoints of different representatives in different historical periods are very different. It is difficult for us to estimate how many specific problems of social psychology are involved in all psychoanalytic theories. However, we have summarized the theoretical contents of various psychoanalytic theorists with the essential significance of social psychology, and found that psychoanalytic theory at least includes the following four social psychology topics. One of the topics is: the psychological root of social and cultural phenomena. Studying the psychological roots of social and cultural phenomena is a basic task of early social psychology. For example, E.A. Ross pointed out: "Social psychology studies the psychological place and psychological current produced by human union." Thomas believes that social psychology is a general science to study the subjective aspects of social and cultural phenomena [2](P 1-2). Like these social psychology propositions, psychoanalysis theory is also involved in the field of social psychology by exploring the psychological roots of social and cultural phenomena. In 2003, Freud published his most confident book since The Interpretation of Dreams was published. The publication of this book marks the beginning of psychoanalysis in the course of social psychology. In this book, Freud extended Oedipus complex to the explanation of social and cultural phenomena. He pointed out: "The origins of religion, morality, society and art are all related to Oedipus complex. This coincides with the fact that the same complex in psychoanalytic research constitutes the core of mental illness. [3] (p192-193) Freud believes that the worship of totem by primitive humans is the emotional expression of Oedipus complex that appears in our children today. Because he believed that in human childhood, primitive people lived in such a state that a violent and jealous father took all the women for himself and expelled his adult son. One day, the deported sons banded together to kill and swallow their father. Then the sons regretted it, and the sense of guilt made them make two commandments, (1) offering sacrifices to some totem animal symbolizing their father; (2) Break off the relationship with the woman who caused their conflict with their father. This is the origin of primitive totem worship and exogamy. In short, morality, religion, art and all civilized systems all originated from some kind of psychological motivation-here is the Oedipus complex. From this psychological motivation, Freud got the explanation of the origin of the most basic cultural phenomenon in human society. Freud's thought was in his eldest disciple (who later parted ways with him).

What is psychoanalysis?

Anesthetic psychotherapy

Psychoanalysis, also known as psychoanalysis, is generally marked by a study on hysteria published by Freud and Bluel in 1895.

I. Theoretical basis

1. Subconscious theory: Freud divided people's whole psychological activities into three parts: consciousness, pre-consciousness and subconscious.

2. Personality structure theory: Personality consists of ID, ego and superego.

3.*** Theory: Freud believed that all human behaviors were driven by sexual forces. The development of sexual psychology has gone through five stages in turn:

(1) Infant period * * *, including oral period and * * * period; About 1-2 years old

(2) childhood, including Oedipus and Oedipus complex; Age 3-6 years old.

(3) incubation period * * *, also known as early adolescence; The age is 6- 12 years old.

(4) Adolescence * * *, which is satisfied by normal sexual behavior.

4. Revision of psychoanalytic theory

The first revision was at the beginning of this century, and Adler and Jung's revision focused on the theory of infant * * * *; The second revision was made in 1930s-1940s, with Sullivan, Hani, Fromm and Eriksson as the representatives, and neo-Freudianism was founded.

Two. Consultation method

1. Basic principle: Psychoanalysis mainly focuses on the real causes and significance of symptoms that visitors don't know. By tapping the subconscious psychological process, they can be parried into the scope of consciousness, so that visitors can truly understand the true meaning of symptoms, and then symptoms can disappear.

2. Counseling objectives: First, make the subconscious conscious, and make the subconscious conflict superficial, so as to help visitors re-recognize themselves or rebuild their personality; The second is to help visitors overcome subconscious conflicts.

3. Consulting relationship: emphasize the hidden role of the consultant and let the visitors put their emotions into the consultant.

4. Consultation process: generally divided into preparation period, preparation treatment period and treatment period 1-3.

5. Specific methods: Generally, typical methods and strategies such as free association, empathy, resistance and explanation are adopted.

Among them, dream interpretation is an important method of psychoanalysis, and "dream work" includes the following six laws:

(1) Symbolization: (1) Symbolization: use a neutral thing to symbolize and replace a taboo thing to alleviate or cause the pain or trauma of the self in the dream.

(2) Displacement: In dreams, the emotions of one object are transferred and put into another object.

(3) Cohesion: In my dream, several objects I love or hate are condensed into an image.

(4) Projection: projecting some bad wishes or ideas to others in dreams to reduce self-condemnation.

(5) Deformation: Subconscious desires or ideas are expressed in other or even opposite forms in dreams.

(6) Secondary processing

Three. Contribution and limitation

Psychoanalysis theory is the earliest developed psychological counseling model, which emphasizes the important role of subconscious in behavior and the significance of psychosomatic development in infancy. Some methods and technologies created have made positive contributions. It provides reference for the establishment of many new theories. However, because this method must be implemented by specially trained consultants, it needs to pay more time and energy to visitors, which limits its popularization; The role of one's own subconscious mind, which overemphasizes the development of infancy, especially the sexual experience of infancy, has limited this theory.