Ask the great god to help me explain the terms in general psychology! ! ! You can add points! ! !

But please step on the city first and send you resources right away. If you don't step on it, you won't send resources

Hello, everyone, today I send you a summary of the definitions of small welfare and general psychology, hoping to help you.

In the only time left before the postgraduate entrance examination, I will share some little knowledge with you and wish you good results in the exam ~

The first chapter is introduction.

The object of psychological research: (psychological process &; Personality)

The research object of psychology is the law of human psychological phenomena.

1 psychological activity process (regularity and commonality)/psychological process

The process of psychological activity includes three processes: 1) cognitive process (knowing) feeling, perception, memory, thinking and imagination 2) emotional process 3) will process (meaning) from the inside out.

2 personality psychological characteristics/personality (uniqueness leads to differences)

1) Personality psychological tendency/personality tendency

2) Psychological characteristics of personality: 1. Ability 2. Temperament III. Personality

Chapter II Physiological Part

1 Operating conditioned reflex: p57 is a conditioned reflex, which can only be strengthened by some activities and operations of animals themselves.

2 reflex: the regular response of the body to internal and external environmental stimuli with the participation of the central nervous system.

3 conditioned reflex: it is based on unconditional reflex and is a temporary nerve.

4 sensory adaptation: it is the tendency of the sensory system to reduce its response to continuous stimuli.

Chapter III Consciousness

1 reflection: the process of leaving traces after the interaction of substances.

Consciousness: based on psychological activities such as feeling, perception, memory and thinking, people perceive and understand their own peace of mind and changes in the external environment as a whole system.

How many levels of consciousness does p78 have?

Chapter IV Attention

1. Definition of attention: the direction and concentration of people's psychological activities on an object. It is the common feature of people's psychological activities (psychological process): action or behavior (psychological characteristics)

2 (Exam 9802) Pay attention after intention: there is a predetermined purpose in advance, and there is no need to pay attention.

3 (Question 99) Intentional attention: Those who need to work hard must pay attention to the predetermined purpose in advance. (Take purpose and effort as two dimensions)

4(00 questions) Attention stability: the time when people's attention stays on the same object (narrow sense) or activity (broad sense).

5(96 questions) Attention span: You can clearly grasp the number of objects appearing at the same time.

6 attention distribution: point your attention to different objects at the same time.

7 divert attention: more new tasks, take the initiative to shift attention from one object to another or in a broad sense.

The fifth chapter feeling

1 sensation: the psychological activity caused by the individual attributes of objects acting on the human brain through sensory organs.

2 Sensitivity (02 questions): people's ability to feel stimulation. Explain the corresponding relationship between psychological quantity and physical quantity.

Sensory threshold: an index to measure the sensitivity of human sensory system.

Absolute sensory threshold: the minimum stimulus intensity that can cause sensation.

5 Differential sensory threshold: the minimum difference of perceivable stimuli, corresponding to differential sensitivity.

6. laws of psychophysics: (1) Weber's law: ⊿I/I=K (2) Fechner's law S=klgI+C (3) Steven's law φ = ks (b power) b is given by the subjects.

7 Sensory threshold measurement method: (1) minimum change method t =σ(t =+t←)/2n(2) right and wrong method (3) average error method (4) signal quality difference method (p 137).

Chapter VI Perception (key chapter)

1 perception: the overall reflection of the human brain on various parts and attributes of objective things that directly act on sensory organs (generated on the basis of sensation and reflected after sensory integration).

2 Perceptual characteristics: 1) Perceptual wholeness: According to people's own knowledge and experience, people integrate various attributes of objective things that directly affect their senses into a unified overall organizational processing process.

Gestalt Law A: Approximation Law B: Similarity Law C: Continuity Law

2) Perceptual selectivity: A process in which people have more current needs and selectively regard external stimuli as perceptual objects.

3) Perceptual understanding: the organizational processing process in which people process perceived things based on knowledge and experience and summarize them in language.

Factors affecting perceptual understanding: A. Existing knowledge and experience B. Speech instruction

4) Perceptual constancy (Test 02): The organizational processing process in which people maintain the relatively stable characteristics of objective things within a certain range without changing the perceptual conditions.

Classification: size, brightness, color, shape and direction p 180

3 spatial perception (98 questions): perception of spatial characteristics such as shape, size, distance and orientation of objects.

1) distance perception: people's perception of the distance or depth of an object. (divided into three types)

First, monocular visual clues: (test site) 1 occlusion 2 line perspective 3 air perspective 4 movement level difference 5 structure level difference 6 lightness 7 up and down

Second, binocular clues: 1, lens adjustment 2 binocular visual axis to assist binocular parallax.

2) Orientation perception: people's perception of the spatial relationship of objects and their own position in space. (visual and auditory)

Binaural cues: auditory cues that cause spatial perception are obtained from both ears (1 time difference, 2 intensity difference, 3 acoustic potential difference).

Motion perception: people's perception of the displacement of objects in space. p 197

6 kinds of motion perception: perceiving a stationary object as moving in a certain time and space, or perceiving it as continuous displacement rather than continuous displacement)

7 illusion: the human brain's incorrect and distorted perception of objective things. Time perception: people's reflection on the continuity and order of objective material phenomena.

Chapter VII Memory (Key Chapter)

The meaning of memory

1. Definition is the maintenance and reproduction of past experience, and it is the reflection of past experience by human brain. Memory is a process.

2. Memory process (three links)

(1) remember (learn) ~ ~ the process of distinguishing and remembering things, so as to accumulate total knowledge and experience.

(2) Strengthening the process of maintaining and consolidating the acquired knowledge and experience (review).

(3) Recognition or memory A. Recognition: things perceived in the past reappear in front of your eyes, feel familiar, and know exactly the process of recalling the past.

B. Memories: Things that have been experienced in the past are not in front of our eyes, but in our minds.

Two. Interpretation of other terms

1 Semantic memory: memory in the form of concept, judgment and reasoning, with the relationship between things and the meaning and nature of things themselves as its content. (97 questions)

(2) Situational memory: memory with the time experienced by an individual at a certain time and place as the memory content (97 questions).

3. Emotional memory: a memory with experienced emotions as its content. 4. Sports memory: a memory with past actions or body movements as its content.

Image memory: memory with the content of perceiving the image of things.

6 Declarative memory: p246 (long-term memory) is a kind of factual memory, which refers to people's memory of factual materials. Procedural memory: people's memory of skills and sequential activities.

7 Active suppression: the existing old information affects the extraction of new information. Reverse suppression: new information interferes with the extraction of old information.

Characteristics of short-term memory: initiative; Easy to extract; The storage order is the same as the presentation order; Limited capacity.

9 Extraction: Looking for information from long-term memory. Memory is the immediate extraction of materials from long-term memory; Cognition refers to having a clear understanding of whether something has been encountered or studied before.

10 forgetfulness, unable to extract information from memory, the reasons include: memory trace decline, interference, depression (motivation).

1 1 In the information processing model, sensory registration refers to psychological representation (appearance, sound, etc. ) remains very short (less than 1 sec) after the perceptual stimulus disappears. Psychological representation is the internal model of stimulus or a stimulus.

Chapter VIII Expression and Imagination

1 image: the image of the perceived thing appears in the human brain. Imagination: the process of creating a new image by processing and transforming the existing image. (97 questions)

2. Creating imagination: the process of creating new images independently without relying on ready-made descriptions. (96 questions)

3 Re-create imagination: the process of forming a new image in people's minds according to other people's oral descriptions or graphic gestures (98 questions)

4 random imagination: it is a purposeful and conscious imagination and a conscious form of activity. (Question 99) includes: re-creation and random imagination and fantasy.

Memory representation: it is basically a simple representation of the image of things perceived in the past. Virtual image: a new image produced by processing, transforming and reorganizing the old image. (00 questions)

6 fantasy: an imagination that is connected with the desire of life and points to the future. (0 1) has three forms: scientific fantasy, ideal and fantasy.

7 ideal: a positive fantasy that conforms to the law of development of things and is possible to realize.

Inspiration: refers to the psychological state when creative activities are close to breakthrough (one of the conditions for developing creative imagination).

Chapter 9 Thinking (key chapter)

A noun about thinking

1 thinking: the indirect generalized reflection of the objective reality by the human brain. It is a rational cognitive process to know the essential characteristics and internal laws of things in time with the help of words.

Definition of cognitive perspective: refers to the psychological representation of things and the psychological operation of these representations.

Action thinking: thinking based on actual actions. Image thinking: thinking based on the concrete image and representation of things.

Abstract thinking: thinking in the form of concept, judgment and reasoning.

3 Aggregation thinking: the thinking of aggregating various galaxies to give real answers in one direction.

Divergent thinking: Starting from one goal, explore multiple answers along different paths. (according to the exploration target)

4 creative thinking: the thinking process of solving problems in a novel and unique way. Conventional thinking: the thinking of solving problems with the fixed mode of existing experience (category III)

Second, the related contents of the concept &; Other nouns

1 concept: the human brain reflects the general and essential characteristics of real objects or phenomena and is the basic unit of thinking.

Cognitive definition: it is a psychological representation of objects, ideas or events with common attributes.

2 formation process: (1) abstraction (2) classification (3) differentiation (abbreviated as CAD)

3 problem: It contains the goals that individuals face obstacles, which can neither be identified nor solved with past knowledge or patterns.

4 problem solving: it is a cognitive process of transforming a situation into another situation that meets a certain purpose.

Features: (1) Clear purpose (2) A series of operating procedures (3) Participation in thinking cognitive procedures.

5 problem space, the sum of three states. The process of problem solving is the process from the initial state to the intermediate state and finally to the target state.

Chapter 10 Speech (it may not be important, just a test noun)

1 Speech: People's use of language in communication is a process in which individuals transmit information through language. (96 questions)

2 Voice function: 1) Communication function 2) Symbol function 3) Summary function

Speech features: 65,438+0) Purpose 2) Openness 3) Regularity 4) Difference 5) Sociality and individuality (abbreviation: sociality (shooting) and separation (five))

3 The difference between speech and language: See Notes (Question 97) for details.

Speech comprehension: the process of understanding semantics through personal experience based on the material surgery of perceiving language. 99 test questions (the understanding of word meaning, sentence meaning and expressive meaning are three levels)

5 Speech perception: (Possible test sites) People accept the information provided by written materials through the visual system and make real judgments and distinctions on words.

6 monologue speech: a speech activity conducted by one person alone. Requirements (1 coherent, rigorous, complete and logical; 2 Not supported; 3 is planned in advance) 02 questions.

7 Internal speech: (possible test sites) A speech activity (hidden and simple) when asking and answering questions and thinking for yourself.

Chapter 11 Emotion &; mood

summary

1 Emotion and Emotion: Emotion is a subjective experience of people's attitude towards objective things and a reflection of whether people's needs are met.

2.( 1) The narrow and broad interpretation of emotion

Narrow sense of emotion: refers to the temporary strong attitude experience when an organism/individual is stimulated by the living environment, regardless of whether the physiological needs are met or not.

B generalized emotion: people's attitude towards objective things (including emotions)

(2) the narrow and broad interpretation of emotion

Emotion in a narrow sense: the complex and stable attitude experience of human (animal emotion) and social needs.

B generalized emotions (including emotions): people's attitudes and experiences towards objective things (as defined above).

Second, emotional examples

1 Emotion: People's emotions are a persistent and weak emotional state, which will affect people's entire emotional activities. (Features: Dragon; Weak; Non-directional, diffuse)

2 Passion: (00 questions) is a strong, short-lived and explosive emotional state of people (characteristics: obvious external performance; The attack is short and impulsive, but it will soon weaken; The directivity is obvious)

Stress: (96 questions) refers to the emotional state of people in unexpected tension and critical situations. Stress often occurs when they encounter dangerous situations and have to make important decisions.

Three emotional examples

1 moral sense: 02 exam questions an emotional experience when a person evaluates his or her own or others' behaviors, thoughts and intentions according to certain social behavior standards.

Sense of reason: 98 questions when people evaluate the results of cognitive activities, that is, the emotional experience during people's activities in Chile.

It is closely related to the acquisition of human cognitive achievements, the satisfaction of needs and interests, the exploration and pursuit of truth, and the solution of thinking tasks.

3 aesthetic feeling: the subjective experience of beauty is people's subjective experience of the beautiful characteristics of objective things or objects. When people with certain aesthetics evaluate the beauty of external things,

A feeling of pleasure, affirmation, admiration and satisfaction.

Chapter 12 will (not important) but we will have a look at it then.

1 will: a person consciously determines the purpose, controls and adjusts his behavior according to the purpose, and overcomes various difficulties to achieve the purpose.

2 Will Action: (00 questions) Will-led action. (Generally speaking, when talking about subjective initiative, blow p369 a little more.)

Motivation struggle: the process of weighing various motives, evaluating their social value, and eliminating the internal will obstacle when various motives are contradictory.

4 several forms of motivation struggle: a two-way conflict (approach-approach type): a person is attracted to two things at the same time, and the attraction of the two things is roughly the same, and the conflict is between the two goals.

B. Avoidance-Avoidance conflict: A person is rejected by two things at the same time, but he must choose between these two avoidant goals.

C. avoiding conflict: being attracted and rejected by the same thing, on the one hand, pursuing good, on the other hand, avoiding evil.

D. Multiple avoidance of conflict: A person is attracted and repelled by two things at the same time, that is, faced with two choices, no matter which one he chooses, he has both likes and dislikes.

5 Yerkes-dodson Law (p38 1 test center): A moderate level of motivation is efficient.

Chapter 13 Skills (should not be the focus)

1 skill: a certain way of action or intellectual activity formed by people through practice by using existing experience.

2 Cognitive skills: it is a mental (intellectual) activity system that carries out cognitive activities in the mind with the help of internal words. 98 questions

3 Action Skills: p396 is a system consisting of a series of external actions. (to be read to deepen understanding) 02 examination questions

4. Open action skill: the skill that the action changes with the change of external environment. Closed ... naturally refers to skills that can be carried out without reference to environmental factors.

Exercise: the process of psychological activity that is repeated for the purpose of mastering a certain action or activity.

Motion curve: refers to the chart of the changes in the efficiency of action and thinking activities that occur in many continuous exercises.

Psychomotor ability: the ability to coordinate feelings with hands and feet.

Chapter 14 Personality and disposition (most important) The following chapters often test big questions! !

1. Personality: A person's whole psychological outlook is the sum of various psychological characteristics with certain tendencies. 97,01test questions

Sexual orientation: it is the basic driving force of people's economic activities, including needs, motives, interests and ideals. But demand is the source.

3 Needs: refers to the reflection of individual's physical and psychological requirements in the mind, and is the basic driving force of individual behavior and activities p445.

1) social demand: people form a demand in society to maintain social existence and development.

2) Physiological needs: the needs of individuals to maintain life and continue their offspring.

4 motivation: the reason for acting to achieve a certain goal. (98 questions)

The condition of motivation: (1) The internal condition is inevitability; (2) The external condition is the environment (inducement)

Social motivation: originated from social needs, corresponding to people's social needs.

1) high level: achievement motivation (to meet the needs of self-esteem) and communication motivation (to meet the needs of belonging and love)

2) Low level: curious exploration and manipulation (these are defined in p462)

Interest: Interest is the psychological tendency of individuals to know something or engage in certain activities, and it is an extension of needs. 00 exam questions

Indirect interest refers to being interested in the results of activities, which requires will and effort.

7 Ideal is the individual's yearning for and pursuit of possible goals in the future.

Faith is a personality tendency that firmly believes in the correctness of a certain point of view and dominates one's actions.

World outlook is a belief system and a fundamental view of the world.

Chapter 15 Temperament (these chapters are relatively few, but they are also the key points)

Personality refers to the continuous pattern of thinking, emotion and behavior in different situations. (including temperament, character, character)