How does polygamy live? The real life of polygamy

There was this kind of polygamy in ancient times, and now there is actually this kind of marriage system, which still exists in African countries. What about the national culture? How does polygamy live? Let's take a look together.

National culture? How does polygamy live?

What is the sex life under polygamy?

( 1)

In ancient China, monogamy was essentially polygamy, which was gradually standardized in the form of system after the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Polygamy is mainly practiced among slave owners, nobles and bureaucrats. Of course, they can play with female slaves at will, but that has nothing to do with marriage. Female slaves are not even concubines, but tools for men to vent and abandon. Polygamy existed among the people at that time, but it was not common. Even if there are concubines, there will not be many. But polygamy of emperors, nobles and bureaucrats is often stipulated in the form of official system. For example, there is a sentence in the last paragraph of the Book of Rites: "The ancient emperor had six palaces, three concubines, nine concubines, twenty-seven concubines and eighty-one emperors."

"Zhou Li" says: "The internal slaughter teaches the six palaces to be yin." Zheng Sinong notes: "A lewd ceremony is a woman's ceremony. The sixth house is the last and the first house. There are 120 people in WangZhifei: the last one, three ladies, nine ladies, twenty-seven ladies and eighty-one ladies. "

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the number of wives and concubines of the monarch increased from several hundred to several hundred thousand. Mencius' Dedicated Chapter says: "Before meals, the abbot serves hundreds of concubines." Zhao Qi pointed out: "There are many concubines, hundreds of them. "Mozi Ci Guo pian" says: "Today's monarch, his livestock are also private. A big country is tired of women, and a small country is tired. "Guanzi Xiaokuangpian" says: "(Qi)" xianggong "is standing on the high platform drinking. Tian Zhuge, who does not listen to national politics, is humble and humiliated, while women respect him; Nine concubines and six wives, and thousands of Chen concubines; Eating must be meat, clothes must be embroidered, Rong's frozen hunger, Rong's treatment of the disadvantages of travel, Rong's treatment: advocating outstanding dwarfs first, sages later; Therefore, the country is not getting longer and longer. "The Biography of Xun Shuang in the Later Han Dynasty says:" In the season of three generations, there is no chastity. There are hundreds of Chen Aoe in the palace. Yang exhausts in the upper part, while Yin leaves in the lower part. "It can be seen that polygamy and indulgence of emperors and nobles in this period have been very serious.

The Zhou dynasty began to establish a ritual system, which not only stipulated the number of wives and concubines of emperors, governors and doctors, but also stipulated the time and order of sharing rooms. At that time, people liked to use celestial bodies, yin and yang, and calendars to determine the order of things. Even the order in which concubines sleep with emperors and nobles is determined by the rise and fall of the moon. From the first day to the fifteenth day of each month, the moon will gradually become round, and then it will gradually become out of round at the fifteenth day. According to this rule, from grade one to fifteen, girls with lower status begin to enter higher positions, while from sixteen to thirty, they are gradually arranged from higher positions to lower positions.

The details are as follows: from the first day to the ninth day, there are eighty-one imperial women, and there are nine people in a round every night; From 10 to 12, the 27th wife, 9 people for a round every night; The thirteenth round of the ninth round; The third lady of round 14; 15, the queen. Sixteenth, the queen; 17. Third Lady; Eighteen, nine wives; From 19 to 2 1, wife No.27, 9 people in a round every night; From 22nd to 30th, eighty-one wives get married, and nine people take turns every night. This hard and fast rule may be to prevent concubines from competing for favor. In fact, some emperors did not necessarily strictly follow this rule.

Another way of saying it is that the queen sleeps with the son of heaven every night and takes a day off every five days. At this time, other concubines make up the position, so it takes 45 days for nine concubines to finish their rounds. The concubines below the wife in the world must wait on the son of heaven with nine wives, not alone.

This five-day patrol system was also adopted by the governors of the Zhou Dynasty. The vassal * * * has nine wives, one of whom is also divided into four groups: A, B, C and D. Every night, in addition to accompanying his wife, he has to accompany two wing rooms. Usually, the side room under the age of 50 has the right to sleep, because this kind of woman still has the ability to get pregnant; You can't sleep with the Lord over 50. But this is limited to the side room, and the wife (main room) is not limited by age, and can always get along with her husband day and night, advancing and retreating together. The doctor only has two concubines together, taking three days as a round; There can only be one with the gentry. There is a strict distinction between the qualifications of a wife and a concubine. Under normal circumstances, a wife can stay with her husband from night till the next morning, while a concubine must leave after the Lord falls asleep at midnight.

Because the order of the son of heaven and his empresses sleeping in the same room is complicated, an official named "female history" came into being to master it.

Women's history will make concubines wear rings made of different materials, such as gold, silver and copper, to identify their identity and determine the order of serving the son of heaven; At the same time, record their daily words and deeds as a reference for future replenishment. During menstruation, concubines must paint red on both sides of their cheeks to show their physiological condition. According to research, the custom of applying rouge is gradually formed, because later people think that women with red cheeks are more beautiful.

A prominent manifestation of polygamy in ancient times was the concubine system.

The origin of the marriage system is very early. It is a transitional form in the evolution from foreign marriage to pairing marriage in primitive society, that is, "a man who has been married for a long time has the right to marry his sister who reaches a certain age." In the book Dead Son, it is speculated that Yao married two women as Shun, and that "the wife is the emperor and the wife is the English", which is generally credible. This system means that when a woman marries, she must marry her nephew and slave with the same surname. "Wei Li Wedding" Note: "In ancient times, when you married a woman, you must follow the taste of your nephew, so it was called." "Yi Guimei" says: "Guimei is a product, but she is lucky to be lame." It is a good thing to think that you can walk with your shoes on, just like limping.

During the Spring and Autumn Period, the rulers of various countries implemented the "Qi" system. For example, The Book of Songs, Daya Hanyi: "Han Hou marries a wife ... everything follows." In July, "the woman is sad and her son almost goes home together", which is also called marriage.

About 15 poems interpret the word "return" in the Book of Songs as "getting married". Wang Xianqian and Yao Jiheng in Qing Dynasty interpreted "childe" as the daughter of the prince. The main idea of the poem is that the girls are suddenly sad when picking mulberry, and I am afraid that they will be photographed in front of him by a microscope. During the Warring States period, the social system changed greatly and the marriage system declined. The marriage custom of wife's death and wife's sister's remarriage is a legacy of the marriage system.

Concubine is the so-called little wife, wing, wing. "Gu Liangchuan Xi Gong Jiu Nian": "Don't be a concubine." Hui Yuan: "If I take it, I can meet a gentleman but not a husband and wife." Concubines are usually women from the lower classes. "Book of Rites Ji Fang Jian Zheng" says: "The concubine buyer is the same as the public property because of the time."

In addition, any woman who has not been scolded by the media is also called a concubine. The Book of Rites holds that "runners are concubines". They suffer from social discrimination. "Their parents are very cheap."

Although there are some historical reasons for the emergence of concubine system, it has long advocated its abolition because it is a very unreasonable marriage system. For example, the Book of Changes Ge Gua said: "Fire and water are mutually beneficial. Two women live together, but their ambitions are different, so they are skins. " However, this weak voice did not have much effect at that time, and it was even more difficult to achieve practical results.

There are many reasons for polygamy in this period:

First, it is the complete collapse of matriarchal system and the extension of male power. Men regard women as private property. Since they are private property, of course, the more the better.

Second, the result of tribal wars and slave use. Private ownership has triggered a much wider and fiercer predatory war than in the past. Through the war, a large number of women and children have always been slaves and arbitrarily occupied by the victorious countries.

Third, the indulgence of the ruling class regards women as playthings, and at the same time regards trampling on women as a symbol of their power.

This is just as Wu Jingchao said: "The main reason why polygamy exists is that rich and powerful people want to' resist the melody'.

But under the word "imperial tune", I don't know how many people's happiness has been gently destroyed. "

Fourth, the influence of children's concept, more wives means more children, and more children means more blessings.

The fourth reason can be discussed more, because the concept of children runs through thousands of years of sexual and cultural history in China (even dating back to primitive society). The concept of children can be found in ancient books and cultural relics left over from this period. For example, Wang Guowei's Postscript to the Book of Yin Ruins has the words "many children and grandchildren".

Westermarck said: However, people's desire to have multiple wives is not only based on sexual motives, but also includes things other than sex, such as children, wealth and authority, which are enough to tempt them. And a childless wife, or a childless daughter, often makes men ask for new matches. In eastern countries, obtaining children and grandchildren is the main reason for polygamy. Concubine in Japan was once recognized by law, and its argument was to have children and inherit the ancestral temple. Polygamy in ancient Duxing people seems to be one of the main reasons for fear of dying without children. The same motivation still exists in the modern world. Many Persians marry new wives just for their first wife. Ryan said: "Egyptian men are unwilling to give up their love for their unfortunate wives, but they confine themselves to their children. This is the concept of bigamy." It is a common practice of many ethnic groups to recognize or practice polygamy just because they have no children at first, or because they have girls instead of boys.

The above situation also applies to ancient China. At that time, the people of Shang Dynasty were in an environment where agriculture was quite developed and there were many enemies in their neighborhood, so they naturally wanted to have more wives, because they could have more children, expand their strength to resist the enemy, and at the same time help agricultural production and housework.

Since the establishment of the patriarchal clan system in the Zhou Dynasty, the concept of children has become stronger and stronger. For example, the Book of Songs compares women's virtue with children's kindness:

; You have many children and a prosperous family. ; Your children are many, many and have a long generation.

; Your children are many, many and happy.

The poem Yao Tao is also similar to Tiger:

Peach will burn its glory when it dies, and its son should stay at home when he returns home. There is a reason why peaches die. When his son comes back, he should stay at home. Tao Yao Yao, his Ye Zhenzhen and his son Yu Gui, deserve their home.

That is to say, after "my son returns to China", "IKEA room" and "IKEA people" are nothing more than flowers, reality and leaves, but they should be able to thrive.

The development of this concept of children in the Zhou Dynasty made polygamy more certain. Later emperors, nobles, wives of bureaucrats, and concubines of ordinary citizens often used the inheritance of their children as an excuse. For example, "White Tiger Boy Marries a Wife" says: "When the son of heaven marries nine women, he must pay attention to the country and then." Another cloud said, "Dr. Qing, what's the difference between a wife and a wife? It is also a matter of respecting the sages and inheriting the heirs. " In fact, "wide succession" may be just an excuse, and the purpose of sex will always occupy a very important position.

Verb (abbreviation for verb) divorce

There are both marriage and divorce. However, because women are attached to men, men can divorce their wives, but women can't leave their husbands. Although this was not strict before and after the Han Dynasty, it had already begun.

In ancient times, when a man divorced, the marriage relationship stopped forever, which was called "becoming a wife". But in terms of nobility, it is not directly called, so it is called "Lai Gui" for its sister and "Da Gui" for others' sisters. For example, Zuo Zhuan Chun Qiu Shang: "Mrs. Jiang's family is in harmony. Zuo Jia said,' Da Gui also.' "(Article 18)" Autumn, Tan Boqi returns. Zuo's way:' Get out.' "("Xuan 16 ") in the first month of spring, Ji came back. Liang said:' the righteousness of a woman is to marry and return; On the contrary, I will come back. ""(5) Of course, for ordinary people, there is not so much stress. There were seven main reasons for becoming a wife at that time, which were called "going seven times". "Dai Li Li Ji Life Core Monument": "Women go back seven times: they don't go with their parents, but they are also rebellious; No children, for its peerless also; Yin, for its disorderly race also; Hey, it's a mess; Got a terrible disease, because it can't flourish with * * * *; Many words, for their separation from their loved ones; Stealing is also an antonym. "

However, if you want to add a crime, you can always find a solution. Some of the above reasons for the "seven outings" are completely untenable, but there are some "reasons" besides the "seven outings", which is even more ridiculous. For example, Han Shi Zhuan said that Mencius' wife was squatting in the room and Mencius wanted to divorce her. "Han Feizi said Lin" said: "wei ren married a son and taught:' You must privately accumulate and be a woman; I'm lucky to live in it. "His son accumulated privately, but his aunt felt more personal."

Because ancient women gave birth selflessly, the guardian's daughter left only some private money, which was almost equivalent to theft in the eyes of the ancients, so she was driven out by her grandmother.

As mentioned earlier, in ancient times, when men and women got married, on the surface, men got married, but in fact, their in-laws took their daughters-in-law. Their in-laws have great power, which represents a kind of clan power. Sometimes "being a wife" is not decided by the husband, but by the in-laws. For example, the Book of Rites stipulates: "A son is extremely suitable for a wife, but his parents are unhappy. A son is unfit to be a wife, and his parents say, "Be kind to his son, be polite to the couple, and never lose your health. "That is to say, if the husband and wife are in harmony, but the in-laws don't like her, they can' marry' her; If the relationship between husband and wife is not good, but the in-laws like this daughter-in-law, they should also "grow old together." This kind of ethical code and patriarchal clan system is ridiculous!

Women who "come out" are of course very painful. There was a priest named Shang Ling in the Zhou Dynasty. He had been married for five years and had no children. However, the relationship between husband and wife is very good, but his father and brother forced pastor Shang Ling to get married again. His wife was very sad when she learned about it and cried sadly in the middle of the night.

Zi Mu heard it,

Sad in the middle, he wrote "Farewell to Crane Fuck" on the piano:

Will be better than wings, and the next day,

Mountains and rivers are far away and the road is long.

I can't sleep, I can't eat, I forget to eat!

This song is sincere and touched the family, so it is still husband and wife. This is just an exception. I don't know how many women "married" in ancient times and hit Yuanyang.

However, if men "get married" casually, marriage and family will be unstable, so society will be unstable. Therefore, it is stipulated that a wife cannot "get married" in three situations, which are called "three noes". "Confucius' Family Language" said: "If you don't go, you will get married, and if you go, you will never return; With * * * more than three years of losses; Be poor before you get rich. " Of course, the extent to which people can implement the "three noes" is another matter.

Besides "out", women are often abandoned by their husbands. In fact, there is no essential difference between "betraying" his wife and abandoning his wife. It may be that abandoning his wife needs no "reason" more than "betraying" his wife. Abandoning wives is mostly because husbands like the new and hate the old.

For example, the poem "Gu Feng" in The Book of Songs is sung for this purpose:

The valley came quickly and fiercely, with dark clouds and heavy rain.

Husband and wife share joys and sorrows, and should not be angry and incompatible.

It is impossible to clean up the Philippines.

Throw away the good old words: till death do us part.

Walk out the door slowly, your feet are tempted to endure.

Don't send the far one near, the latter only knows how to send it to the door.

Who calls tea bitter? Sweet as water.

New faint feast, such as brother. ……

This poem describes an abandoned wife walking alone, looking at the stormy sky, pouring out her resentment of ingratitude, liking the new and hating the old, and pouring out her unfortunate abandonment. "One good deed deserves another, mutually assured destruction" means to tell the past and swear to live and die together. Now, "Yan 'er is new and faint, like a brother", and her husband has married a new person, as close as glue, and closer than brotherhood-what a strong contrast! Therefore, the preface of the poem says, "In Gu Feng, the couple were also offended. Defend its people, indulge in weddings, abandon their old rooms, separate husband and wife, and hurt national customs. "

In the Book of Songs Feng Wei, there is a narrative poem entitled "Self-preservation", which is also very distinctive:

Self-protection, trading silk with cloth;

When robbers came to trade silk, they came to me.

Sending a child involves gas, as for Dunqiu.

When I was a robber, I had no good media.

There is no anger in the child, and autumn lasts.

Take the other side of the wall to get back to the customs.

I didn't see the resumption of customs, so I cried.

Seeing the resumption of GATT, I was full of laughter and laughter.

Well, Parr, the body is not responsible.

Driving your car to bribe me to move.

Mulberry leaves flourish before they fall.

In the nest, there is no mulberry.

I'm a woman, what's there to worry about!

The anxiety of scholars can still be said;

Female Geng, can't say.

Mulberry fell, yellow, and fell.

Self-pity, poor three years old.

Qishui soup, curtain skirt.

Women are unhappy, and scholars do their best.

Scholars are also extremely useless.

Being a woman at the age of three is exhausting.

Sleepless all night, there must be a dynasty.

As for violence, what you say must be done.

My brother didn't know, but he smiled.

Calm down and think about it, and you will bow your head and feel sorry for yourself.

Being together always makes me complain.

Qi has a shore and discipline has a plate.

The banquet at the general's corner was full of laughter and vows.

If you don't think about it, don't think about it. What a pity!

This poem describes a woman's unfortunate experience from love to marriage and finally abandoned by her husband.

Her husband is a small businessman, engaged in cloth trade. In the past, he used to coax her into love. After marriage, she worked day and night, presided over the housework, did not suffer from poverty, and kept the oath of "growing old together". After three years of hardships, her husband changed his mind, forgot the "vows of eternal love", often scolded her, insulted her, and finally abandoned her. This poem vividly and truly reflects the resentment and pain of women being "abandoned as our family" in the unequal society between men and women.

The ancients used poems to express the pain of abandoning their wives, which existed in all dynasties, and many of them were well-known, such as RoyceWong's Fu on Abandoning Women at the end of the Han Dynasty:

……

If you don't start at last, you will be happy for a while;

My heart is wandering, forget the old marriage and abandon it!

Another example is Cao Zhi's Fu for Women in the Three Kingdoms Period:

I'm glad I got married and forgot my concubine, but I'm sad and love to suffer. ...

I hate seeing the west without pity and lament your infidelity!

Another example is Gu Kuang's Abandoned Wife in the Tang Dynasty:

Although the ancients abandoned their wives, they returned;

Where do you want to go when you resign today?

My family was ruined, and I went my own way in tears.

Looking back, I came to marry you. Wen Jun is very busy.

And empathy, worthy of your comfort.

Lonely souls lead birds, and their eyes are like flowing springs;

I can't swallow the flowing spring, Wan Li Guanshan Road.

When you see your return, your return to my concubine is old;

Things have changed, and the new favorite Yan Fang is good.

There are many poems reflecting abandoned wives, because there are too many such things in social life. The reason why these poems can be written so tragically and vividly is that women's pain is too deep in the middle of social life.

There have been two different views on whether a man should abandon his wife at will for more than two thousand years. One view is sympathy for the injured woman, and the other view is defending the ungrateful man. In the Han Dynasty, there was a man named Wang Su, who was well-read and versatile, and was very appreciated by the emperor. Wang Su once hired Xie's daughter as his wife, but after he came to power in the capital, the emperor married a princess. After Xie's daughter knew it, she was very sad and wrote a five-character poem for the king:

This is a thin silkworm, but today it is used as a silk-making machine;

I want to take the road one by one, and I still remember that touching time.

After the princess knew this, she wrote a poem on behalf of Wang Su to thank her daughter:

The needle is an object that threads the needle, and the eye is a continuous thread.

How can you accept the time when you have to sew new silk?

This poem of the princess actually preaches the theory that men abandon women. This poem means that there is always a line in the pinhole. When sewing a new cloth, it is natural to change a new thread. How can we keep using that old thread? This concept actually reflected the attitude of men at that time to abandon their wives and play with women's interests.

(2)

In ancient times, due to frequent wars and low medical standards, many young and middle-aged men became unnecessary victims of powerful people, forming a serious social problem-gender imbalance. The only way to correct this imbalance is the ancient marriage system-polygamy. It is neither scientific nor possible to impose today's monogamy on the ancients! At the same time, in order to give many war widows or other widows a place to live, the ancients also adopted a tolerant attitude towards widow remarriage, which lasted at least from Shang and Zhou Dynasties to Song Dynasty. Only in the Ming Dynasty, after Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism became the mainstream consciousness of society, people's thoughts became increasingly conservative, and it was only from this period that China's strength in all aspects began to lag behind that of Europe.

Cut short the nonsense and return to one's muttons. The ancients were polygamous, so what was their sex life like?

We China people advocate "courtesy", and we should have rules in everything, and the life of husband and wife is no exception. "Zhou Li. Nine wives "Note:" The female royal eighty-one people, when kuya; Twenty-seven women, for three nights; Nine wives and nine people, for one night; Third mistress, do it all night; After a night. " The meaning of this passage is that there are 1, 2 1 lps in Zhoutian, and the highest position is Hou, followed by Madam, and then Madam, Madam and Miss. Although there are so many LP's, Emperor Zhou can't mess around. Instead, eighty-one women are divided into nine groups, twenty-seven women are divided into three groups, and nine wives are a group. Nine people in each group accompany the emperor for one night (haha, the emperor is not afraid of fatigue, take care of the dragon body! ) three young ladies choose one night, and only the "queen" has the highest status and can enjoy the right of the son of heaven to spend the night alone! What should I do after the round? The book "Female Governance" published in the Tang Dynasty said: From the female imperial concubine to the rear wheel, and then from the "back" to the female imperial concubine to the counter wheel, in short, it is the front wheel and the counter wheel. From this point of view, as a "queen", you can enjoy the right to exclusive nights twice in a row. Bai Juyi's "wasting all her time on her feast and carnival, his mistress in spring, his tyrant at night" is a helpless sigh for Yang Guifei's violation of this game rule!

At the same time, the Women's Rules also recorded princes, scholars and doctors. : "The princes have nine daughters, and the nephews and nuns have two emperors, so it takes three days; The last two nights are four days, and the second lady offers the night, so it is five days. " "If the doctor has a wife and two concubines, he will be imperial for three days; A gentleman has a wife and a concubine, and an emperor has two days. " It should be noted that the first wife of the vassal was called Madame, and the second wife was Ai. Madam and Ai each have two personal maids, namely nephew and Ai. At the level of a scholar-bureaucrat, you can't call yourself a wife or something, you can only call yourself a concubine. Do you still remember the story of "Zou Ji satirizes the king of Qi to teach" in the Warring States Policy? Zou Ji can meet the King of Qi in the DPRK, which shows that he is not an ordinary person and has a wife and concubine, which is enough to show that he is a "scholar", although the book does not say what class he is. This is called: a scholar doesn't go out to know what's going on in the world. )

Although there were so many LPs in the ancients, as husbands, there were still times when they lived alone: "Women's Rules" said: "The wife and the moon lived in the side room", "I always avoided the hostess, and she didn't dare to spend the evening alone. Even today, when she is away, she dare not devote herself to the night. " When the "big aunt" comes, the wife can't serve her husband, and the concubines dare not cross over, even if they let her husband go! Haha, do you understand? This is a convention, an example of a festival!

How to arrange the sexual life of polygamy in ancient times?

We won't talk much about the various sexual life management systems of ancient emperors. An Yiru put it well, "The palace is a brothel with golden walls, and the emperor is the biggest prostitute in the world." It's really not easy for this client to be a prostitute. The whole world knows all the constraints in his sexual life. So, apart from the emperor, how did ordinary people in ancient times arrange their sexual life? "Book of Rites" records: "Therefore, although my concubine is old and under 50 years old, she will be ruled for five days. Wash the imperial guards, be careful with clothes, be careful with horns, comb your hair, wear tassels and hang them. " Honey, the order and number of wives and concubines have been stipulated. It seems that polygamy is never a good thing, and it is more tiring and troublesome. Moreover, in ancient times, men needed to be 60 years old to stop fulfilling their sexual obligations.

The second volume of "KaoMi Opera" describes a family precept of the Ming Dynasty with only a remnant chapter, from which we can also learn the arrangement of the ancients on sexual life, such as:

(1) (take off the four words, or' wives and concubines work day by day') Supervise the details such as meals, jewelry powder makeup, and string plain tooth cards. If you are happy outside, you will only be happy because of sex. That is, there are wise masters in the world, and they are justified. Every royal wife and concubine will be waiting for him soon. ...

(2) There are people in the east of the street, young and strong, and wives and concubines fight in the morning and evening. On the west side of the street, the yellow hair bends, and the wives and concubines are tired of serving. How can they say that they are proficient in the room and they don't know it?

(3) Recently, I heard that an official took a concubine, and after three days, the concubine turned against me, which is not true. It is better to abstain from sex, keep the old and the new together, and let the new couple stand like a bed for every concubine. This is the case on May 6th. Only in this way can the couple get married. Letting the servant girl wait on you is the end of happiness in the boudoir.

(4) people can't be without fault, and the situation is embarrassing! If you have to teach, you must make a policy. If you don't change it, the policy is measured. Swing on the sofa, five times and six times, but not behind the hips or the tail. Occasionally, a responsible concubine will be tied naked, hung on a post, whipped, knocked down, and even bled to death. Harmful to each other, the boudoir door is torture room. Don't be careless

In ancient China, both men and women attached great importance to sex life, which was as important as diet, and even regarded sex life as a way to mediate family disputes. Therefore, in a polygamous family, the balance of gender relations is extremely important, which makes the relevant provisions of sexual life become a part of family training. In ancient times, when the status of wives and concubines was very different, concubines and wives had only one equal right, and that was sexual life. In ancient times, many people coveted the beauty of concubines, but in ancient times, concubines had a more important responsibility, that is, giving birth. If the wife and husband are in-laws relationship, then the concubine is just a family fertility tool. Book of Rites: "A concubine buyer has the same property as her base." The same is to sleep with my husband and give birth to children for him, and my concubine's identity is just a bought item. In terms of sexual life, although they can enjoy the same or even better rights as their wives, their status is still not high. For example, according to ancient regulations, concubines are not allowed to spend the night with their husbands when their wives are away, and they will leave after * * *.

Polygamy, to a great extent, reflects the domination, oppression and toying of men over women in a patriarchal society, allowing men to meet their own needs and have more children, while women are passive in sexual life. ?

On Monogamy and Private Ownership

Just because monogamy is protected by a certain mode of production, it is wishful thinking to imagine that monogamy will collapse one day.

Individual citizen is the most basic subject in modern society, and monogamous family is the most basic unit in today's human society. This is closely related to the means of production.

In today's world, the private ownership of human society is in the ascendant, which is one of the strongest foundations of monogamy. The most selfish person is born to die. The more selfish he is, the more he cares about the inheritance of private property. Even if developed countries levy high inheritance tax, inheritance, family, blood relationship, career, copyright, etc. There must be a directional continuation of life expectations. Whether before or after death, monogamy is inevitable as long as children, inheritance and consanguinity cannot disappear. Or it can be said that monogamy is not only determined by the relationship between men and women as husband and wife, but also by the vertical intergenerational relationship.

Monogamy and ownership have been married, forming a stable "monogamy". As long as ownership is rising, monogamy cannot be divorced. More importantly, the concept of private ownership has been internalized into the concept of children, parents, family and inheritance. Even the "jealousy" mentality between husband and wife has a strong shadow of private ownership.

The weakening of the concept of fertility is a factor that shakes monogamy to a certain extent, but its effect is very limited. Because first, the deformity of economic development and the widening gap between the rich and the poor cannot make more people despise childbirth; Second, the intensification of competition not only makes the competition subject diversified, but also strengthens "family as the competition subject"; Third, the status of reproduction needs as the basic needs of society cannot be fundamentally shaken.