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Excuse me, the specific implementation method of castration

Castration operation

The castration process is quite cruel, and the castrated person will be in a coma for a long time because of excessive blood loss or too much pain. The measure to stop bleeding and diminish inflammation is also very simple, that is, "treat with ash and fire". The second is to cut the scrotum with a sharp knife and peel off the testicles. Obviously, this method of castration does not need to completely remove the reproductive organs, but it can also achieve the goal. Hong Mai recorded this method in Volume 8 of Jian Yizhi. According to another record, there were so-called "binding method" and "kneading method" in ancient times. The former is that when a boy is young, he is tied to death with hemp rope from the root of the "testicle" of the genitals. Although it does not affect urination, it hinders the normal development of genitals. Over time, the boy's genitals will lose their function. The latter was when the boy was young, and a man who knew this way gently pinched his testicles every day. After getting used to it, he will increase the strength of his hands until his testicles are crushed. However, if the testicles are cut off or crushed, if they have developed, although insemination can be completely avoided, their sexual desire and ability to fornicate with the court will still exist for a certain period of time, and some people will even be stronger and more lasting. Therefore, eunuchs in ancient times all cut off their genitals by "doing everything possible".

Under the condition that the ancient medical technology was relatively backward, the castration mortality rate was quite high. During the Tianshun period of the Ming Dynasty, Ruanrang, the eunuch guarding Huguang and Guizhou, selected 1565 captured Miao children at one time, castrated them all and prepared to hand them over to the court. However, due to the cruel operation and poor medical technology, 329 young children died of pain and disease in a short time from Ruan Rang's castration to the trial. Later, Ruan rang bought a group of young children and castrated them to make up for the death toll and presented them to the court. Young children were castrated 1894 before and after Ruan rang, and the mortality rate was close to 20%. Such a large number of deaths are obviously related to the failure of castration or postoperative complications.

Ancient books in past dynasties generally record the specific situation of castration. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, some Europeans who came to China became interested in the palace culture of China, which was different from the West, and described the castration operation in detail. However, these descriptions are mostly hearsay, far less detailed than the memories of court eunuchs based on personal experiences in the late Qing Dynasty, and their credibility is also questionable. According to the memory of eunuchs in the late Qing Dynasty, there are two famous palace families in Beijing, which are called "factories": one is Gaby, the accounting department of Nanchang Street; The other is "Xiao Dao Liu" in brick hutong outside Di 'anmen. Hosted by family heirlooms recognized by the imperial court, they are called "Knife Makers". It is said that these two families have their own unique skills, but their skills have never been exposed, just passed down from generation to generation.

Cleanliness needs to choose the right season, preferably late spring and early summer. The temperature is not high or low, and there are no flies and mosquitoes, because the lower body can't wear clothes for about a month after surgery. Before the operation, people who clean themselves need to go through the necessary procedures, the key of which is to conclude a life and death document, and invite three seniors and four schoolmates as referees to declare their willingness to clean themselves, regardless of life and death, so as to avoid future troubles and lawsuits. Of course, there is a charge, but most of the clean bodies are from poor families, and they may not get a lot of money for a while, and then make friends year after year after they get rich in the palace. These also need to be clearly written in the document. But there are two things you must bring. One is a gift for the knife maker, usually a pig's head or chicken, plus a bottle of wine. Second, the items used in the operation include 30 kilograms of rice, several baskets of corn cob, several loads of sesame stalks and half a knife of enough paper. Among them, rice is a month's ration for clean people, corn cobs are used for heating, sesame stalks are burned to ashes and then put on the kang, and window paper is used to paste the windows to avoid catching the wind after the operation. Knife maker should prepare two fresh pig gall, stinky hemp soup and straw. Pig bile has the function of reducing swelling and relieving pain, and is applied to the wound after operation; Smelly hemp soup has many functions. Drinking a bowl before operation is confusing and plays an anesthetic role. Drinking after operation can make the operator diarrhea, thus reducing the urine excretion and ensuring the success of the operation. The function of straw is self-evident, that is, it is inserted into urethra after operation.

During the operation, in addition to the surgeon, three or four assistants are generally needed. Castrated people need to lie on their backs in a semi-recumbent position. Several assistants tied and fixed his lower abdomen and upper thigh with white cloth, and then someone was responsible for holding down his waist and abdomen, while others cleaned and disinfected the castrated part with "Chili soup". The scalpel for castration is a sickle-shaped curved sharp blade. It is said that it is made of gold and copper alloy, which can prevent postoperative infection. However, there is usually no special disinfection measures when using it. It is sterilized by baking on a fire. After all this is done, the surgeon cuts off the castrated penis and scrotum with a sickle-shaped curved blade, usually in two steps:

The first step is to cut the testicles. Cut a deep hole in the left and right sides of the balloon, cut the tendon and squeeze out the testicles. This requires the eunuch to straighten his body and bulge his stomach. The testicles will be squeezed out with all their strength, and the knife maker will stick a pig gall on the left and right sides of the balloon.

Step two, cut the penis. This requires quite high technology. If you cut it shallow, you will leave more potential. In the future, the fragile bones inside will bulge out, so we must make up the second knife, which is commonly known as "brushing stubble" in the palace. If cut deeply, it will collapse after healing in the future, forming a pit shape, and it will be fan-shaped when urinating, which will make life inconvenient. Nine out of ten eunuchs in the palace have the problem of urine crotch, which is the sequela of castration. After the penis is cut off, a barley straw should be inserted, and the other pig gall should be split and applied to the wound in a butterfly shape. It is said that some people also insert a suppository-shaped pewter needle into the urethra and cover the wound with paper soaked in cold water. This is probably the technical difference between different cleaning sites.

After the operation, the castrated person must walk indoors for two to three hours with the help of one person, and then he can rest on his back. Three days after the operation is the hardest time for the castration. During these three days, they were lying on the special door panel, their hands and legs were firmly tied by locks, and they could not move at all. The main purpose is to avoid contact with the wound to avoid infection. There is also a small hole with a trap in the middle of the door panel to facilitate defecation. At that time, there was no good analgesic and anti-inflammatory means. In order to avoid wound infection, it is forbidden to drink water, which is an abnormal pain. After three days, you can urinate by pulling out the gray needle or straw, and the operation is successful. However, the suffering is not over yet, and the most important thing is to pat your legs. Every time you slap, your heart is broken, your liver is broken, and your whole body is shaking, but castration is necessary, otherwise it may lead to rickets, and you can't stand up straight all your life, so you can only endure this severe pain. The aftercare period will take about 100 days.

Every castrated man has experienced painful torture without exception. This process is so cruel and painful that castrated people will remember it all their lives. Ma Deqing, a eunuch in the late Qing Dynasty, recalled in his later years:

There were no anesthetics, no needles, no hemostatic drugs, etc ... How painful it would be for a lively child to press there and cut his deadly organs off him! One pulse leads to the heart, and I feel so distressed that I almost jumped out of my mouth ... After the operation, I must insert a tube in the urethra, otherwise, the granulation will be necrotic and the urine will not be discharged. I have to have a second operation. Later, people who know this method said that after cutting that thing, the wound can't scar quickly ... so change the medicine frequently. Honestly, where is medicine? It's just cotton paper coated with Bai La, sesame oil and pepper. It hurts like hell every time I change my dressing.

The cut penis is called a "treasure". Under normal circumstances, the knife maker does hide it like a "treasure", but the washed person has no right to retrieve it. After knife processing, "Bao" will usually be put into "Sheng", wrapped in red cloth and carefully placed in a high place indoors, which means promoting to a higher position and making a fortune, so as to wish honest people good luck in the future and promotion step by step. When the pure man becomes rich and redeems his "treasure", the knife maker can take the opportunity to measure the money and ask for it. Redemption of one's own property was called "the return of flesh and blood" by eunuchs. For them, this is the biggest happy event in their lives, and the ceremony is very grand, just like marrying a bride. There are also cases in which the family members of the clean body are preserved. In the past, the poor families in rural areas were nothing more than beams, so they were hung on beams and raised every year to wish their children a "step by step promotion" in the palace.

There are three reasons for keeping the "treasure": First, check the eunuch when he is promoted to prove his identity, which is usually called "treasure-hunting"; Second, after the death of eunuchs in the future, they should put the "treasure" in a coffin and bury it together, because eunuchs hope to restore the true colors to men when they go to another world or are reincarnated; Thirdly, in the tradition of China, there is a concept that parents are deeply influenced by their bodies. Eunuchs, as survivors of punishment, are unfilial, and they are even more unfilial because they cannot carry on the family line. Therefore, it is also a kind of psychological compensation to keep the "treasure" and bury it with the coffin after death.

In particular, it should be pointed out that although castration is a necessary prerequisite for becoming a eunuch, not everyone who has been castrated can successfully enter the DPRK, and there have been strict selection systems and procedures throughout the dynasties. However, regardless of whether he entered the imperial court or not, the castrated person began a completely different life. Because of this, they generally believe that all the joys and sorrows of life begin from the date of castration, which becomes their new birthday, and the future fortune-telling is also based on heavenly stems and earthly branches, who was castrated.

Yue Buqun's Sword of Leaving Palace is probably the highest skill of classical castration, and that little blood is nothing but a small hole. There is also Xia Zi's miraculous qi in it, not to mention worrying about any infection. But modern castration is more humane and scientific. It is said that Norway, Denmark and other countries have so-called "chemical castration", which is designed for those who are mad and sincerely repent, and castrate their sexual desire by chemical means. Keeping its shape and removing its spirit is the highest realm of castration.

Female castration

The castration of women is called "claustrophobia", which is a little-known "technology"! Wang Fuzhi's Xiao Zhi Lu said: "It is said that men are castrated and women are claustrophobic, and they don't know the meaning of claustrophobia." Lu Xun said in "Miscellaneous Talks after Illness" that for this punishment, "few people mentioned that method, but in short, it was by no means to lock her up and sew her up. I seem to have discovered something recently, and I have to be surprised by the ferocity, appropriateness and anatomy of that method. " Lu Xun did not elaborate on "claustrophobia". I don't think it's because he is a suspense, but because he can't bear or really feel ashamed of the "great invention" of his ancestors. In the Qing Dynasty, Chu people were awarded Jianxuan Collection, and there was a sentence "Women are claustrophobic" in Volume 4. The author quotes a passage from Wang's Talking about Jieshi's Legacy in Ming Dynasty, and interprets "claustrophobia" as hitting a woman's chest and abdomen with a mallet, that is, something falls to cover her door, so that she can only urinate, and human nature will be abandoned forever. Have claustrophobia. Today, some women are gloomy, some things are closed, and even exposed, called a gourd, which is different from her husband for life. "King" claims that this explanation comes from "Xu Gong outside the punishments", which is probably credible. It can be seen that "claustrophobia" is a kind of artificial uterine prolapse and the torture of destroying female reproductive organs. In addition, there is "claustrophobia" in lynching. According to Jian Xuan Ji, which was obtained by Chu people, many jealous women abused their handmaids and concubines, "mashed garlic in the shade and sewed it with a rope", or "locked it with an awl and abandoned the key in the well" and so on. It can be seen that this kind of torture is not only used in the imperial court, but also in the homes of officials and gentry, and it is widespread. It is worth noting that the earliest record of "claustrophobia" can be found in "Ming Xun of Shangshu". From the Zhou and Qin Dynasties to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there will never be fewer women who died of this punishment (no one left a name like Sima Qian). The ancients also thought it was torture after death (see The Biography of Hanshu Kong Anguo). Therefore, Wang Fuzhi said: "It is not feasible to use it at the beginning of the country because women often die." Probably because of this, this punishment was gradually abolished.