Other dialects of Guangxi dialect

Xiang dialect in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region is mainly distributed in Quanzhou, Guanyang, Ziyuan and Xing 'an counties in northern Guangxi, and there are also a few Xiang islands in Hezhou. There is little internal difference and we can communicate with each other. The user population is about 6.5438+0.5 million. Commonly known as "Hunan dialect" and "Xiang dialect". Historically, these counties successively belonged to Changsha County, Lingling County and Huguang District, and were not placed in Guilin, Guangxi until the twenty-seventh year (1394) and the twenty-eighth year (1395) of Ming Hongwu. Strictly speaking, the four counties originally belonged to Hunan and were later allocated to Guangxi. Hunan dialect in Guangxi is included in Guangxi because of the changes in administrative divisions of these counties. Guangxi Xiang dialect belongs to the old school Xiang dialect, and its prominent phonetic feature is that the ancient voiced initials retain the voiced pronunciation, while the medieval voiced initials retain about 80%. The pattern of initials in Guang Yun is preserved, and the differentiation of full-voiced initials in the Middle Ages is also shown. Represented by Quanzhou Xiang dialect. There are 24 initials, including 7 voiced initials, which are [b], [d], [g] and [? 】、【z】、【？ ]、[? ], 34 vowels, 4 tones. For example, "Pa", "Du" and "Cao" in Quanzhou dialect are pronounced as [Ba], [Du] and [Zhuo] respectively. There are also some dialect words in the vocabulary, such as "solar fire" (sun), "dirty water" (dirty water), "red mud" (cement), "root bean" (pea) and "Popsicle adult" (matchmaker).

Young people and old people in Quanzhou speak a slightly different Xiang dialect. Hunan dialect spoken by young people has many similarities with Guilin dialect and Putonghua, while Hunan dialect spoken by old people has few similarities with Guilin dialect and Putonghua. Xiang dialect in Guangxi also has an influence on Beiping dialect in Guangxi. The carrier of national multiculturalism

The complicated situation of language in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region is formed by history and the result of continuous exchanges and integration of people of all ethnic groups for thousands of years. As early as the pre-Qin period, the ancestors of Zhuang nationality formed their own language. Today, the population of Zhuang language in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region is about 6.5438+0.55 million, which is divided into two dialect areas, the south and the north. As early as the Spring and Autumn Period, Chu's influence reached the South China Sea, Chinese entered Guangxi, and the Central Plains ethnic group and the Baiyue ethnic group in Guangxi began a groundbreaking cultural docking. The first peak was the first reunification of China in the Qin and Han Dynasties, with the establishment of Guilin, Xiang and Nanhai counties, and the recruitment of millions of soldiers and civilians to defend southern Xinjiang, forming the earliest independent Chinese dialect in Guangxi-Pinghua. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, Pinghua became a common language used by all ethnic groups in Guangxi. Cantonese in rural areas of Guangxi is formed on the basis of Pinghua.

Since then, due to the needs of the border defense policies of past dynasties, or during the period of great social turmoil, a large number of ethnic groups such as Han, Yao and Miao have migrated and settled in Guangxi, and various dialects have been greatly enriched and blended. During the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, especially with the establishment of the Chief Secretary of Guizhou, Guliuzhou Dialect, the southwest official dialect, replaced Pinghua as the lingua franca of Guangxi, which was partially circulated in central and northern Guangxi and formed Guilin Dialect in Qing Dynasty. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, a large number of immigrants moved in, mainly from Guangdong and Fujian, bringing Cantonese, Fujian dialect and Hakka dialect. However, in Quanzhou, Ziyuan, Guanyang and other places in northern Guangxi, the characteristics of Hunan dialect are more preserved.

"Gypsies in China" —— Yao people gradually entered Guangxi from Sui and Tang Dynasties. Yao language is one of the most complicated national languages in China, with three branches: Burmese, Bunu and Raja. During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, Miao people moved to Guangxi, and there were many branches of Miao people, which were the most among the national minorities, including Qiandong, Xiangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou and Yunnan. The languages of different branches of Miao and Yao are different, even within the same branch, the languages are quite different. In Yuan Dynasty, Hui people moved in; During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Mulao and Maonan ethnic groups were formed, and the Shui, Jing and Gelao ethnic groups moved in, reaching the peak of the second contact and integration of national languages and Chinese dialects. In the development and evolution of thousands of years, Chinese dialects have profoundly influenced minority languages, and minority languages have also influenced Chinese dialects.

Dialect is an important intangible cultural heritage of all ethnic groups, and each dialect carries its own cultural origin, changes and ideological value system. Linguistics, sociology, history, ethnology, anthropology and other social science disciplines all take dialects as an important starting point for research. Dialect is the password to crack ancient Chinese characters, place names, folk literature, folk songs, local operas and other cultural events, which can often solve many difficult problems. Hakka people have a strong sense of preserving their mother tongue and are proud of Hakka dialect. Children must communicate in Hakka at home. Therefore, there is a strong consistency in Hakka dialects in Guangxi, and Hakka dialects in different places can talk to each other. This is a breakthrough in studying the unique cultural inheritance mechanism of Hakkas.

Dialogue between Dialect and Putonghua

After all, dialects of all colors are the product of thousands of years of closed natural economy. The society is changing, the reform and opening up is deepening, the information age has brought people closer, people's communication scope has been expanding, and political, economic and cultural ties have been strengthened. The objective development of society requires the popularization of Putonghua, smooth communication and the construction of a harmonious society.

Since 1980s, the speed and quality of popularizing Putonghua in Guangxi are unprecedented. According to local conditions, the Language and Writing Committee of the Autonomous Region has established the idea of "promotion by stages, regions and levels", and adopted the central city first, and then promoted it to county towns and remote areas; Grasp the window industry first, and then fully radiate; The practice of "popularizing" examinations for teachers, normal graduates and civil servants first, and then extending them to all walks of life. The "National Publicity Week for Promoting Putonghua" in September every year is now the eighth; People who use Putonghua as their working language need to take the Putonghua proficiency test. Through these basic measures, the standardization, standardization and institutionalization of the work of "popularizing law" in our district have made breakthrough substantive progress.

National laws and regulations have given clear guidance on correctly understanding and handling the relationship between the promotion of Putonghua and national languages. According to the Constitution, "the state promotes the common Putonghua throughout the country" and "all ethnic groups have the freedom to use and develop their own spoken and written languages". The Law on the Common Language of the State, the Law on Regional National Autonomy and the Law on Compulsory Education have made specific provisions on the standardized use of spoken and written languages and ethnic languages.

Dialect has maintained its due position in language and culture in the trend of "popularization". There is no distinction between good and bad languages. Promoting Putonghua means making people bilingual. On the basis of being able to speak dialects, we should also be able to speak Mandarin. Popularizing Putonghua is not simply to "unify" the language, let alone to eliminate dialects, but to realize the harmonious unity of the subjectivity and diversity of the language.

Moderate dialect development space

As an ethnic autonomous region, about 80% people in Guangxi are bilingual. According to the national laws and ethnic policies, Guangxi implements a bilingual system, using both minority languages and Chinese and Chinese dialects commonly used throughout the country. Bilingualism and bilingualism reflect the national policy of equality, unity and mutual assistance, which is conducive to the development of the nation.

Dialect is a tool for people in dialect areas to inherit their mother tongue culture and communicate their feelings, and minority languages are indispensable languages for ethnic minorities to carry out socialist modernization. Once upon a time, Xue Cun's Northeast People Are Living Lei Feng was sung all over the country with the northeast flavor of Our Naga, and its popularity benefited from the kneading of dialects. Some netizens spontaneously set up dialect websites to record dialect songs. "Zhuang Online" is a typical representative. The legitimate and reasonable behavior of folk propaganda to protect dialects deserves respect. In many tourist attractions, it is a compulsory course for tour guides to hum a few folk songs and ballads in minority languages, which can narrow the distance between tourists and ethnic customs ... The relationship between dialects and cultural communication is not to promote dialects and spread them, but to give full play to their vivid, distinctive and flexible language expressions, better tap the charm of local culture and local culture, and make them more easily understood and accepted by popular culture. Dialects need a moderate development space, and excessive speculation, raising the status of dialects, or belittling dialects to make them low-level, must be opposed and stopped. Dialect refers to the language of a place, not necessarily a language without words. There are more than a dozen minority dialects in Guangxi, and several different dialects are distributed in every small area of Guangxi. Dialect has become a rare culture in Guangxi, but this dialect culture is declining with the development of the times.

Speaking of Zhuang people, most people think that Zhuang people will definitely speak Zhuang language, yes! According to the elders of the older generation, they can't even speak Zhuang language, and even Zhuang people haven't worn clothes, let alone rap Liu Sanjie's folk songs. Dialect. It is conceivable that there are many dialects in a vast Guangxi!

As for Cantonese, most Han people in Guangxi and Guangdong can speak Cantonese, but Cantonese and Guangxi people speak different Cantonese. Guangxi calls Cantonese vernacular, which makes Cantonese simpler and more popular.

Dialect is a nation, a representative and a microcosm of a national culture, but it often brings an invisible sequela to future generations. All the teachers in the school teach in the local dialect, so that my Mandarin has a strong Guangxi dialect. For example, Mandarin spoken by Guangxi people has always been second-rate in the eyes of foreigners. I hope that people in the future will not take this old road again.

Dialect is indeed a kind of culture in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in a certain period, but with the progress of the times, dialect will one day withdraw from the historical stage and become a unique cultural heritage. Chinese dialects in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region are basically divided into southwest mandarin, Guiliu dialect and Cantonese. Guiliu dialect, that is, Southwest Mandarin, with its advantages in officialdom and culture and education, has become a strong dialect in northern, central and western Guangxi, ranking first among the Han people in Guangxi. It is not only a communication language between Putonghua users, but also a communication language between Putonghua users and other branches of Han nationality, and an inter-ethnic language between ethnic minorities and Han nationality and between ethnic minorities. Cantonese has become a strong dialect in eastern Guangxi because of its dominant position in business. In areas where Southwest Mandarin meets Cantonese, such as Youjiang River Basin and Liujiang River Basin, there is even a phenomenon of functional division between Southwest Mandarin, Cantonese and minority languages. For example, Southwest Mandarin is used for government agencies, Cantonese is used for fairs, and Zhuang language is used for communication among Zhuang people.

Compared with Southwest Mandarin and Cantonese, the use of Pinghua shows a downward trend. According to the research of Mr. Zhang Junru and Mr. Liang Min, before the southwest Mandarin and Cantonese entered Guangxi, Pinghua was once the authoritative dialect in Guangxi, the main communication language between the northern and southern Han people in Guangxi and between the Han people and the indigenous people, and of course it was also used in officialdom, culture, education and commerce at that time. However, after these two dialects entered Guangxi, the distribution area of Pinghua was eroded by them, and Nanping dialect and Beiping dialect in Guangxi lost contact and developed independently, resulting in poor internal consistency in southern Guangxi and northern Guangxi today, and the scope of use gradually narrowed.

Hakka people attach great importance to language inheritance. Since ancient times, there has been a saying that "selling ancestral fields is not as good as selling ancestral words". In Hakka inhabited areas, it goes without saying that Hakka dialect has become a communicative language within a branch. Hakka people scattered in northern and western Guangxi still use Hakka dialect for 200-300 years, so that Hakka "dialect islands" are scattered in northern and western Guangxi. It is worth mentioning that Hakka dialect was once the "national language" of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom in history. Taiping Army and its men and women are mainly Hakkas from Guangxi, and Hakka dialect occupies the position of "national language". The documents of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom are mostly Hakka dialects. Words such as "Ding Dong" (noisy), "Nai Bury" (support and help), "Uncle" (land god), "Fingernails" (metaphor for trivial matters), "An Ming" (naming), "Desperate" (dying) and "taking care of yourself" (self-assertion) are all found in the documents of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.

Hunan dialect and Minnan dialect, because of their narrow distribution, are mostly confined to their own Han people. Moreover, influenced by strong dialects, the scope of use is also shrinking. Guangxi is rich in language and mineral resources. Mining this language-rich mine has at least four meanings: First, it serves the popularization work in Guangxi. Study the Chinese dialects in Guangxi and find out the corresponding relationship between dialects and Putonghua. People in dialect areas can learn Putonghua well with half the effort. Secondly, the study of Chinese dialects in Guangxi can provide fresh materials for the study of Chinese history. Thirdly, Guangxi is an autonomous region with frequent language contact, and an in-depth study of language relations in Guangxi can promote the study of language contact theory. Fourth, language is the carrier of culture. Guangxi Chinese dialect bears the rich and colorful Chinese culture of various branches in Guangxi. Strengthening the excavation and arrangement of intangible culture carried by Chinese dialects in Guangxi is helpful to the construction of cultural Guangxi.