What do metaphysics and idealism mean?

Metaphysics is a philosophical term. Metaphysics in European languages comes from Greek, and its forms in western languages are similar, such as "metaphysics" in English, "la metaphysique" in French, "die Metaphysik" in German and "la metafisica" in Italian. This word was originally named by Androni Kush, a philosophy teacher in Rhode Island in ancient Greece, for a book of Aristotle, meaning "after physics". Aristotle may be called "first principle" and "philosophy". Metaphysics is also called "the first philosophy". For example, Descartes' Meditation on the First Philosophy is also called Meditation on Metaphysics. Aristotle divided human knowledge into three parts, using trees as metaphor: the first part, the most basic part, that is, the root, is metaphysics and the foundation of all knowledge; The second part is physics, like tree trunks; The third part is other natural sciences, using branches as metaphors. Metaphysical problems are usually full of controversy without clear conclusions. This is partly because the data accumulated by empirical facts, as the largest amount of human knowledge, usually cannot solve metaphysical disputes; The other part is because the words used by metaphysical scholars are often confused, and their arguments are therefore bad debts with different opinions but no intersection. Logical positivists in the twentieth century opposed some metaphysical problems. They think that some metaphysical questions are meaningless in themselves. Generally speaking, metaphysics has two meanings. One is to look at things from an isolated, static, one-sided and superficial point of view (in Marxist philosophy, metaphysics in this sense is opposite to dialectics). The second refers to the philosophy of judging things by intuition (transcendental experience). Sometimes it refers to the study of philosophical ontology. Since modern times, with the strong spread of scientific rationality in the field of humanities, traditional metaphysics has been dealt an unprecedented blow. However, from the historical process of the development of metaphysics, there are actually three forms of metaphysics: universe ontology, category ontology and meaning ontology. What scientific reason rejects is actually the universe ontology based on speculative fiction. In the post-metaphysical era, as far as meaning ontology is concerned, metaphysics has no end and will not end. The Chinese translation of "Metaphysics" is taken from the sentence "Metaphysics refers to Tao and Metaphysics refers to apparatus" in the Book of Changes. It is not only similar in literal sense, but also similar in practical sense, which belongs to classic translation. For example, a ruler is inserted into the water, and your eyes see that the ruler is bent. However, your knowledge about rulers and your optical knowledge tell you that rulers are not curved, but straight. You see it is curved because of the refraction of light. This is where you see the essence through the phenomenon. Metaphysics refers to looking at things from an isolated, static, one-sided and superficial point of view. Because, we can think, when we look at the world with our own senses, is this world, like the rulers, not presenting its essence to us correctly? We only see the appearance of this world without understanding or misunderstanding its essence? Therefore, the research object of metaphysics is the essence of the world. There are various answers to this question, such as: the essence of the world is matter, the essence of the world is a certain concept and spirit, the world flows out from God, and so on. This is called "ontology", a narrow sense of metaphysics. To the previous question, someone replied, "We have the ability to study the nature of the world." Some people say, "We don't have this ability." (agnosticism) For the latter question, some people argue that the essence of the world must be understood through rational logical deduction (rationalism), while others argue that it must be grasped through intuitive experience (empiricism). This is "epistemology", and metaphysics in a broad sense should include ontology and epistemology. Broadly speaking, the study of knowledge beyond perceptual experience can be called metaphysics. And the metaphysical definition given at the beginning refers to this. "Truth" refers to the essence of things that are covered by phenomena (there is no unclosed essence, so it is not appropriate in essence, so it is easy to understand here), and people know the essence of a thing through its phenomena. However, human understanding is developing, and many "realities" recognized in the past have been proved to be just phenomena by new scientific discoveries, so people must think about whether there is ultimate reality in a thing. Some people think that there is ultimate reality, that is, the principle of the world has been determined in advance; Others think that knowledge is constantly developing and there is no ultimate reality. In addition, if there is ultimate reality, it is also a question whether human beings can master this ultimate reality. Mastering it means mastering the fundamental laws of the universe, and fortune-telling is scientific. So, in short, it can be said that metaphysics is the study of nature. It is higher than physics, which studies phenomena and laws, and metaphysics studies its existence and essence. Second, in the works of Engels, Lenin and Mao Zedong, "metaphysics" has another meaning. Let's start with an old question: which came first, the chicken or the egg? The scientific answer is: in this world, chickens are not always like this, and they are not always like this. But in the long process of biological evolution, this form has gradually formed. This jumps out of the thinking cycle of either/or, completes a "unity of opposites" and solves this problem. The traditional way of thinking is called "intellectual thinking" or "formal logic thinking". Thinking about a problem with this kind of thinking is bound to fall into the dilemma of "chicken or egg first" and get contradictory and chaotic answers. In Critique of Pure Reason, Kant put forward four famous antinomies (that is, the question of "which came first, the chicken or the egg", whose characteristic is that his two opposite answers can be fully proved) and pointed out this question. He attributed this problem to the fact that human reason cannot understand the objective world. On the other hand, Hegel opposed Kant's view of unknowability. He suggested that if you jump out of the thinking cycle of either/or, you will not fall into contradictions and chaos. This is dialectics. Engels called the "intellectual thinking" as opposed to dialectics "metaphysics". Lenin and Mao Zedong also used this usage. Therefore, China's political textbooks give a second explanation of "metaphysics". However, when academic circles use the word "metaphysics", they usually take the first meaning. In fact, there is no difference between these two seemingly unrelated meanings of metaphysics. If we study the existence itself according to the traditional metaphysical method without considering its external and temporary superficial phenomena, researchers will easily fall into isolation and one-sidedness. Because it is obvious that a society without people is not a society, and people without society are not people. Anyone who wants to study the essence of society without "people" can only get isolated, static and one-sided (that is, the second meaning of metaphysics). It can be seen that it is reasonable for Marx to describe "isolation, static and one-sided" as opposed to dialectics with a long history of metaphysical definition. One of the two basic schools of philosophy, a theoretical system opposite to materialism. The school of philosophy advocates the primacy of spirit and consciousness and the secondary nature of matter, that is, matter depends on consciousness and matter is the product of consciousness. Old translation concepts. The concept of immortality of soul and animism in the age of ignorance implies that spirit can be divorced from material imagination, which is the bud of idealism. Philosophical idealism came into being when the development of productive forces caused the opposition between the exploiting class and the exploited class, the opposition between mental work and manual work, and some people in the exploiting class had leisure to specialize in intellectual activities.