Interpretation of Xue Ji's Classics of Chinese Studies

First, the main idea of "Xue Ji"

The Book of Learning is a systematic and complete educational paper in the 36th volume of The Book of Rites. Don't record belongs to the general theory. Zheng Xuan said: "Learn from journalists and teach them by remembering people." Zhu Zi said: "This article is about the order in which ancient schools taught people to preach and teach, and the reasons for its gains and losses are related to both universities and primary schools." Cheng Zi said, "Besides the Doctrine of the Mean and the University, The Book of Rites is the latest."

Xue Ji is the first educational monograph in ancient China. It summarizes the educational experience and theories of the pre-Qin Confucianists, and systematically expounds some important educational theoretical issues, such as function, purpose, educational system, educational and teaching principles, teaching methods and teachers.

Second, the author of Xue Ji

There have been different opinions about why an article by Xue Ji was written by someone. There are two main theories in history. One said that Confucius disciples did it; The other is that it was written by Han Confucianism.

Forerunners such as Confucius in the Tang Dynasty. He said in the preface to the Book of Rites: "The Book of Rites was written by Confucius, but there is no way to restore it. ..... After the death of Confucius, seventy-two disciples wrote stories, heard them and recorded them. " Although Cheng Hao in the Northern Song Dynasty believed that The Book of Rites originated from Han Confucianism, he still claimed that some parts of it, such as Yue Ji, Xue Ji and Da Xue, originated from Confucius' disciples "no one can discuss" (quoted from Zhu Yizun's Yijing Volume 139). Those who hold the theory of post-learning, such as Lu Kuixun in Qing Dynasty, think that Xueji was written later and recorded by Han Confucianism. What is the reason? He said that Xue Ji described "family education, party and government, art sequence and Chinese studies, and those who are close to them, such as Dangzheng, Governor and rural doctors, are" ancient teachers "named Han Ji" (quoted from Volume 67 of Continued Rites Collection). Later, Yu said that Xue Ji was "written by Han people" (Volume II of Gui Si Cun Draft).

Feng Youlan thinks that Xue Ji is Xunxue. 1930 wrote "University is the study of Xunzi", pointing out that Xunzi was a master of Confucianism at the end of the Warring States period, and later Confucianism became more popular. "Xunzi's" Persuading Learning "was copied directly from the Book of Dai Li, and Xue Ji in Dai Xiaoshu was also learned from Xunzi's point of view." Guo Moruo thinks it should be Mencius. He said that the book of learning advocates the spontaneity of education and learning, saying: "Tao (guidance) leads to success, strength leads to failure, and openness leads to success." This is completely in line with Mencius' theory that "a gentleman should learn by Tao, be complacent when he wants to, be secure when he is complacent, be secure when he has deep capital, and take the left and right to meet his source when he has deep capital". He also said that Xue Ji said that "the way of university" and "university" are both external and internal. "University" is a classic of Mencius and also a Confucian of Le Zhengjia. Therefore, he believes that Xue Ji was written by the Lezheng family.

The author of Xue Ji is Ke of the school. This is because, firstly, he is a proud pupil of Mencius, deeply influenced by Mencius' thought. Second, Le Zhengshi also studied under Zeng Shen. Du believes that the author of Xue Ji is Dong Zhongshu, a Confucian in the Eastern Han Dynasty. In his textual research of Xue Ji, he pointed out that the words in Xue Ji are quite similar to the styles and sentences in Dong Zhongshu's Spring and Autumn Annals and Sages' Good Strategies. For example, Xue Ji often quotes ancient books and comes to the conclusion that "this means yes" and "this means nothing". The same sentence is often used in Fan Lu in the Spring and Autumn Period. He also believes that Dong Zhongshu's thoughts and ideas are often mutually invented with those contained in Xue Ji.

Thirdly, Xue Qi's academic thought.

(A) What have they learned?

"Jade is uncut, abrasive; People don't learn and don't know. " If jade is not carved and used, people will be ignorant if they don't learn. Taking Jade Man as an example, this statement puts forward the proposition that people can understand Ming Dow only through learning, emphasizes the importance of acquired learning, and points out that only through subjective efforts can people correctly understand the objective world, acquire knowledge, understand things, and master the universal laws of the development and changes of nature and human society. "After learning, you will not know enough", and you will feel your own shortcomings after learning. Only by constantly participating in more in-depth study and practice activities, broadening our horizons and increasing our knowledge can we discover the boundless sea of learning, infinite truth and vast knowledge, realize our lack of knowledge and our own smallness, and redouble our efforts and be brave in exploration.

(2) Step by step

"One year depends on the classics, three years on the music group, five years on the teacher, and seven years on learning to make friends. This is called a small achievement. Nine years of knowledge and understanding, strong and not returning, is called Dacheng. " The Book of Learning divides students' learning into two relatively independent and internally related stages: "small achievements" and "great achievements". In the stage of "small achievements", you should learn basic reading skills such as sentence breaking and chapter division in the first year; In the third year, you should be able to concentrate on your studies and unite your classmates; In the fifth year, we should be able to study extensively and get close to teachers; In the seventh year, you should be able to discuss your study and make friends. In the "Dacheng" stage, that is, the ninth year, students are required to be knowledgeable, draw inferences from others, have firm learning beliefs and be diligent. These requirements in learning are comprehensive and systematic, including the requirements of learning attitude, content and skills, the norms of choosing friends and teachers, the communication between teachers and students, and the guidance of emotions, values and world outlook. They go from shallow to deep, from near to far, from simple to complex, which embodies the principle of gradual progress, and has the characteristics of from rough to fine, from simple to complex, from easy to difficult, and increasing year by year. They follow the cognitive laws from concrete to abstract, from perceptual to rational, and conform to the ability differences and psychological development order of students of different ages.

(3) Relax once at a time

"Therefore, a gentleman is interested in learning, seclusion, study, rest and travel", "seclusion", employment, "study" and career change; "Rest", retirement, "swimming", swimming in study. The so-called "Tibet and interest complement each other." Require learning to relax and combine work and rest. Learning, as a hard spiritual practice, needs to adopt relaxation strategies, so as to better enable students to develop their specialties, stretch their personalities, cultivate their interests and improve their physical and mental health.

"You should have a proper career when teaching and live on campus when you retire." This requires the combination of "doing business" and "living on campus", that is, the combination of classroom learning and extracurricular activities. Extracurricular activities are the continuation and supplement of classroom learning. Beneficial extracurricular activities can not only broaden students' knowledge and deepen their understanding of what they have learned in class, but also greatly enrich students' real life experience, lay a perceptual knowledge and experience foundation for the theoretical study of "serious things" and develop students' various qualities. This is worthy of reflection in the field of basic education today.

(D) Seize the opportunity

"Learning after time will be very hard and difficult to achieve." We must seize the critical period in our study, otherwise, although we work hard, we will get twice the result with half the effort and have little effect. Yan Zhitui also said: "Young scholars are like the light of the rising sun; Learning when you are old is like walking at night by candlelight. " People of different ages have different learning critical periods for different learning contents. The so-called critical period refers to the period that is most suitable for individual physical and mental development. When it can be called. Therefore, when learning, learners should strictly follow their own age characteristics and psychological development order and seize the best learning opportunity. Early, lack of acceptance, no psychological needs; It's late, and the learning conditions have been lost. In this way, it must be "hard and hard."

(5) Perseverance.

"Remember:' moths are skilled in their time', which doesn't make any sense." Learners should follow the hard-working and persistent spirit of ants and study persistently. Confucianism has always advocated a persistent learning attitude. Confucius said, "Kaiping land will make progress, but I will go." Mencius said, "A well dug by a promising person is not as good as a spring, so it is better to abandon it." Xunzi: "persevere, rotten wood can't be carved;" Perseverance, stones can be smashed. " "Genius lies in diligence, and knowledge lies in accumulation. "The acquisition of knowledge requires unremitting accumulation bit by bit and the spirit of' every little makes a tower'.

(6) Mutual assistance and cooperation

Learning alone without friends is ignorance. If learners don't discuss and communicate with others, they will be ignorant and have narrow knowledge. My life is limited, but so is my knowledge. In fact, in learning, it is far from enough to rely on your own energy and talent. If many learners are diligent in learning from each other, they can form a vivid situation of mutual assistance, hand in hand, mutual promotion and mutual improvement. Confucius attached great importance to the discussion between teachers and friends, and put forward the ideas of "nurturing benevolence with friends", "Virtue is not alone, and there must be neighbors", and "It is a pleasure to have friends from afar" embodies the true meaning of mutual assistance and cooperation in learning. "Looking at each other is good, called rubbing". This advocates that learners should observe each other, communicate actively, exchange what they need and learn from each other's strengths.

Learning records advocate the combination of in-class and out-of-class, and the combination of textbook learning and practical training, which not only expands the knowledge, but also cultivates noble moral sentiments and good living habits. This paper expounds the dialectical relationship between "teaching" and "learning", and draws the correct conclusion that "teaching and learning learn from each other". Learning notes attach importance to heuristic teaching and step-by-step teaching to stimulate students' intrinsic learning motivation and cultivate students' learning consciousness. Attach importance to teaching students in accordance with their aptitude. It is advocated to understand the difficulty of students' learning and the good and evil of their talents as the basis for inspiration and induction. It advocates the teaching order from shallow to deep, from easy to difficult, from simple to complex, and puts forward the positive educational principle, that is, to guide students to develop in a good way before their bad behavior occurs. It is also pointed out that students should learn from each other in the learning process. Xue Ji endowed teachers with lofty status and put forward the idea of strict teachers and attaching importance to morality.

Xue Ji is a valuable material for studying China's ancient educational thought and practice. The teaching principles, teaching principles and methods, and the idea of respecting teachers and attaching importance to Taoism put forward on the basis of summarizing the teaching experience of Confucianism in pre-Qin Dynasty have had a great impact on the development of pedagogy and psychology in China, and are one of the precious educational heritages in China and even in the world.