The research object and method of the first chapter of general psychology ~ 202005 10

Written in front: I am extremely excited and under great pressure when the psychology postgraduate course is officially launched. Excitement comes from one's own preferences, and stress comes from fear of unfamiliar things across disciplines. So I decided to sort out and analyze what I learned after each class, sum up my understanding and write it here. As a follow-up and supervision of your own study, if you are interested in Jane's friends, you can motivate yourself and study, discuss and make progress together.

Instructor: Tian

Excerpts and summary of notes: Giant Mountain

Tian teacher's lecture was vivid and powerful, which relaxed my nervous mood a lot, but I couldn't relax too much. I can't be distracted for a moment in a classroom full of dry goods.

In this course, tian teacher mainly talked about the first chapter of general psychology: the research objects and methods of psychology. Includes the following four aspects:

? The first part: the research object and content of psychology.

? The nature of human psychology in the second quarter

? Section 3 Research Methods of Psychology

? The past and present of psychology

Before the development of theoretical knowledge, tian teacher brought a few vivid examples, which immediately aroused the students' emotions. Classroom interaction was slow. Let us know what psychology is, what psychology can do, and what methods we may use to learn psychology through some examples close to life or interesting tests. It also tells us that psychology is different from pseudoscience such as palm reading, fortune telling and astrology. Let us understand that psychology does not lead us to find a happy world, but lets us see the real world.

The first example is about a child crossing a broken bridge during outward bound training:

The teacher said that you need to feel empathy before comforting your child. For crossing the broken bridge, not crossing is not courage, but cowardice. There is caution, caution and resilience between bravery and timidity.

My understanding: For the above example, we need to observe the details, analyze the psychological activities of the children standing on the broken bridge for ten minutes (imagine what they are afraid of but have to do), infer some efforts that the children may have made, and then express their thoughts, instead of coping with comfort in general. This kind of comfort, children will not agree at all, but may lose their trust in their parents. The so-called empathy does not mean that I understand you and your situation, but that I think and analyze from his point of view. This is the most difficult, because there are differences between people in their own conditions, thinking angles and observation methods, so a set of scientific theories and methods is needed. Perhaps by mastering this set of theories and methods through orthodox study, we can achieve better empathy, help others and even help ourselves.

Next, tian teacher shows you some Rorschach ink drawings, telling you that different people have different views on the same drawing. Different people will have completely different views and stories about drawings that are meaningless in themselves because of their different experiences and psychological differences. Through these pictures, we can project our inner feelings, and through the projected stories, we can analyze the psychological state of visitors.

Rorschach ink test chart (different people will see different pictures, what do you see? Some people even think these pictures are obscene or come for death):

In addition, the teacher also talked about the OH card (subconscious image card). In fact, this is the same principle as the Rorschach ink chart above. The teacher showed you some cards. I tried to pick out two OH cards myself and started playing.

For the first OH card, what I saw was: a disabled person (I saw his legs standing stiffly sowing seeds, and my first reaction was that he had leg disease). He has no choice but to sow for a living. He is very casual, even a little free and easy. There is a beautiful field and future in the distance, but for some reason, he can only live in the present.

For the second OH card, I saw a rainbow in the distance and a bright future, but there was no way to find a bright future.

After analyzing the above two OH cards, I stopped to think about myself. It seems that these two OH cards project my current state: the first one: the unchanging work content. Although there is no pressure in my life and work, I can't give up my job and devote myself to pursuing what I like. Second: I have made my own five-year plan and started, but there are many puzzles and no clear guidance and path.

After a brief understanding of Rorschach ink chart and OH card, I think there should be more tools and methods, and I look forward to further study and practice.

? The first part: the research object and content of psychology.

First, the definition of psychology: the science of studying the occurrence, development and activities of psychological phenomena.

Second, the research object of psychology: psychology is the science of studying psychological phenomena. It not only studies the psychology of animals, but also studies the psychology of people, taking the psychological phenomenon of people as the main research object.

Three important aspects of individual psychological phenomenon: cognition, emotion and motivation, ability and personality. These three aspects are the main research objects of psychology. Individual consciousness and unconsciousness, social psychology and its relationship with individual psychology are also important research objects of psychology.

Third, the classification of psychology:

General psychology/physiological psychology and psychophysiology/developmental psychology/educational psychology/medical psychology/industrial psychology/military psychology/social psychology/

The above picture clearly shows the classification and function field of psychology.

? The nature of human psychology in the second quarter

First, psychology is the function of the brain: psychology is the function of the nervous system, especially the function of the brain.

Tian teacher gave several examples to illustrate the influence of brain and frontal lobe on people's cognition, psychology and behavior.

Non-b error

Cotton candy experiment

Chocolate biscuit and radish experiment

Rhapsody on July 1st: Why do you say Rhapsody on July 1st? Because compared with women, when men are around 40 years old, their nerve inhibition function drops obviously, and it drops faster than women, so relatively speaking, men of this age group are more prone to problems. As a wife, at this age, a husband should care more about his husband than before; As a husband, at this age, you should control yourself or enrich your life in other ways, such as sports, study or housework.

The problem of children's self-control and inattention, from the psychological point of view, human cranial nerves can be divided into nerve excitation, nerve inhibition and nerve inhibition of frontal lobe. The frontal lobe of the brain can only be found to be mature when it is 14 years old, so as parents, we can't blindly blame and complain about children's weak self-control and inattention. These problems are all physiological, which requires us to intervene as parents, warm and well-intentioned intervention, to help children gradually establish awareness and concentration.

Second, psychology is the reflection of objective reality: psychology is the result of the interaction between human brain and objective reality.

1. People's reaction to reality is positive and dynamic.

2. Psychology is the subjective reflection of the human brain on reality, which is immaterial.

3. Psychology dominates people's actions and shows it through actions.

4. Psychology is the combination of nature (physiology) and society.

Why psychology is an intermediate science or marginal science?

Psychology has the same research objectives and means as natural science, so it has the nature of natural science; Psychology also studies social psychology and behavior, which are the products of social life, so the research of psychology is social science. Therefore, psychology that studies psychological phenomena is a combination of natural science and social science. As far as psychology is concerned, it is an intermediate science, or a marginal science.

? Section 3 Research Methods of Psychology

1. Objectivity of psychological research: Psychology is a science, which, like other sciences, should adopt objective research methods.

Counterexample: Use half a glass of water to test whether a person is optimistic or pessimistic through the observer's reaction.

Second, the basic methods of psychological research:

1. Observation method

Observation is a systematic and planned observation of external activities that express psychological phenomena under natural conditions, from which we can find the regularity of the emergence and development of psychological phenomena. This method is also called natural observation.

Scope of application: ① The research object is uncontrollable; ② Control conditions may affect the appearance of some behaviors; (3) Due to the requirements of social morality, it is impossible to control a certain phenomenon.

Defects: ① It is difficult to observe a phenomenon repeatedly, and it is also difficult to test and confirm the observation results; (2) Under natural conditions, it is often difficult to accurately analyze and observe the results obtained due to many factors affecting a certain psychological activity; (3) Due to uncontrollable conditions, unnecessary phenomena may occur, and the phenomena that need to be studied do not appear; ④ It is easily influenced by the observer's subjective interest, willingness, knowledge, experience and skills.

2. Test method (measurement method)

Test method refers to the method of measuring a certain psychological quality with a set of standardized questions (scales) in advance.

According to the content: intelligence test, achievement test, attitude test and personality test.

According to the form: word test, non-word test

According to the test scale: individual test, group test.

The test should pay attention to two basic requirements: reliability and validity. Reliability refers to the reliability of a test; Validity refers to the degree to which the test can effectively measure the required psychological quality.

Here are some test pictures (part of a set of test questions):

3. Relevant laws

Relevance is the relationship between things. Correlation method is another important method in psychological research.

The degree or intensity of correlation between two things (phenomena) can be expressed by the correlation coefficient, which is a numerical value between-1 and 1. If the correlation coefficient is 0, it means that there is little or no correlation between them. Correlation itself cannot provide causal information.

4. Experimental method

The method of observing a psychological phenomenon under controlled conditions is called experiment. In the experiment, researchers can actively intervene in the activities of the subjects, create certain conditions, and produce and repeat certain psychological phenomena. This is the difference between experimental method and observation method. Experimental methods can be divided into laboratory experimental methods and natural experimental methods.

Double-blind control: in the experiment, neither the subjects nor the subjects know how the independent variables are controlled, which helps to rule out the preferences of the experimenters.

5. Case method (case method)

Case law is an ancient method. It is developed from the consultation method in medical practice; Case law requires in-depth observation and study of a person in order to find out the reasons that affect certain behavior and psychological phenomena.

For example, Phulel, the originator of western child development psychology, made a systematic observation of his children: from birth to the end of the third year, three times a day, once in the morning, once in the middle and once in the evening. Wrote a book "Child Psychology".

Misunderstanding of case law: individuals may be atypical and not universal and representative.

? The past and present of psychology

First, the establishment of scientific psychology

Psychology is old and young.

German psychologist Ebbinghaus: "Psychology has a long history, but only a short history."

The fifth century BC:

The ancient Greek philosopher and doctor Hippocrates (known as the father of medicine) founded the temperament theory, which divided the speakers into four categories: sanguine, mucinous, choleric and depressive. Type IV is caused by different proportions of blood, mucus, jaundice and jaundice.

Roman doctor Galen (C) put forward the concept of temperament.

/kloc-before the 0/9th century, psychology always belonged to the category of philosophy.

/kloc-in the middle of the 0/9th century, experimental methods were introduced and became empirical science. Different from philosophy.

1840, German physiologist Weber, differential sensory threshold.

1860, German psychologist Fechner, psychophysics.

From 65438 to 0879, Wilhelm Wundt founded the world's first psychology laboratory in Leipzig University, and began to conduct systematic laboratory research on psychological phenomena, marking the birth and independence of psychological science.

The germination of China's psychology: Since ancient times, people have paid attention to people's psychology, such as some opinions on human nature and individual differences caused by the influence of congenital inheritance and acquired environment.

Confucius: Sex is similar, but learning is far away.

Mencius: Human nature is good.

Xunzi: Human nature is evil.

Shi Shuo: There are good and evil in human nature.

Confession: There is no good or evil in human nature.

Second, school disputes.

(A) Constructivism (Structuralism)

Established: 1879

Founder: Feng Te

Famous representative: Tieqinna

Advocacy: Psychology should study people's consciousness, that is, people's consciousness of direct experience. Human experience is divided into two elements: feeling, image and emotion. The purpose of psychology is to understand the structure of various elements under different stimuli and analyze the structure of psychology. (experimental science)

Criticism:

Simplification theory: human experience is reduced to simple feelings?

(2) Elemental theory: linking components and elements, not directly studying the whole.

③ Spiritualism: It only studies the oral reports of people's self-consciousness, ignoring individuals who can't describe their introspective experiences, including animals, children or people with mental disorders.

(B) functionalism (Functionalism)

Established: 1896

Founder: 1896 Dewey and Angel were influenced by Darwin's theory of evolution and James's pragmatism.

Founder: 1890 Principles of James Psychology

Advocacy: opposing the decomposition of consciousness into feelings and emotions, advocating that consciousness is a continuum, and emphasizing the adaptive function of psychology; Oppose to regard psychology as a pure science and attach importance to the function and role of psychology. It is called functionalism psychology because it emphasizes that psychology should study the dynamic role of psychology in adapting to the environment.

(C) Behaviorism (behaviorism)

Founded in the early 20th century.

Founder: Watson (USA) Publishing 19 13 Psychology in the eyes of a behaviorist? Announced the birth of behaviorism.

Advocacy: ① Oppose research consciousness and advocate psychological research behavior; ② Oppose introspection and advocate experimental methods.

Behaviorism advocates that scientific psychology should study the explicit behavior of observability and human consciousness should be regarded as a black box. No matter what is inside, we only need to examine the reflex activities under the influence of stimulation, and behavior is composed of these reaction activities. It is believed that the research task is to find out the regular relationship between stimulus and response, so that we can infer response from stimulus and stimulus from response. As long as the relationship between stimulus and response is determined, we can predict behavior and shape people's psychology and behavior by controlling the environment.

Behaviorism also advocates "environmental determinism", which holds that individual behavior is completely controlled and decided by the environment. Watson's famous saying:

"Please give me a dozen strong and flawless babies, and let me raise them in my own special world. Then I can guarantee that I can take any one of these babies and train them into any expert-regardless of their abilities, hobbies, tendencies, occupations and races, I can train them into doctors, lawyers, artists, business leaders or business leaders at will.

Example:

(1) Pavlov conditioned reflex experiment (learned in middle school textbooks, I won't repeat it)

② Watson's fear formation experiment

Remarks: Watson's experiment is unethical. The research object of psychology is quite special, mainly taking people as the research object. In psychological research, we should give full consideration to ethical issues and carefully evaluate whether the research may bring harm to the subjects and whether the rights of the subjects are fully respected. Psychologists should not only pay attention to the ethics in experimental work, but also abide by the principle of good faith in all aspects of research, and put an end to unethical behaviors that violate academic norms, such as academic fraud, plagiarism of academic achievements, data fraud, and multiple contributions.

(D) gestalt psychology (Gestalt Psychology)

Established: 19 12 years.

Representative figures: wertheimer (1880- 1943, German psychologist), Koehler (1887- 1967), Kaufka (1886-1.

Proposition: human perception and consciousness are not equal to the set of factors such as feelings or feelings, and behavior is not equal to the set of reflex arcs. Therefore, we oppose the decomposition of psychological phenomena into their constituent elements, and advocate the study of psychological phenomena as a whole and the establishment of gestalt psychology. Gestalt means the whole, and gestalt is the transliteration of the whole German.

(5) Psychoanalysis School.

Founded in the 20th century.

Founder: Freud, a psychiatrist in Vienna, Austria? 1856- 1939)

Advocacy: All individual and social behaviors of human beings are rooted in the desires or motives deep in the soul, especially sexual desire. Desire dominates people in an unconscious form, which is manifested in people's normal and abnormal behaviors.

The main viewpoints of psychoanalysis: subconscious theory/personality structure theory/sexual desire development stage theory

1. Personality dynamics

Human instinct and impulse (libido)

Human instinctive impulse: sexual instinct

(1) Biological instinct: food, sex and love.

(2) Death instinct: conflict, attack and death.

2. Personality structure theory (three personality theories)

Id (Primitive Man): The lowest level of personality structure, including people's various physiological needs. Seek direct satisfaction and follow the principle of happiness.

Ego (realistic person): the middle layer of personality structure, which gradually develops in the conflict between the impulse of ID and the environment to realize ID, plays a regulatory role between ID and superego and follows the principle of reality.

Superego (moral person): the highest level of personality structure, internalized by social norms, ethics and values, is the result of individual socialization. Follow moral principles.

The time when the superego begins to develop: one thinks that it begins to take shape at the age of 6, and the other thinks that it begins to take shape around 10.

3. Consciousness and unconsciousness

Consciousness: the feeling and experience that an individual perceives at any moment.

Pre-consciousness: Memories about events and experiences can be extracted through proper efforts or attention (outlook on life).

Unconscious (subconscious): Memories, emotions and other contents that pose a threat to consciousness and must be pushed away are not perceived by simple attention, but may be revealed in dreams, slips of the tongue and humor. It can also be found through psychoanalysis and other techniques.

4. Personality development stage

Third, the main orientation of contemporary psychological research

(A) physiological psychology

Physiological psychology focuses on how the body and brain produce emotions, memories and other sensory experiences. Psychologists who adopt this orientation care about the biological basis of psychology and behavior, regard physiology as the basic means to describe and explain psychological functions, and think that all our advanced psychological functions (such as perception, memory, attention, language, thinking and emotion) are closely related to physiological functions, especially the function of the brain.

Example: How is information transmitted in the body? What is the relationship between chemicals in blood and mood and motivation?

cognitive psychology

Cognitive psychology focuses on how people encode, process, store, retrieve, extract and use information. Think of people as processors of information.

For example, how people use information in remembering, thinking and solving problems.

(3) humanistic psychology

Humanistic psychology pays attention to the study of personality and pays attention to human nature and value.

Advocate the study of the development of human value and potential. They believe that human nature is good, people have the need for self-realization and have great psychological potential. As long as there is a proper environment and education, people will improve themselves, give full play to their creative potential and achieve some positive social goals.

They believe that psychology should change the study of ordinary people or morbid people and become a way to study the psychology of "healthy" people, reveal people's creative motives and show their potential.

Maloney's hierarchy of needs theory;

Evolutionary point of view

Evolutionary psychology emphasizes the role of natural selection in shaping human universal behavior tendency. If a behavioral tendency contributes to the survival of individuals, then this behavioral tendency will be naturally selected and preserved through genetic inheritance.

Finally, list some books and movies recommended by teachers:

Recommended books: psychology and life

Recommended movie: Inception

Recommended TV series: lie to me

& lt at the top? Check the topic? Next chapter >