Brief introduction of Hunan Flower Drum Opera

Hunan ancient painting drama, also known as xiang opera, originated in Yiyang, Hunan, and later developed to Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui and other places. It is a general term for local operas, such as ancient paintings and lantern plays. Due to different popular areas, there are Changsha ancient painting drama, Hengyang ancient painting drama, Shaoyang ancient painting drama and so on, each with its own style. It originated from the development of folk songs in southern Hunan, from once ugly singing to "three small" singing. There are more than 400 traditional plays and more than 300 musical tunes in various places. According to the different structure and musical style, it can be divided into four categories: Sichuan tune, Gong cavity, brand and minor, all of which have the characteristics of rough and bold and strong local color. Music with small suona, gongs and drums, lively and light tunes, suitable for singing and dancing. Famous actors include Liao Chunshan, Wang Yousheng and Zhang Shusheng.

Brief introduction of Hunan Flower Drum Opera

Ancient painting drama originated from folk songs and gradually developed into the main form of once ugly ancient painting drama. Liuyang County Records, published in the 23rd year of Jiaqing in Qing Dynasty (18 18), talked about the situation of playing dragon lanterns in the local Lantern Festival, saying: "Boys play ugly plays and sing golden drums from the 10th day to the end of the night". It shows that an ugly flower drum play, Dihuagu, was once sung, which was formed at the latest in Jiaqing period of Qing Dynasty. According to the Yuan Tan Diary (1862) written by Yang Enshou in the first year of Tongzhi in Qing Dynasty, the "Flower Drum Ci" that Yang Enshou saw in Yongxing, Hunan Province (that is, Flower Drum Opera) had four roles: scholar, bookworm and Claudia's daughter-in-law. The plot and performance were vivid, indicating that the Flower Drum Opera at this time had not only developed into "three times" (Xiao Dan started from the voice and repertoire. Later, with the introduction of "Gong tune" and "Chuan tune", folk legendary dramas with strong stories gradually appeared. The main repertoires are Qingfeng Pavilion, Lulin Club, Eight Hundred Li Dongting and Xue Mei Jiaozi. The main repertoires of Sichuan Opera include Liu Hai Xi Toad, Whip Reed Flower, Zhang Guang's Big Hand, and Driving Children on the Road. In this way, a relatively complete local opera was formed.

In the early days of ancient paintings and operas, only semi-professional class clubs performed seasonal performances in rural areas, and they engaged in art after busy farming. Since Guangxu, this class club has developed rapidly. There are dozens of "suitcases" in Ningxiang and Hengyang counties alone, with nearly 200 artists. Actors are trained with teachers, and some are taught by apprentices, which are called "teaching fields" or "lecture halls". Each stage lasts for dozens of days, and three or four plays are taught. In the past, because ancient paintings and operas were often discriminated against and banned, all local troupes with ancient paintings and operas were called "semi-theatrical troupe" or "semi-theatrical and semi-tonal" and "yin and yang troupe" under the guise of performing local popular dramas. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), professional troupes were set up in various places to perform in city theaters. According to 198 1 statistics, there are 54 ancient painting troupes in the province, and Hunan Ancient Painting Opera House has been established. 1957, Hunan Opera School was established and merged with Ancient Painting and Opera Academy. Traditional Plays There are more than 400 traditional plays of ancient paintings and operas all over the country, which mainly reflect folk life, and most of them are about productive labor, love between men and women or family conflicts, with vivid language and strong local flavor. After 1949, the art of ancient paintings and operas has developed greatly, not only sorting out traditional operas such as Liu Hai chopping firewood and shooting birds, but also creating many modern operas such as Double Food Delivery, Busy Sister-in-law and Sanliwan. Playing Gong, Pouring Pots, On the Way to Delivery and Yeyadao have all been made into movies. There are more than 300 kinds of music tunes in ancient Chinese paintings and operas, which are mainly Qupai, supplemented by plate changes. According to the difference of tune structure, music style and expression, it can be divided into four categories: Sichuan tune. Or Gong Zheng tune, that is, Heizi tune, with drums and suona. Tune is composed of aria and aria, and its mode and melody are changeable, which is the main aria of ancient painting and opera. Knock gong. Also known as Gong Diao, Qupai combination structure, the combination of "Diao" and "Liu" (several boards) is like a high-pitched tune, which is one of the main vocals of Changsha, Yueyang and Changde operas.

Brands, including Zou Pai and Gong and Drum Pai, originated from southern Hunan folk songs, with small suona and gongs and drums. They are lively and light, suitable for song and dance dramas and are one of the main vocals of various schools in southern Hunan. Minor. There are folk songs and strings. Although the latter belongs to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it has been localized. All kinds of tunes are rough and hearty. The performance art of performing traditional Chinese operas featuring ancient paintings is simple, bright and lively, and the performances of clowns, Xiao Dan and Xiao Sheng are still the most distinctive. Clowns are exaggerated and funny, Xiao Dan is cheerful and provocative, and Xiao Sheng is free and easy. He has rich footwork and figure, and is good at using fans and towels. He has various programs to show rural life, such as boating, carrying loads, smashing and looting, chopping wood, striking while the iron is hot, grinding bean curd, touching loach, flying kites, catching butterflies and so on. In the later period, due to the development of the repertoire, the performing arts were also enriched, such as absorbing some carpet skills and processing skills of the brothers' play and enriching the martial arts performance. The business division of ancient paintings and operas has also become more detailed, not only from the "three small" to longevity, Dan, cleanliness and ugliness, but also in the "three small". Take the ancient painting drama in Changsha as an example, clowns can be divided into three types: wrinkled ugliness, short ugliness, official ugliness, rotten ugliness and milk ugliness. Xiao Dan is divided into Zheng Dan, Erdan, Hua Dan and boudoir. Xiao Sheng is divided into four categories: Zheng Xiaosheng, Romantic Xiao Sheng, No Potential Xiaosheng, Rag Xiao Sheng, Ruer, etc. In the long-term artistic practice, some famous actors have appeared in various places, such as He Dongbao (ugly) in Changsha, Liao Chunshan (Dan) in Xiangtan, Zhang Shusheng (born) in Taoyuan, Yang Bocheng (ugly) in Yueyang and Zhang (young) in Hengyang.

Changsha Huagu Opera is a Hunan Huagu Opera with Changsha Mandarin as the stage language and great influence. /kloc-for more than 60 years, it has developed from rural folk songs, folk tunes and local flower drums (including flower drums and ground flower drums-flower drum lanterns).

Changsha ancient painting drama has developed from the "second small" (clown, Xiao Dan) to the "third small" (second small plus pupils), and then from the "third small" to various roles. However, it is still an important feature of Changsha ancient painting drama.

In the traditional repertoire of Changsha ancient paintings and operas, there are a large number of small plays and passbook plays, which are the most distinctive and representative repertoires. Small plays include "opposite plays" and "three small plays". Traditional Chinese operas are mostly developed on the basis of folk songs, fishing songs, minor tunes, flower drums and bamboo lanterns. Zhezi opera is often performed as a solo in Big Ben's opera, and it is the most popular repertoire in ancient painting opera. After the founding of New China, relying on the cooperation of old artists and literary and art workers, the traditional plays of Changsha ancient paintings and operas have been excavated and adapted. There are 50 scripts such as Chopping Wood with Liu Hai, Lulin Club, Yin and Yang Fan, Rent Collection in Nanzhuang and Golden Frog in Liu Hai Play.

Musically, it belongs to "Qupai couplets". The method of couplets is to connect many tunes with the same tone according to the needs of shaping the image and keeping the layout of the vocal cavity unified and coordinated, so as to achieve the purpose of depicting characters and expressing the plot. However, in terms of expression techniques, it is supplemented by plate changes to make up for the lack of tunes.

Changsha tune can be divided into three categories: Sichuan tune, Gong tune and minor tune. The first two categories are called "positive tune", which have relatively fixed vocal cavity format and melody characteristics; The melody, rhythm and mode of the latter kind of tunes have changed greatly, and the original folk song structure has been basically maintained. Paper-cut music of Changsha ancient painting drama, with tunes from folk songs and classical music cards.

On the basis of "three small", Changsha ancient painting drama has developed the roles of life, Dan, Jing and Ugliness. However, the clown, Xiao Dan and Xiao Sheng still represent the unique artistic style of the play. Clowns can be divided into wrinkle ugliness, short body ugliness, official clothes ugliness, rotten cloth ugliness, milk ugliness and so on.

The accompaniment band of Changsha ancient painting drama is divided into two scenes: civil and military. There is a drum suona in the literary field. Drum is the main musical instrument, shaped like erhu, made of bamboo snake skin, with clear and rich timbre, which is used to keep the tune in accompaniment; Suona is divided into big suona and small suona, which are mainly used for knocking on doors. There are drums, gongs (Su Gong), big notes (Han Notes), small notes and small gongs in the martial arts field. Clap your hands is "Kezi" (that is, rectangular bangzi).

Yueyang Flower Drum Opera is popular in Yueyang, Miluo, Linxiang and some towns in southern Hubei. Jiaqing's "Baling County Records" in Qing Dynasty recorded the prosperity of flower drum drama in rural areas around Baling.

As far as music is concerned, the main vocal cavity of Yueyang Opera's ancient painting cavity is called "Qin cavity". The tunes of "Qinqiang Opera" include [single sentence], [double sentence], [dream tone], [yin tone] and [sad tone]. Other folk songs, such as Sifu tune, Acacia tune, Noisy Five Watch, Ten Embroideries, Huimen tune, Ten glasses of wine, plum blossom intro, etc., are also often used in it. Obviously, "Qin Opera" was influenced by China's tunes. Many plays of Yueyang Opera are also based on "Qin Opera", so when performing in southern and southeastern Hubei, it is easily accepted and loved by the masses because of its musical homology and language similarity, and it is called "violin opera".

The main repertoires include Four Clothes, Mending the Back, The Story of Lin Lou, Double Stealing Flowers, Double Selling Wine, Cowherd and Weaving Girl, etc.

Changsha ancient painting plays are popular in Changsha, Xiangtan, Zhuzhou, Ningxiang, Liuyang and Pingjiang. It is the most popular and influential ancient painting drama in Hunan. As early as the mid-Qing Dynasty, it became popular and flourished in these places.

The main melody of Changsha ancient painting drama is "Sichuan tune", and most plays adopt "Sichuan tune". Folk call it "Black Boy Play" because it is equipped with silk and bamboo instruments. "Black boy drama" was also influenced by naughty yellow in Han Dynasty, and gradually moved closer to banqiang music. There are also [first class], [second class], [third class], [guide plate], [bereavement], [singing] and [sharp cavity]. The main repertoires are Pan Fu, Sacrifice Tower and Draw lots.

Whether it's "Shaanxi Opera" or "Sichuan Tune", Heizi is accompanied by drums and other strings, and his pronunciation is gloomy and simple.

Yueyang ancient painting opera and Changsha ancient painting opera are collectively called "Gong Opera". "Gong cavity" is also called "Gong cavity", that is, when singing, it is accompanied by gongs and drums, regardless of strings and voices. Before liberation, Jingzhou ancient painting drama was accompanied by gongs and drums, and the voices helped each other. Wenchang's accompaniment was only added in the 1950s. On the basis of local gongs and drums music such as Mupi tune, Trojan tune, Ciqi tune, Liu Si tune and Batong brand, the ancient painting dramas in Yueyang and Changsha absorbed some banqiang music of naughty Han people, forming a combined structure of guide boards, third-rate boards, emergency boards and scattered boards.

Yueyang ancient painting opera and Changsha ancient painting opera also have a third tune, called "minor", which is local folk music with strong local flavor. For example, picking tea, looking at the mother, inverted tune, four seasons green, picking lotus boat tune, washing vegetables and other folk songs. However, some classics of gongs and drums in Han Dynasty were also used as music to cut the field, such as "Wan Nianhuan", "A Flower", "Moth", "Victory Order", "Liu" and "Beside the Dressing Table".

Yueyang ancient painting drama and Changsha ancient painting drama have become independent dramas. The earliest performance was "Erxiao" with few plots, that is, the "Sanxiao" song and dance drama, which was ugly all its life, mostly used local minor, and later influenced by dramas such as Han Opera, it performed plays with strong plots and more characters.

Because of the low drama level of minor, they absorbed the Han tunes which are adjacent to it and similar in language and pronunciation, and formed the later "Qin tunes" or "Sichuan tunes" and some "Gong tunes". And in the process of long-term stage performance, local music has been integrated, and the melody characteristics are relatively fixed. The ancient painting opera house called it "the right tune". The formation of "orthodox tune" makes up for the lack of minor and the combination of qupai, which makes the ancient painting opera have the musical conditions for performing this drama.

As for Changde Flower Drum Opera, it is mainly popular in Changde, Taoyuan, Hanshou, Linli, Dayong and Cili. It originated from folk "tea-picking lamps" and "car lamps" and flowed into cities in the late Qing Dynasty. During the reign of Xuan Tong, Changsha Daily recorded that "lantern prostitution" was prohibited in Changde, forcing ancient paintings and dramas to co-perform with Han dramas, which was directly influenced by Changde Han dramas. Before liberation, many artists of ancient paintings and operas studied China operas and joined Han classes. They often perform "two pots" in harmony with Chinese, which is called "two classes" locally. This situation continued until after liberation.

Changde's music is also "Sichuan tune", "Gong tune" and "minor". The main repertoires are Watching Flowers in the Shadows, Jumping on the Pink Wall, Picking Mushrooms, Going Down the Mountain, and The Death of Second Sister You, which were adapted after liberation. Modern new drama "Country Veterinary".

In addition to vocal music, many traditional plays in Hunan Opera are moved from Han Opera. It is said that there are hundreds of them, such as Song Jiangsha, Meilong Opera Phoenix, Temple Burning Incense, Huaiyin Songzi, Qingfeng Pavilion, and Catching Dishes.

After liberation, under the guidance of the Party's literary policy, and with the joint efforts of old artists and new literary and art workers, Hunan ancient painting plays have excavated, sorted out and adapted many traditional plays, among which Liu Hai chopping firewood and Liu Hai Jin Chan have great influence in the whole country.

Chopping firewood and bangs, played by Xiao, Zhao Juyun and Zhong Yichun, tells the story of a young woodcutter in Liucun, Wuling, Changde who goes up the mountain to chop firewood every day and then sells firewood for salt rice to wait on his mother. Qian Shan has nine foxes. Hu Xiuying, the ninth sister, stopped Liu Hai on the road because she admired Liu Hai's diligence and simplicity and proposed marriage. When Liu Hai knew Xiuying really loved him, she agreed. So they use willow as a medium. Dan Jixiang testified that he was married and they both went home. It turns out that Hu Xiuying, Liu Hai's wife, is a fox spirit, and she had been practicing for more than 500 years before she got the body of a fortune teller. She has a treasure that enables her to be a person. There is also a stone arhat in Qian Shan, whose original body is a bluestone golden toad. He also practiced in the mountains and wanted to be a fortune teller. So he sneaked into the Liu family while shopping in the strip. When he saw Hu Xiuying drawing water next to Loofah Well, he led all the stones to grab the orb. Hu Xiuying was outnumbered and crashed into the well. Schlohn used a thousand pounds of brakes, and Hu Xiuying was cramped and exhausted. He tried to spit the orb out of his mouth, and it was taken away by the stone arhat. Hu Xiuying lost her orb, and she was about to show her true colors at dawn, so she told the truth to Liu Hai who came home from shopping. Hearing this, Liu Hai rushed to Qian Shan regardless of his own life and death. With the help of an axe, he got the treasure. Husband and wife were reunited and lived a happy life.

In the play, "Brother Liu Hai, let me compare you ... I'm here than my sister ..." The duet between Hu Xiuying and Liu Hai is lively and cheerful, and the joy of getting married and going home is funny and lovely. It is one of the most distinctive vocals in Hunan ancient paintings and operas, which has been circulating for a long time.

In addition to the arrangement and adaptation of traditional plays, Hunan Ancient Painting Opera House also pays special attention to the creation and performance of modern plays, which has great influence in the whole province and even the whole country. According to the statistics of Hunan Theatre 1965, 69 of the 94 plays are modern plays, such as Sanliwan, Playing Gong, Mixing Pots, Double Food Delivery, Red Shop Assistant, Guo Liang Troops Catch Guo Liang, My Home, Back to Cattle and so on. Among them are Gong, Pot Mending, Two Drawings, On the Delivery Road, Yeyadao and so on. It was made into colorful stage art films, and "Three Mile Bay" and "Objects" won the creation award of the 30th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China held by 1979 Ministry of Culture. "

Li Guyi plays, Peng plays Li Xiaocong, and Zhong Yichun plays Aunt Liu's "Mixing Pot", which says that Aunt Liu, a pig expert, has an only daughter named Lan Ying. After graduating from high school, she returned to her hometown to participate in agricultural production and fell in love with her classmate Li Xiaocong. Li Xiaocong learned the craft of mending pots after graduating from high school. Aunt Liu got wind that her daughter had a crush on a pot repairman, thought it was useless to repair the pot, and opposed her daughter falling in love with him. One day, Aunt Liu accidentally broke the wok. Lan Ying took this opportunity to ask Xiao Cong to make up the pot. They skillfully educated the aunt and made her change her old ideas.

Li Guyi, who played Liu Lanying, later changed her name to Li Guyi, entered the vocal music hall from singing ancient paintings and became a famous soprano.

Although xiang opera has developed into a variety of industries such as life, beauty, cleanliness and ugliness, Xiao Dan, Xiao Sheng and harlequin still occupy the main position, and their performances are full of rich flavor of life. At the same time, they also pay attention to constantly absorbing traditional performance skills. For example, Yueyang ancient painting drama directly draws lessons from traditional operas, such as robes, feathers, wings, fans, official uniforms, hats, beards, holding, flapping, falling, falling.