What was particularly popular before BC?

The Oracle of Delphi and Dona, as well as all kinds of fortune telling, were extremely popular in BC.

Scobas, a sculptor in Palos, is as famous as praxiteles, and shows stronger feelings in action-filled scenes, such as Amazon women in battle, fanatical Dionysian priestesses, courting lovers and so on. The sculptor Leo Charies created excellent portraits of Philip and Aesop Crates, while Olano carved Plato's portrait, and Brusis made the portrait of Seleucu. Scobbas, Leo Harris, Bruce assis and Timothy are especially famous for their sculptures on Mozos Mausoleum, which was built in Halicarnassus after Mozos's death in 353 BC.

The portrait carving of Mo Solas and his later Artemidia is an excellent example of Aristotle's famous saying: the artist not only expresses his personality in the portrait, but also makes him look more beautiful than himself; Because realism is still subject to artistic and rational idealism here. The relief of the mausoleum also shows the same characteristics. These reliefs are based on the battle between Amazon women and Greeks. The battle scenes are extremely vivid, with magnificent composition and intense emotions.

Their style reached its peak in Xixiwen sculptor Li Xipu. Li Xipu is good at both portraits and battle scenes. He is tall and strong with a small head. He developed a new portrait proportion rule, which replaced the rigid statue rule and used the three-dimensional space more skillfully. For example, his portrait of Apoxyomenus shows that young athletes wipe off ointment with brushes and reach out freely to the distance.

He himself once pointed out that in the past, artists expressed their themes according to human reality, while he wanted to express them according to images. He also believes that no artist is his role model, only nature itself is. The bronze statue of Alexander made by him stands on the side of his head and his eyes are very realistic. Since then, other artists are not allowed to carve Alexander. His shooting scenes of Alexander's hunting and fighting are also very famous, including the portraits of Alexander and his "partners". Unfortunately, these works were not handed down from generation to generation, and only some influences were seen in the so-called "Alexander sarcophagus".

Painting has reached its peak in this century, and the greatest representative is Apris of Korofen, who can keep pace with Praxiteles and Scobas. His most famous work is The Birth of Aphrodite, which shows that the goddess appeared from the sea and twisted her hair like a woman on the earth. She smelled like Aphrodite standing beside the water altar in cornelius. His portraits of Philip and Alexander and his self-portrait were highly praised.

In a funny comedy of Herodas, there is an interesting description of his vivid pen use, in which a little girl exclaimed in front of Abilis's painting: "If I pinch this naked boy, he will definitely be bruised by me, because his flesh is like blood flowing on a canvas. Look at the cow, the person who leads the cow, the little girl who follows the hook nose, and the young man with unkempt hair. It's completely real. I was afraid that the cow would hit me and almost got a chill. "

The temple of Apollo Savior, built on Mount Basse in Acadia, is a magnificent building built during the Peloponnesian War. It adopts Dorian column, which is not as beautiful as the Parthenon, but it shows some new features: it adopts Ionian eccentric columns (that is, columns half inside and half outside the wall), two of which adopt Corinthian column tops, and there is an independent Corinthian column in the hall. Eccentric columns and Corinthian columns were further developed in the temples of Athena and Arya in Tigia. Built around 350 BC, this temple is mainly Dorian-style, which can catch up with the Elizabethan Temple in detail decoration and rival the Parthenon in exquisite structure. The development of Corinthian column is a great achievement of Dorian's art, and this column top later became a major feature of Hellenistic Roman architecture.

In the 4th century BC, the temple of Zeus in Nimia, the sixth temple of Apollo in Delphi, the temple of Pius in asker of Epicurus and the temple of themis were built one after another. Greek architectural technology is also manifested in the construction of tholoi and the rotunda, which are surrounded by colonnades inside and outside. The examples of Delphi and Epi Dorus are Corinthian columns inside and Dorian columns outside. The Philip Auditorium in Olympia was built by Philip and completed by Alexander, with an Ionian cylinder outside and a Corinthian offset cylinder inside. In Sicily and Italy, the construction of temples was stopped because of the turbulent environment.

After Asia Minor was forced to negotiate, the economy recovered and the temple construction made some progress. At Ephesus, a huge temple of Al themis was built, which was Ionian, that is, the foundation was 164 feet wide and 343 feet long. A huge temple of Apollo (base width 168 feet, length 359 feet) was also built in Dedema near Miletus. These magnificent temples are not innovative in design, except for the pedestal of carved pillars in the temple of Ephesus. Some temples have also been built in Prien and Sardis in Asia Minor, and the huge Mosorus Mausoleum of Halicarnassus is listed as one of the seven wonders of the world.

Civil buildings are also competing with temples: Philon built a 400-foot armory in Athens; The conference director of Alcatraz Alliance in the megacity is 2 18 feet, and the width is 173 feet. The roof is completely supported by stone pillars. The hotel in Olympia is 263 feet long and 243 feet wide. Each room faces a courtyard surrounded by Dorian colonnade, and the external colonnade includes 65,438+038 Ionian columns. Rakus's Dionysius's big buildings obviously have the same scale, and they later became the pioneers of Agado Keres's "Sixty Lounge Chair" Palace.

The most exquisite representative of all existing buildings in the 4th century BC is the Tipidoru Theatre (built around 350 BC), whose auditorium is 387 feet in diameter, and the Athens Theatre (built around 330 BC), whose auditorium can accommodate 17000 people. These two amphitheaters can still be used for performances today, with excellent sound effects. The 850-foot-long Pan-Athena Stadium in Athens was built entirely of Polo stone, which was also an achievement of Lycurgus in financial management. The fortifications, castles and gates built by countless city-states in Greece, Sicily and southern Italy are also a major feature of architecture in the 4th century BC. They are all large and beautifully designed, and some gates use arches. The castle building in Messenia is one of the famous representatives, which has always withstood the onslaught of Spartans.

These fortress projects show another feature of the 4th century BC: the world is restless and people are worried. Bandits, pirates, looting mercenaries, and successive wars have made people dare to live only in walled towns and stockades. With the decline of orthodox religious belief, fear drives those who are not comforted in philosophy and humanitarianism to turn to deeper superstition. The Oracle of Delphi and Dona, all kinds of divination and fortune telling are considered to be extremely magical and very popular, for example, among the soldiers of Timothy. Some people, like Xenophon, are superstitious about a nameless power. "If someone is surprised by my suggestion to believe in God, as long as he is constantly in trouble, his surprise will disappear, because God can show the future in sacrifice, divination, language and dreams."

This is what Xenophon said. Others, such as Timothy Leon, believe in luck and consider themselves lucky. Mysterious religions, especially orpheus, have more followers than ever before, and they are all over Greece. However, in this era of growing individualism, the strongest tendency is to regard contemporary great men as gods and people like Lysander and Philip as gods.

Just like in the Peloponnesian War, sometimes a superstitious panic suddenly broke out and things got out of control. This panic divided the arcadia League and the forsyth city-states. It may also be that this panic made Athens want to convict Aristotle, and he had to flee to Garcis to avoid death (323 BC); Later, in 306 BC, he and other philosophers were attacked in Athens on charges of "impiety". Even in Athens, the capital of Greek civilization with prosperous humanities and arts, there is still a strong undercurrent of political and social hatred, which sometimes turns into superstitious panic and fear, enough to threaten and destroy civilization.