Local culture of Puxian culture

To truly understand the characteristics of Puxian culture, it is inseparable from the understanding of Puxian dialect, local folk customs and specialty flavors. Perhaps, these contents will help people uncover the mysterious veil of Puxian culture and explore its true meaning. Puxian dialect belongs to Minhai dialect of Chinese dialect. Puxian dialect is also called Xinghua dialect because it belongs to Xinghua army and Xinghua government in history. Puxian dialect is unique in that it has distinct eight tones, retains a large number of ancient Chinese in the Central Plains before the Tang Dynasty, and retains the unvoiced sound.

Puxian dialect is popular in all areas except Putian County and Xianyou County, and there are also neighboring villages such as Qingxincuo, Jiangyin, Yidu, Dong Zhang, Jingyang and Silverstream, as well as areas such as Tuling in Hui 'an, east of Huibei, south of Yongtai Wu Tong and west of Songkou. Putian overseas Chinese and their descendants still use Puxian dialect. According to statistics, there are more than 5 million people using Puxian dialect at present.

Dialect is a manifestation of traditional culture, which has been gradually formed and developed for thousands of years. Puxian dialect is the result of the cultural blending between the ancient Fujian and Yue aborigines and the Han nationality in the Central Plains, which has been moving southward. Historically, a large number of Han people in the Central Plains migrated to Fujian. According to historical records, during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Zhu Maichen led troops to March south to Yushan, the king of East Vietnam, and some Han soldiers settled in Puxian County. The remains of Ji Zicheng and Yuewangtai left in those years are evidence. During the "Yongjia Rebellion" in the Jin Dynasty, eight surnames entered Fujian, and many people also moved to Puxian. The existing genealogy of surnames is clearly recorded. During the Five Dynasties, the Central Plains artificially avoided chaos and entered Puxian on a large scale. Puxian dialect is a combination of ancient Zhongyuan dialect and Fujian-Vietnam pronunciation, supplemented by modern vocabulary and some foreign languages. When foreigners first came into contact with Puxian dialect, they only heard twittering and didn't know what they were talking about. They were often compared to gossip birds. In fact, there are many phonetic features of ancient Chinese and middle Chinese in Puxian dialect. Qian Daxin, a scholar in the Qing Dynasty, put forward some famous theories, such as "there is no light lip sound in ancient times" and "there is no tongue sound in ancient times", which can be found in Puxian dialect. For example, the words "Fei, Fei, Fan, Bee" are pronounced as "F" in Mandarin, while these words with light lip sounds in Middle Ages are pronounced as P and ph in Puxian dialect. Another example is the words "Zhong, Zhi, Chong, Shu and Chu". Today, the initials of Putonghua are zh and ch, while when Xinghua spoken parts studied, the initials were T and th. On the stone sutra building of the Song Dynasty in Guanghua Temple in Nanshan, Putian, the mantras of the Buddha honoring Dalagni are engraved in Chinese and Sanskrit. The Sanskrit translation of "Jia, Jia, Ju and Jie" is pronounced as K and kh, and "Yi, nephew, shame and Yi" is pronounced as T and th.

Due to the existence of a large number of archaic sounds, a large number of archaic words are used in Puxian dialect, such as "jiao" as "bone jiao", "Shu" as "book", "rope" as "Yan", "cry" as "roar" and "egg" as. Therefore, Puxian dialect is very different from Putonghua now, and outsiders will really feel strange.

On the other hand, Puxian dialect has the phonetic heritage of ancient aborigines and Fujian-Guangdong dialects. Scholars' research shows that some dialects in Puxian dialect are strikingly similar to Zhuang and Dong languages of the descendants of Guyue. For example, Putian calls one or both of shoes and chopsticks "lattice", which is consistent with Zhuang and Buyi's (K'D'). Another example is that livestock is called "circle" in the north and "hedge" in Pu Xian, which is similar to Zhuang, Shui and Dai. For example, the word "ban" in Puxian dialect, like (ban3) in Zhuang and Dong languages, represents villages and is mostly used for place names. There are nearly a hundred place names with the word "half" in Puxian, such as "Shaban, Linban, Puban, Zhengban, Xiaban, Tuban, Fangban, Nanban, Banyan, Banzhong, Huban and Houban". Grammatically, quantifiers, verbs, adjectives and modal verbs in Puxian dialect are all in a cohesive state and can all overlap, which is very similar to the cohesive characteristics of ancient Vietnamese. After thousands of years of blending and assimilation, the ancient aborigines of Puxian, the Min and Yue people, have gradually become a vulnerable group, and no trace of them has been found so far. However, in Du Min's Parting Record, it is also recorded that Muke is a descendant of the ancient Yue people in the Hanjiang River in Putian in the Song Dynasty.

In Putian County and Xianyou County before, Puxian dialect was basically the same, but there were still different sounds ten miles away. In terms of phonology, there is generally nasal phonology in Putian coastal areas, commonly known as "out-of-bounds cavity"; Influenced by Fuqing dialect, Putian Jiangkou area is commonly known as "Jiangkou". Xianyou Chicken Pavilion, Zhuang Yuan area, accent mixed with "Minnan Quanzhou dialect"; The accents of Youyang, Shicang, Zhongshan, Xiangxi, Zhuangbian, Xinxian, Dayang and other mountain towns have obvious "mountain accent". There are also some differences in vocabulary. For example, in Putian dialect, "oyster" is generally called "clam", while Fengting is called "moth", which probably means it looks like a moth. Another example is that the "spider" is often called "Eight Lords" in Hanjiang River, which comes from a legend that a spider spun a web, lost its enemy and saved Ming Taizu Zheng De. In Putian dialect, Zi is called Dong, and in Xianyou dialect, Dong, etc. The appellation of Nai is the customary usage of the ancients, such as Father and Weng. The folklore in Pu Xian Mirror retains the ancient style of the Central Plains and has unique local characteristics. There are Lantern Festival, Tomb-Sweeping Day, Dragon Boat Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival, Double Ninth Festival, Winter Solstice, New Year's Eve and so on. This is consistent with the Central Plains. Festival customs such as Lantern Festival, Walking Festival, Dragon Boat Race, Mid-Autumn Festival, Chongyang Mountain Climbing, and Spring Festival are in the same strain as the ancient customs in the Central Plains. Most of the customs of marriage, longevity, burial, folk customs and decoration also have the remains of the ancient culture of the Central Plains, showing the fashion of harmonious blind date, respecting the old and loving the virtuous, industrious and thrifty, and helping others. Due to the rich historical and cultural accumulation, traditional local culture and arts, such as Puxian Opera, Ten Tones and Eight Tones, etc. , have infiltrated into festivals, weddings, birthdays and other folk activities.

For thousands of years, Puxian people have inherited a national spirit of justice, fortitude and fearlessness. In the seemingly ordinary season of the year, strong love and hate are revealed. For example, "White Spring Festival couplets" are posted in the Spring Festival to show the struggle against the invaders killing innocent people; On the fourth day of the first month, I was "old" and remembered the heinous crimes committed by the Japanese invaders. Many folk activities in history are heroes who died heroically to commemorate their heroic resistance to the enemy, such as Lin Juyi, Chen, Chen Zan, and Lin. Are revered as the gods who protect the environment and the people.

In Xianyou Fengting, the annual Spring Festival to commemorate Lu Xiufu, the hero of the Southern Song Dynasty who fought against the Yuan Dynasty, is even more worthy of publicity: at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, the Yuan army went south, and the prime minister Lu Xiufu's family died in a mutiny. He protected his young emperor Zhao Min, moved to Fengyou Pavilion in Xianyou, and recruited soldiers to resist Yuan. Cai Liniang, a local girl, admired her noble integrity and married Lu Xiufu. Later, Lu Xiufu defeated the cliff mountain and threw the emperor into the sea. When the bad news came back, Cai Liniang and Feng Ting's father always sprinkled wine and waved waves, wept bitterly and worshipped, and sang a stirring poem about staying in spring: "Playing drums and singing about staying in spring, singing about staying in spring and being loyal to the soul. Cliff mountain angry source empty lapping, frog drum a few times who heard of ... "Cai Li Niang there is pregnant with Lu Xiufu's flesh and blood, gave birth to a child is never to eat Liu Yuan Dynasty when he grows up.

This tragic story has formed the custom of staying in the New Year among the people, and also created the national integrity of Puxian people, which is also the reason why most Puxian people are unwilling to be officials at the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty.

In the historical process of the development and evolution of Puxian folk custom, it has inherited many traditional virtues and inevitably infiltrated many negative factors of backwardness and superstition. Such as fear of heaven, worship of gods, worship of ghosts, the concept of clan rights, discrimination against women and other feudal ideas, have all formed certain harm. Puxian area is vast and sparsely populated. Thanks to the unique natural environment, there are advantages of mountains and seas and rich products here. Seafood mainly includes hairtail, yellow croaker, mackerel, giant salamander, swimming crab, razor clam, clam, crab, oyster, shrimp, kelp and laver, and freshwater fish include crucian carp, silver carp, catfish, eel, squid and loach. There are many kinds of game, including legumes and vegetables. Local tea, broad beans, sugar cane, litchi, longan, loquat, grapefruit and persimmon are all famous specialties. Fan, a poet in the Song Dynasty, said in "Wandering in Dunzhai" that "Puyang litchi is the best in the world today". Huang Tingjian also listed a series of Putian specialties with the poem "Ziyu can print oysters and break mountains, not only banana yellow, but also lily red".

Puxian's rich specialties, coupled with people's wisdom and eating habits, have created many flavor snacks. These flavor snacks often exceed their original values and have unique cultural connotations. Many flavor snacks have many stories about their origins, which are full of fun. Therefore, when you taste a flavor snack and know its origin, you will feel more interested than any wonderful taste.

For example, in the story about Xinghua rice noodles, there is not only the content that Si Qian advocated the construction of Mulan tablet, but also the legend that Ke Qian, a talented person in the Ming Dynasty, responded. During the Jingtai period of the Ming Dynasty, there was a gorgeous talented woman in Kuankou, Putian, whose family was engaged in rice noodle processing. She is envious of Ke Qian's talent. One day, when she learned that Ke Qian was going to buy rice noodles in Kuankou, she went out on the bridge in Kuankou, and said that if Ke Qian could fix it, she would marry Ke Qian. Her first sentence was: "Why does a place name have a wide mouth and no tongue?" Ke Qian should sign: "Is it necessary to have a mountain name?" The second pair is "eight knife rice noodles"; Ke Qian saw that the spelling was correct, but he couldn't figure it out after thinking for a long time, so he had to buy rice noodles first. Walking across Guangkou Bridge, he heard the bell of Mei Feng Temple in Putian, and suddenly he had a brainwave and came up with the next pair of "Golden Admiralty". He hurried back to look for the woman, but it was too late. When she saw Ke Qian, a great talent, she couldn't compare with him. She couldn't find the right person in her life. In desperation, she jumped into the wide-mouthed sea and committed suicide.

Ke Qian later won the first prize, at least officially, but he still couldn't forget the talented woman who made rice noodles, so that he never got married. And so on, there are legends about spring rolls, turtles, light cakes, fried dumplings and so on, so I won't go into details one by one. With the development of commodity economy, Puxian folk traditional snacks are not only elegant, but also well-off. In tourism culture, it has become a beautiful scenery.