What is the functional division of the brain?

According to the angle of brain anatomy:

1, skull: The human brain is more tender than the baby's skin and is completely protected by the "eggshell" of the skull.

/kloc-Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828), a German anatomist in the 8th century, believes that a person's psychological process is closely related to the cerebral cortex, and the development of the cortex will change the shape of the skull, so one can judge a person's psychological characteristics through the skull.

2. Brain stem: The brain stem is connected with the spinal cord and is responsible for controlling many unconscious behaviors-breathing, heartbeat, digestion, etc. The position of the brain stem is a little higher than the human neck.

3. Cerebellum: The cerebellum is a part of the back of the brain, located above the brain stem, responsible for muscle coordination, nerve reflex and body balance.

4. Brain: It can be understood that the outer layer of the brain-the cerebral cortex, including the neocortex of the forebrain, is the most important part of human thinking.

5. Left hemisphere: controlling people's specific behaviors, such as speaking, writing, language and operation.

6. Right hemisphere: control people's imagination, spatial thinking, music and intuitive feelings.

7. Frontal lobe: controlling a person's personality, emotions and planned behavior, including distinguishing right from wrong and abstract thinking.

8. Parietal lobe: It is related to touch and physical activity, and it controls the ability to speak and understand language at the junction with occipital bone.

9, occipital lobe: related to vision.

10, temporal lobe: both sides of the brain, flush with the ear, responsible for hearing and short-term memory.

According to the perspective of embryonic development, the brain can be divided into five parts: terminal brain, diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain and terminal brain.

Forebrain: Forebrain is divided into terminal brain and diencephalon.

The terminal brain includes neocortex, olfactory bulb, limbic system, basal ganglia and lateral ventricle.

The diencephalon includes thalamus, upper thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland and the third ventricle.

The midbrain consists of tectum, tegmentum, cerebral peduncle, partial reticular structure and cerebral aqueduct.

The hindbrain includes the hindbrain and the terminal brain, and the hindbrain includes pons, cerebellum, partial reticular structure and the fourth ventricle.

The terminal brain includes the medulla oblongata and the fourth ventricle.

The cortical part of the brain controls the complex psychological and logical thinking of human beings and dominates the advanced psychological activities of human beings. In addition to dissecting the cerebral cortex into four lobes, the cerebral cortex can be divided into different brain regions according to other methods.

1958, Wilder Penfield (1891-1976) and Edwin birdley (1906-1988) completed the brain function zoning map according to the results of electrical stimulation.

In addition, in 1909, the German neuroscientist brodman has more similarities in the structure of cortical cells-cell density, cell shape, cell size and so on. And the cerebral cortex is divided into 52 regions, called brodman partition.

Such zoning is of great significance. The functions of feeling and movement can usually be divided into three levels: primary, secondary and advanced taste. From the perspective of brodman partition, each level belongs to different parts:

Assumption: primary 17 partition, secondary 18 and 19 partition.

Listening: elementary 4 1 zone, intermediate 22 and 42 zones.

Somatosensory perception: primary 1, 2,3 zones, secondary 5,7 zones.

Mobile: primary level 4 partition, secondary level 6 partition.

Eye movement: 8 areas

Language: 44 partitions

Higher sensory cortex: 7,265,438+0,22,37,39,40.

Advanced motor cortex: 9, 10, 1 1, 45, 46, 47.

Generally speaking, the primary cortex only responds to specific sensory secondary reactions, and the secondary cortex is connected with the primary cortex to process the information transmitted by specific sensory channels. Damage to the secondary cortex can lead to perceptual impairment.

The higher cortical area is generally located at the boundary of the secondary cortical area of the parietal lobe, frontal lobe, temporal lobe and occipital lobe, and is the overlapping area of the parietal lobe, temporal lobe and occipital lobe. All kinds of sensory information are integrated into advanced cognition in this area, and damage to this area will lead to cognitive impairment.

Extended data:

The brain mainly includes the left and right hemispheres. It is the largest and most complicated structure in the central nervous system, the highest part, the organ that regulates the body's functions, and the material basis of higher nervous activity, such as consciousness, spirit, language, learning, memory and intelligence.

There are different grooves or fissures on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere, and the protruding part between the grooves and fissures is called the cerebral gyrus. The cerebral hemisphere is divided into five lobes by sulcus and fissure, namely frontal lobe, temporal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe and insula.

The surface layer of the cerebral hemisphere is gray matter and the deep layer is medulla. Medulla contains nerve fibers and nuclei, among which four pairs of nuclei are located at the bottom of the brain called basal ganglia (nucleus), including caudate nucleus, lenticular nucleus, amygdala and cribriform nucleus. The caudate nucleus and lenticular nucleus are also called striatum. Striatum injury can produce chorea (decreased muscle tone and excessive rapid movement) and tremor paralysis (when lesions appear in substantia nigra), increased muscle tone and bradykinesia.

The white matter of the hemisphere has various directions, such as the fibers connecting the left and right hemispheres, the fibers connecting the ipsilateral hemispheres, the fibers connecting the cerebral cortex and the brain stem, and the ascending and descending fibers of the spinal cord all pass through the internal capsule. On the horizontal section of the brain, the internal capsule is a broad white matter layer, which is divided into three parts, namely, the anterior foot of the internal capsule, the posterior foot of the internal capsule and the knee of the internal capsule.

Each part has a corresponding fiber bundle passing through it. Internal capsule injury can cause hemiplegia, hemiplegia and hemiplegia loss. The cavity inside the cerebral hemisphere is called lateral ventricle, which contains cerebrospinal fluid.

The functions of the human body are located in the cerebral cortex, such as the sensory area and the motor area, and there are corresponding positions in the cerebral cortex to realize the sensory function of the cerebral cortex and regulate the body movement.

Humans have language and thinking, and the center is on the left side of the cerebral cortex, which is called the dominant hemisphere. If these centers are damaged, there will be language-related diseases.

For example, the motor language center is damaged and the patient has motor aphasia. Although the muscles related to pronunciation are not paralyzed, the patient can't speak. If the visual motor language center is damaged and suffers from agraphia, although the hand and other motor functions are still normal, you can't do fine sports such as writing and drawing. If the auditory sensory language center is damaged, the patient may suffer from sensory aphasia, and the patient can hear others but can't understand what they are saying.

In recent years, it has been found that the right hemisphere also has special and important functions, such as spatial recognition, depth perception, touch, music appreciation and so on. The left hemisphere is dominant in speech activity function, while the right hemisphere is dominant in nonverbal cognitive function, but it is not absolute, that is, the left hemisphere also has certain nonverbal cognitive function, and the right hemisphere also has certain speech activity function.

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