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China has seven major dialect areas, which means?

Northern languages, Hakka, Minnan, Cantonese, Wu, Xiang and Gan.

1. Putonghua (northern dialect)

According to the standard of Beijing dialect, more than 70% of people in Chinese mainland speak Beijing dialect, and all provinces and regions in northern China, Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan and some counties and cities in central China use Beijing dialect. Northern dialect is divided into four sub-dialect areas: (1) North China dialect, which is popular in Beijing, Tianjin, Northeast China and Hebei, Shandong and Henan provinces (except Xinyang). Among them, Jilin, Liaoning and Heilongjiang dialects are the closest to Beijing dialect. (2) Northwest dialect, popular in Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Qinghai and Xinjiang. (3) Southwest dialect, which is popular in most areas of Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Chongqing and Hubei. Border areas of northern Hunan and Guangxi. (4) Jianghuai dialect, commonly known as Xiajiang Mandarin, is popular in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and Huaihe River, including Xinyang, Anhui, Jiangsu, Jiangxi and other provinces along the Yangtze River.

2. Guangzhou people

Guangzhou dialect is the standard language, also called Cantonese dialect, commonly known as Cantonese. The local people are called Cantonese, and English is Cantonese. Its population accounts for about 5% of the total population of Han nationality. It is a dialect with complex language phenomena, more ancient sounds and characters and less internal differences among the seven major dialects of Chinese. Popular in most parts of Guangdong Province, southeastern Guangxi Autonomous Region, Hong Kong, Macao and overseas Chinese areas. Represented by Guangzhou dialect. Guangzhou dialect is divided into four parts, but its pronunciation is similar to that of standard Cantonese. Pinghua is used in some areas of Guangxi. Some people think that it should be separated from Cantonese, but in the past and now, scholars have attributed its southern dialect (Guinanping dialect) to Cantonese, while the northern dialect (Guibeiping dialect) exists as an isolated dialect. It is widely used in the central and western Guangdong Province and the Pearl River Delta in China, the south-central and southeastern Guangxi, Hong Kong, Macao and other regions, as well as the Chinese (Cantonese) communities in Singapore in Southeast Asia, Medan in Indonesian North Sumatra Province, Christmas Island, Malaysia, Vietnam, North America, Britain, Australia and New Zealand. At present, one of the most vital languages in the world. At present, Cantonese has become the fourth largest language in Australia, the third largest language in Canada and the third largest language in the United States. Besides, Cantonese is the only Chinese that China has independently studied in foreign universities except Mandarin, and it is also the only Chinese with a relatively complete writing system besides Mandarin, which can be completely expressed by Chinese characters (Cantonese).

3. Wu dialect

Suzhou dialect is the standard language, and today Shanghai dialect is its representative. Wu dialect is also called Wu dialect, Jiangsu and Zhejiang dialect or Jiangnan dialect. It used to be represented by Suzhou dialect. Nowadays, with the development of Shanghai's economy, more and more people use Shanghai dialect, and people who are familiar with Shanghai dialect are gradually increasing. So the representative of Wu dialect today is Shanghai dialect. The traffic area is mainly south of the Yangtze River in Jiangsu Province, east of Zhenjiang, a small part of Nantong, and most of Shanghai and Zhejiang. It can be divided into five parts: (1) Taihu Lake represented by Shanghai dialect, and the traffic areas are Shanghai, Changzhou, Hangzhou and Ningbo. (2) Taizhou, represented by Linhai dialect. (3) Dongou, represented by Wenzhou dialect. (4) Wuzhou represented by Jinhua dialect. (5) Li Qu represented by Lishui dialect.

4. Min dialect

Quanzhou dialect and Zhangzhou dialect are the standard languages of southern Fujian. All accents of Minnan dialect come from Quanzhou dialect and Zhangzhou dialect. It should be noted that Fujian dialect includes Mindong dialect, which is a kind of Minnan dialect and also belongs to Minnan dialect, and Mindong dialect is Fuzhou dialect. Fuzhou dialect used to be the representative, but now there are more and more Minnan residents in Min dialect, and more and more people use Minnan dialect. Fujian dialect can be divided into five parts: (1) eastern Fujian: Fuzhou dialect is the representative-it is famous for Changle dialect, because Changle people immigrate more, and its Changle people take Changle dialect abroad. For example, three Chinatowns in new york and three Chinatowns in Boston all have their Mindong dialect, and most of them speak Changle dialect. (2) Southern Fujian: Quanzhou dialect and Zhangzhou dialect are the representatives. Minnan dialect is divided into several parts: 1. Zhang Quan dialect is based on Quanzhou dialect and Zhangzhou dialect. 2. Chaoshan film is based on Shantou dialect in Guangdong. 3. Leizhou film is based on Haikang dialect. 4. Wen Qiong's films are based on Haikou dialect in Hainan. (3) Northern Fujian: represented by Jian 'ou dialect. (4) Central Fujian: represented by Yong 'an dialect. (5) Puxian District: represented by Putian dialect, it is distributed in Putian, Xianyou, southern Fuqing, Fuzhou, and parts of Yongtai. (6) Wenqiong District, represented by Hainan dialect, distributed in Hainan and Leizhou (7) Shaojiang District, distributed in Shaowu and Jiangle. A considerable number of Chinese communities in Nanyang Islands also come from Fujian dialect areas, but Minnan dialect is the main language. Attachment: Another criterion is to divide the whole country into eight dialect areas, that is, divide the Min dialect into two 1 Mindong dialects, also known as Min dialects. Northern Fujian dialect is distributed in northern Fujian, parts of southern Zhejiang and parts of Taiwan Province Province. In addition, some overseas Chinese in Nanyang also speak Mindong dialect. Fujian Oriental Dialect is represented by Fuzhou Dialect. 2. Minnan dialect, except the native Minnan dialect, Taiwanese in Taiwan Province Province, Chaoshan dialect and Leizhou dialect in Guangdong Province, Hainan dialect belongs to the broad sense of Minnan dialect. Minnan dialect is distributed in southern Fujian, eastern Guangdong, Cangnan and Pingyang in Wenzhou, Zhejiang, parts of Hainan Island and most parts of Taiwan Province Province, and it is also circulated in some overseas Chinese communities. Minnan dialect is represented by Quanzhou dialect and Zhangzhou dialect.

5. Xiang dialect

Changsha dialect is the standard language, and Xiang dialect is also called Xiang dialect, Hunan dialect or Huxiang dialect. Represented by Changsha dialect, it is distributed in most areas of Hunan Province. From the internal phonetic differences, there are differences between the new Xiang dialect and the old Xiang dialect. The old Xiang dialect is widely popular in Ningxiang and Hengyang in central Hunan, and the new Xiang dialect is popular in Changsha, Zhuzhou and other large and medium-sized cities.

Traffic area

Xiang dialect is mainly concentrated in the middle and lower reaches of Xiang and Zijiang river basins and along the Dongting Lake, with mixed dialects such as Shaoyang and Wugang as the transition to the southwest, including Chengbu and Suining, and Hengyang and Leiyang (although Leiyang is a southwest mandarin, it is highly mixed) as the transition to the southeast, including Yongxing and Zixing. As far as the whole phonology is concerned, these four points still belong to Xiang dialect, but they are not pure. The vowel system of Chengbu belongs to Putonghua system.

6. Hakka dialect

abstract

Hakka dialect, also known as Hakka dialect, or Hakka dialect, Hakka dialect or Cantonese (Tukan dialect, when Huguang filled Sichuan in Kangxi period, Hakka people came to Sichuan to call themselves Tukan dialect, and "maybe" was the earliest concept of "Cantonese" in history). , one of the seven major dialects of Chinese, is the equivalent of Hakka in English. The ancestors of Hakkas are the Huaxia people in the Central Plains. During the five great migrations in the past 1000 years, a new Han nationality (Huaxia nationality) finally came into being. Most of their ancestors moved south from the Central Plains (Henan, Anhui and Shandong) to southern Jiangxi, western Fujian and northern Guangdong due to the war in the Central Plains, thus forming the Han nationality. Later, due to the war and population expansion, some of them moved from these three places to other provinces in China, as well as Southeast Asia, America and other parts of the world. An important factor in establishing a clan is having a common language. The common language of Hakka people is Hakka dialect. It is generally believed that the foundation of Hakka dialect is the pronunciation in the early Tang Dynasty. In the process of migrating to Guangdong and Fujian, Hakka ancestors were also influenced by Guangdong and Fujian Chinese dialects and Guangdong and Fujian minority languages, forming Hakka dialects with different accents in modern times (Tangyin, which Meixian people still call Tangyin). Cantonese is the pronunciation of Qin opera, which is a combination of the ancient sounds of Southern Chu (Sanpang). Min dialect is the pronunciation of Jin dialect, which is formed by combining the ancient sounds of Ou people (Jin tone); Gan dialect is a fusion of ancient sounds (Huai sounds) in Jianghuai. Of course, some people hold different views. Fujian, Guangdong, Hakka and other ethnic groups have intermarried throughout the ages, but in fact they can't be distinguished completely according to their bloodline. At present, ethnic groups in Chinese mainland often use dialects as distinguishing marks, while overseas, they use the origin of paternal lineage as distinguishing marks.

territory of use

Hakka dialects are mainly distributed in China and overseas. Hakka dialect has great influence in nine provinces of China, including Guangdong, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangxi, Taiwan Province, Sichuan, Zhejiang, Hunan and Hainan. Overseas Southeast Asia, America, the Indian Ocean, etc.

7. Gan dialect

Gan dialect is also called Jiangxi dialect, Gan dialect or xi dialect. Nanchang dialect, as the representative, is popular in most areas of Jiangxi Province and some counties and cities in western Fujian and Hunan Province. Because the northern Han nationality moved south many times in history, most of them passed through Jiangxi, and geographically bordered by Jianghuai Mandarin, Hunan dialect and Hakka dialect, the marginal areas of Jiangxi Province were deeply influenced by other dialects, which also led to the dilution of the characteristics of Gan dialect itself. Gan dialect can be divided into nine parts: (1) Changjing dialect, represented by Nanchang dialect, is popular in Nanchang area and Gao 'an area. (2) Liu Yipian, represented by Yichun dialect, is popular in Yichun, Xinyu and Hunan. (3) Jicha tablets, represented by Ji 'an dialect, are popular in Ji 'an, Jinggangshan, Chaling, Youxian and Lingxian in Hunan Province. (4) Fu Guang movies represented by Fuzhou dialect are popular in Fuzhou. (5) Eagle Yi films represented by yingtan dialect are popular in yingtan, Guixi, Leping and Jingdezhen. (6) Datong film, represented by Xianning dialect, is popular in Daye, Xianning, Jiayu, Puyin, Chongyang, Tongcheng, Tongshan, Yangxin and Jianli in Hubei, as well as Huarong, Linxiang and Yueyang in Hunan. (7) Huaiyue, represented by Huaining dialect, passes through Huaining, Yuexi, Buried Hill, Taihu Lake, Wangjiang, Susong, Dongzhi, Shitai and Guichi in Anhui. (8) Lei Zi films represented by Leiyang dialect are popular in Leiyang, Changning, Anren, Yongxing, Zixing and other cities in Hunan. (9) Dongsui dialect, represented by Dongkou dialect, is popular in Dongkou, Suining and parts of Longhui in Hunan.