What does classical Chinese scholar mean?

1. What are the explanations of "Fu" and "Shi" in classical Chinese? 1. For example, an adult man (read fū), "and then take care of his children and grandchildren" ("Yu Gong Yi Shan") 2. Husband (read fū), such as "My husband died again today" (. Modal auxiliary words are generally used at the end of sentences and have no practical significance. For example, in the teaching of classical Chinese, the word "yes" is very common. Its usage mainly includes function words and content words, pronouns, auxiliary words, verbs and adjectives:

(2) As an auxiliary word, it is generally used in inverted sentences, which makes the preposition object play an important role and has no practical significance; (3) As a verb, it is the same as the judging verb "yes" in modern Chinese; (4) As an adjective, it means "correct", as opposed to "no". This semantic item is sometimes used flexibly as an intentional verb, meaning "think … right". The following are elaborated one by one.

1. Function words: 1. As a demonstrative pronoun, it is synonymous with "this" and means "this, this and this". This is the most basic and common usage of the word "Shi" in classical Chinese in ancient written language, and this usage has been maintained until now.

Look at this example: (1) Today, a man went into the garden and stole his peaches and plums, but when he heard about it, he was wrong. If he comes to power, he will be punished. Why? At the expense of others. Those who disturb people, dogs, chickens and dolphins are even more unjust, stealing peaches and plums from the garden.

What is the reason? The more people are lost. "Yes, why" and "this, why" have the same meaning, and "yes" means "this" as the subject of this sentence.

(2) Grains, fish and turtles can't be eaten, and mywood can't be used, which makes people feel sorry for their loss. (Mencius, I am the country) "Yes", a demonstrative pronoun, refers to "five grains, fish and turtles can't eat, and mumu can't use it" as the subject.

(3) If a dog eats food and doesn't know it, if it is painted hungry and doesn't know it, and a person dies, it will say, "It's not me, it's also age." Why is it different from stabbing and killing people? He said, "Not me, but a soldier."

(ditto) "yes" refers to the sentence "not me, but age" in the previous sentence as the subject. At that time, there were no princes in the world.

(Biography of Historian Wei Anhou) (5) It's a sunny day, sunny and sunny. (Wang Xizhi's Preface to Lanting Collection) (6) If this is the case, then there will be no harmony between morality and people, and God will not enjoy it.

As a demonstrative pronoun, "Shi" is often combined with other phrases to form a fixed idiom. Such as "yes", "yes" and "then".

(7) Taibo does not follow and does not inherit. (8) It's a gift of the country, so it's embarrassing because it can't be said.

In these two sentences, "That's because" and "That's because" both mean "therefore" and "therefore". My ancestors died, so did my father. Today, my heir has been there for twelve years. How many people have died?

(Snake Catcher) (10) People have mouths, Jews have mountains and rivers, and money has flowers; Again, its origin is bird's nest, which is full of food and clothing. There are also good and bad declarations.

("Guoyu Shaogong's admonition") (1 1) Wang did not listen. Therefore, the Chinese dare not speak, and three years is the king's flow.

(ditto) (12) When the time is ripe, Shang Jun will assist it, legislate at home, cultivate and weave, repair the tools of war prevention, and compete for the weather abroad. So the Qin people surrendered and took the Xijiang River.

(On Qin by Jia Yi) Therefore, there are two usages: Yu and Shi are the same word, so in (9) means "about catching snakes" and so in (10) means "from now on"; The word "therefore" in (1 1)( 12) is equivalent to the word "undertake" in modern Chinese. 2. As an auxiliary word, it is used in the verb-object inversion structure, which plays an emphasis role and has no substantive significance.

This usage still exists in several words in modern Chinese, such as "mercenary" and "obedient". (13) cloud: Rong Di is a fake, and Jing Shu is a punishment.

What is the usage of "Shi" in the sentence (the words of Mencius, Xu and Shennong)? On page 69 of Selected Literary Works of China in Past Dynasties, edited by Cha, the whole sentence means "rejecting Rong Di and restraining Jing Shu"; Yes, auxiliary words. It can be seen that this is an inverted sentence, but the usage of "yes" is not clear enough.

Check 8 1 page of Selected Works of China Ancient Literature edited by Wan and Xu Anhua published by University of Electronic Science and Technology of China. Note: Rong Di must be attacked and Jing Shu severely punished; Right, auxiliary word, object of promotion, emphasis. The former uses active voice to translate sentences, while the latter uses passive voice to translate sentences, so the word order is different; Combined with the two annotations of "Shi", the usage of "Shi" is clear.

(14) will be cut in the next century. Li Ranguo, Ji Dao and Confucius said that war should be used against Liu. "

Confucius said, "Please! Is innocence too much? " "Nothing ... and" is a fixed format for expressing speculative emotions in ancient Chinese, which can be translated as "I'm afraid ...". "I passed" means "passed", blaming you; Right, auxiliary word, object of promotion, emphasis.

(15) Why destroy the enemy? The inversion of "the enemy must be destroyed" means "the enemy must be destroyed". The palace said to him, "I heard that ghosts and gods are not real relatives, but virtue is the only way."

Therefore, Zhou Shu said, "Heaven has no relatives, but virtue is complementary" (same as above) (16) If you are interested, you can only follow the trend.

(Feng Wanzhen) "Only virtue depends on virtue", "only virtue helps" and "only virtue leads" are inverted sentences of "only virtue leads", meaning "only virtue helps" and "as long as everyone looks at the direction of my horse's head (listen to my command)". This usage of "Shi" is similar to that of "Zhi" in the following sentence: Confucius: What's the matter? /What crime? The word "zhi" in the above two sentences is used in affirmative rhetorical questions, which plays a negative and reinforcing role by advancing the verb object; "Yes" is basically used in affirmative sentences.

Second, the substantive category: 1, "yes" as a judgment verb. In ancient Chinese, words such as "Wei", "Nai" and "Ze" are often used to express judgment, while "Shi" is used to express later judgment, mainly see.

2. The meaning and examples of "Fu" in classical Chinese.

(1) (pictogram. Oracle Bone Inscriptions glyph, like a standing human figure (big), the "one" above indicates that a hairpin (zān) is inserted in the hair, indicating that an adult man is a husband. In ancient times, men were crowned as husbands in adulthood, so "one" was added as a symbol. Original meaning: a general term for adult males)

② The original meaning is the same [person]

Husband, husband also. -"Shuo Wen". Press, my husband is big, knowing and pictographic. The weekly system takes eight inches as the ruler, ten feet as the ruler, and people are eight feet long, so they are called husbands.

Husband is not good either. -"Poetry Martin's Tomb Gate"

A thief is a husband. -Mencius. Note: "Be a man."

Two days is the husband. -"Pipe Riding"

Then, he led his three sons and daughters to bear the burden. -"Liezi Tang Wen"

Husbands don't plow or endure hunger. -Han Jia translated "On Accumulation"

(3) Another example is the mother-in-law (ancient men were called mother-in-law); Husband and daughter (man, husband); In-laws (men and women. A man without a wife is a husband, and a wife is a home.

(4) The official spouse of the woman [Hu * * * and]

When the eldest son woke up, the husband scolded the eldest son, all at once. -"Preface to Autumn Poetry, A New Record of Yuchu"

The monarch has his wife, and Luo Fu has his husband. -"Yuefu Poetry Shang Mo Singing"

(5) Another example is the husband (husband); Husband (husband); Husband's party (husband's relatives)

(6) People who have engaged in some kind of manual labor [laborers]. Such as: farmers; Rickshaw pullers; Groom; Operator; Husband's head (the leader of husband's service)

(7) gentlemen. A good name for a man [a real man]

Surprisingly, it is not the husband, but Wen can be greedy and also a slave. -Liu Yazi's Six Generals

(8)[ scabbard]

Open the coffin with the sword, cover the coffin and add the sword. -"The Book of Rites, Small Devices"

(9) Pass the Book of Changes. instep

The canal is six feet long, the husband is two feet long and the arm is six feet long. -"Mozi, prepare the city gate"

represent

(1) Pass "Reply". Again, again [again; Do it again]

I'm afraid to come back from Xuan and get what I want from my husband. -Zhang Heng's "Fu Xuan"

Husband

generation

(1) "Fu" is called "Bi". He, she, it, they [he, she, it, they]-the third person pronoun. Let the husband learn from the past.

(2) that, that, those [that, that]-means far finger.

Therefore, it is necessary for husband to observe people. -Liu Tang Zongyuan's Snake Catcher

I also regret that I can't enjoy the trip with my husband. -Wang Song Anshi's "You Bao Chan"

(3) This, this, these [this, these]-means near finger.

If you don't say what your wife said, you will keep your word. -"Advanced Analects of Confucius"

(4) all, everyone. Equivalent to "[all]"

A husband knows how to protect his wife and children. -"The Letters Patent"

help

(1) is used at the beginning of a sentence, which has a suggestive effect.

Father has the heart of a tiger and a wolf. -"Historical Records of Xiang Yu"

Husband and the six countries of Qin were vassals, and their potential was weaker than that of Qin. -Su Song Xun's Six Kingdoms

Those who fight are brave.

(2) Used to ease the tone in sentences.

It is also the singer's "long return". -"The Warring States Policy and Qi Ce"

(3) Used as a sentence ending name to express exclamation.

Mencius said, "Don't be careless." Nobuo! -Fang Qing Bao's Miscellaneous Notes in Prison

Sad husband! There is such a trend, and it was robbed by Qin people. -Su Song Xun's Six Kingdoms

This is a college degree or above.