Detailed data collection of agricultural ecological engineering

Agro-ecological engineering is a multi-level and multi-level agro-ecological system designed by applying the principle of species reproduction and material reproduction, the functional principle of mutual coordination and promotion of each component, the multi-level and multi-channel utilization and transformation principle of material and energy in agro-ecological system, and the optimization method of system engineering.

Basic Introduction Chinese Name: Agricultural Ecological Engineering Nature: Ecological Engineering Attribute: Agricultural Province: Jiangsu Province Project Brief Introduction, Regional Master Plan, Production Self-purification Project, Courtyard Economic Project and Project Brief Introduction. Its goal is to give full play to the production potential of materials, prevent environmental pollution and realize the synchronous development of economic and ecological benefits on the premise of promoting the virtuous cycle of natural and agricultural ecosystems. The design of agro-ecological engineering must follow the following basic principles: ① Maintain the integrity of agro-ecological system. That is to say, under certain geographical conditions, light, heat, water, gas, soil, fertilizer, seeds and other components should be coordinated in quality and quantity as far as possible, so that planting, breeding and processing can complement each other with mountains, water and fields to form an inseparable production whole; ② Maintain the normal metabolism of matter and energy. Grasp the reasonable time, quality and quantity of planting, irrigation and fertilization. Through proper structural combination and multi-level utilization, the material circulation and energy exchange are normalized, and the effective regeneration and virtuous cycle of biological resources are realized; ③ Maintain the ecological balance between input and output. It is believed that the nutrients obtained by organisms from the environment must adapt to the input material energy, replenish the lost materials in the environment in time, and increase the input of materials and energy according to the needs of organisms, so as to make organisms multiply and reproduce normally. Agro-ecological engineering is to apply eco-agricultural technology in a certain area according to local conditions, and further combine a variety of agricultural biological production into a reasonable eco-agricultural system. Agro-ecological engineering has effectively applied the biological community principle of making full use of space and resources, the principle of mutual coordination and promotion of various components, and the principle of multi-level and multi-channel utilization and transformation of matter and energy, and established an agro-ecological system that can rationally utilize natural resources, maintain ecological stability and maintain continuous and efficient functions. A number of typical agro-ecological projects have emerged in China, which has promoted the development of eco-agriculture. There are three main types of agro-ecological engineering: regional co-ordination, self-purification and courtyard economy. According to the characteristics of natural resources in a certain region, the agricultural ecological project of regional overall planning is to comprehensively plan mountains, water, forests, fields and roads, coordinate the proportion and spatial allocation of production land and courtyards, houses, grasslands, roads and woodlands, integrate planting, breeding, cultivation, processing and marketing, improve the ability of natural environment regulation, and thus achieve higher economic and ecological benefits. Village-level units in rural areas of China are often a small unit of physical geography. Therefore, it is more reasonable and easy to succeed to establish an eco-agricultural system based on villages, such as Jianhu Xu Dong Village, Dafeng Xu Dong Village in Jiangsu Province, Xidan Village in Zibo, Shandong Province, and Street furong village. In China, ecological villages and even counties are constantly emerging, and there are some good models. Dafeng City, Jiangdu City, Hai 'an County, Wulian County, Shandong Province and other cities and counties, since vigorously developing ecological agriculture, have comprehensively adjusted the rural industrial structure and taken the road of "combining agriculture, animal husbandry and fishery"; Various eco-agricultural technologies have been introduced and created and combined into various eco-agricultural systems according to local conditions. Through assembly, planting, breeding, forestry and processing industry are combined into a complete system, with planting as the basis, focusing on the development of aquaculture, grasping the key of comprehensive utilization of agricultural, livestock and fishery products, forming an industrial cycle, vigorously developing bioenergy, focusing on biogas. It has realized the transformation from a single economy to a comprehensive economy combining planting, feeding, breeding and processing, from a closed self-sufficient economy to an open commodity economy, and from a vicious circle to a virtuous circle. The agro-ecological engineering of regional master plan has different forms of expression under different geographical conditions, such as: agro-ecological engineering of agriculture, animal husbandry and fishery, agro-ecological engineering of low-lying foundation pond, agro-ecological engineering of agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry, etc. (1) Ecological Engineering of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Fishery In the plain area with much farmland and large water surface, in the past, planting was the main project, so the ecological engineering of agriculture, animal husbandry and fishery can be implemented. Planting, breeding, breeding and bioenergy production are combined, and land production and water production are combined to achieve higher feed and energy self-sufficiency rate, higher material, energy and capital conversion efficiency and environmental self-purification ability. The combination of agriculture, animal husbandry and fishery is an effective agro-ecological project. The specific method is as follows (Figure 2-5- 1): 1. Combine the use with nutrition in planting, give priority to the application of organic fertilizer, improve soil fertility and realize continuous yield increase; 2. Develop chain farming technology, combine land with aquaculture, and improve the variety, quantity and quality of livestock products; 3. Multi-level utilization of agricultural and sideline products in the processing chain to improve the direct utilization rate and commodity rate of biological products; 4. Popularize and develop biogas, make full use of bioenergy and organic matter, and improve rural environmental conditions; 5, the use of agricultural waste to develop edible fungi breeding and scavenging animal breeding, improve the utilization rate of organic matter. Xu Dong Village in Jianhu, Jiangsu Province and Helie Village in Wuxi are all of this type. (II) Agro-ecological Project of Low-lying Foundation Pond In the low-lying wetland water network area with water surface as the main part, aquaculture was the main part in the past, and the foundation pond ecological project combining land and water can be implemented. It is an efficient energy and material conversion system established by local farmers in the long-term struggle against low-lying floods. Prevalent in the Pearl River Delta and Taihu Lake Basin. Because the local area is low-lying and often flooded, farmers dig some vulnerable low-lying areas into fish ponds, and the excavated soil is called "foundation". Mulberry, fruit, rice and sugarcane are planted on the foundation, which is called mulberry fish ponds, fruit fish ponds, rice fish ponds and sugarcane fish ponds. The foundation pond system generally consists of two or three subsystems, and the foundation pond subsystem and the fish pond subsystem are two basic subsystems. The former is a terrestrial system, mainly composed of producers; The latter is a fresh water system, which has both producers and consumers; The third subsystem is the contact system, generally the first-class consumer, which plays the role of connecting the basic subsystem and the fish pond subsystem, and the decomposers of the system exist in each subsystem. (Figure 2-5-2) 1, and the width of the foundation pond-shaped bottom is about 6- 10m, which is too narrow, with small planting area and inconvenient farming; If it is too wide, the supply of pond mud will be difficult. The height of the basement should be 0.5- 1m higher than the normal water level of the fish pond. Less than 0.5m is unfavorable to crop growth. In case of heavy rain, the water level of fish ponds rises and crops are flooded, resulting in reduced production or no harvest. If it is higher than 1m, crops are vulnerable to drought, while the base height is steep and easy to soil erosion. The shape of the fish pond is a rectangle with a length-width ratio of 6∶4, which can receive more sunlight in the east-west direction and is conducive to raising the water temperature. The fish pond area should be 0.3-0.4hm2, but not more than 0.7; Too small to raise fish, the shading ratio of the foundation surface is large, the area affected by wind is small, and the fluctuation of pool water is small, which is not conducive to dissolved oxygen and oxygenation in water; Excessive bait supply makes fishing inconvenient, and the pond foundation is easily washed away by wind and waves. The suitable depth of fish pond is 2.5-3m; If it is too shallow and the water is insufficient, it will affect the stocking quantity, which is not conducive to stratified polyculture, and it is easy to heat up in summer and cool down in winter, which will affect the normal growth of fish. Too deep, the lower water temperature is low, the illumination is insufficient, and the dissolved oxygen is insufficient, which is also not conducive to the growth of fish. The proportion of foundation pond area is closely related to comprehensive benefits. According to the comprehensive analysis of land use, material cycle, economic benefit and ecological benefit, the area ratio of foundation pond is about 4∶6. 2. The ecological benefit of the pond system (1) is relatively closed, except for the output of products, some nutrients are basically recycled in the system and rarely lost; (2) Fish ponds are relatively energy-saving ecosystems, which are due to the high photosynthetic efficiency of phytoplankton, the cold-blooded fish, low respiratory consumption and high energy conversion efficiency; (3) The pond system combining agriculture, animal husbandry and fishery has complex and coordinated nutritional structure and strong system stability; (4) The low pond and high foundation reduce the groundwater level and provide conditions for crop planting. (3) Agro-ecological engineering of agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry In mountainous areas, plateaus and plains with little water surface, in the past, farming was the main industry, or aquaculture was the main industry, so agro-ecological engineering combining agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry can be implemented. This is an ecological project in Huanghuaihai Plain and Northwest Loess Plateau. Disasters such as drought, waterlogging, alkali, sand and thin soil in these areas have affected the high and stable yield of crops and restricted the development of animal husbandry. It is difficult to obtain good benefits by planting or breeding alone. Establishing an ecosystem of agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry, combining agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry to form a large-scale agricultural system with proportional development can effectively expand the material cycle, improve the energy conversion efficiency and enhance economic benefits. (Figure 2-5-3) 1, the characteristics of agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry ecosystem (1) increases the proportion of fruit and green manure to 15-20% of the total area, and the converted solar energy is equivalent to 50-8 of agricultural productivity, which is beneficial to soil and water conservation, water conservation and soil fertility improvement. (2) The proportion of cash crops should be adjusted to about 1/4 of cultivated land area. (3) All kinds of livestock products can reach 1-2% of agricultural productivity under the condition of feed self-sufficiency. (4) In the total input of agricultural energy, bioenergy accounts for about 80%. (5) About half of all organic substances produced by the system are returned to the soil for reuse. (6) Organic nitrogen accounts for about half of the total nitrogen input. 2. The advantages of agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry ecosystem (1) adapt to the local natural characteristics of drought, flood, alkali and thin sand, give full play to the productivity of land resources, highlight local advantages, produce a variety of products needed for grain, cotton, oil, beans, meat, eggs, fruits, forests and foreign trade, and obtain more system productivity; (2) It can provide more agricultural by-products and organic matter, solve the contradiction between feed, fertilizer and fuel, and promote the all-round development of agriculture; (3) By reasonably organizing the utilization and recycling of products, we can ensure that enough organic matter and nutrients return to the soil, realize the accumulation and decomposition of organic matter, balance the income and expenditure of plant nutrients, expand the material cycle and improve the soil fertility steadily; (4) increase bioenergy substantially, save fossil energy, improve the utilization efficiency of fossil energy, and realize large-scale balanced production increase; (5) The diversity of biological structure improves the toughness and stability of the system and gradually improves the ecological environment of agricultural production; (6) It is conducive to all-round economic development, increasing income, creating conditions for expanding reproduction, realizing intensification and rapidly changing poverty. Waste (feces, bedding, etc.). ) producing self-purification projects from large farms will cause serious pollution to the surrounding environment. With the development of industry and agriculture, more and more attention has been paid to sewage treatment and rational utilization of livestock manure. Because of the high energy consumption of industrial sewage treatment technology, it is limited in rural areas, so broad-spectrum technologies with economic energy saving and high decontamination efficiency have been developed, especially multi-stage oxidation ponds and land purification technologies. Through sewage irrigation, fish farming in sewage ponds, planting aquatic plants, biogas fermentation, etc. Sewage is used to increase production, purify the environment and turn harmful waste into agricultural resources. (I) Oxidation Pond Project According to the ecological principle, the Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences has designed several oxidation ponds in series, which utilize the multiple functions of bacteria, algae, aquatic plants and aquatic animals in the aquatic ecosystem to purify sewage and produce biological products. Aquatic plants can release oxygen in the sun, enrich toxic substances such as heavy metals, and bacteria can decompose toxic substances and organic substances to provide nutrition for other organisms. Fish can absorb nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus in water by eating algae, which is beneficial to prevent eutrophication of water. Oxidation pond sewage treatment technology has been applied in fishery. (2) The biogas comprehensive utilization project focuses on biogas fermentation, and then the process of purifying sewage and producing biological products through the biological action of microorganisms, plants and animals. For example, Shanghai Chongming Island dairy farm raised 750 cows and discharged more than 40 tons of feces on the sixth day, most of which polluted the environment. With the assistance of Shanghai Jiaotong University, a large (50m) insulated biogas digester was built (the temperature of biogas slurry is still around 24℃ in winter), with an average gas production of 0.5m/m day. Photosynthetic bacteria were cultured in biogas slurry and processed into high protein feed (protein content 65%). Biogas slurry flows into greenhouse for soilless cultivation of vegetables and other crops, and then flows into low-lying ponds for cultivation of aquatic plant feed. In this way, the production process of the whole dairy farm has become a pollution-free process that closely combines production and self-purification. (3) The multi-stage biological purification project purifies sewage for many times according to the bearing capacity and utilization capacity of different organisms, so as to achieve the purpose of purifying sewage and producing biological products. For example, in Xi 'an Farm of Liaoning Dawa Agricultural Reclamation Bureau, from 1.978 to 1.984, the average number of pigs per year is 1.736. Firstly, the pig manure water is put into the water hyacinth pond with high fertilizer tolerance and then put into the green duckweed field for secondary purification. Then introducing into a fish pond, and mixing fish and mussels in the fish pond; After the third purification, it is used as irrigation water for rice fields; Water purified from rice fields can be used to clean pig houses. With the flow and circulation of water, substances are transformed and circulated to produce aquatic feed, pigs, fish, pearls, rice, straw and other products. For each standard pig unit, 1 grapes, 5 trees, 10 mussels, 15m aquatic plants, 20m fish and pearls (per m 1 adult fish) and 1m vegetables should be planted accordingly. Using aquatic feed to raise pigs can save 40% of mixed feed. 1984 The annual feed intake of each pig was 1 137.7 kg, including 366 concentrate1kg and 8 kg green feed. The output of aquatic feed (Manjianghong and Eichhornia crassipes) is as high as 675-825 thousand kilograms per hectare, and the output of protein per hectare is equivalent to the output of 1 1.5 hectare of soybean protein. The energy conversion efficiency of feed is 25.8 1%, which is 52% higher than the general situation. It can basically solve the problem of lack of grass and diseases in pig farms. In 1984, the slaughter rate of fat pigs reached 67.83%, the pig mortality ratio decreased by 82.3%, and the feed-meat ratio decreased from 5.23 in 1980 to 4.32 in 1984, until the loss reached 1978. According to the different growth and development characteristics of various agricultural organisms and different requirements for ecological conditions, we should carry out multi-species and multi-level scientific allocation, make maximum use of time and space and various agricultural resources, and improve the economic benefits of courtyard production. Farmers are willing to accept the development of courtyard production in rural areas of China. According to the investigation of Shijiazhuang Institute of Agricultural Modernization of Chinese Academy of Sciences, local courtyards generally account for 6- 10% of the total land area, and the output value of this part of land is 5.92 times that of high-yield farmland. There are many courtyard production projects, which are convenient for intensive management, high land utilization rate and rapid capital turnover accumulation, and have the most direct impact on the quality of people's living environment. Courtyard is an important part of the whole agricultural ecosystem and plays an important role in the circulation and transformation of material, energy, capital and information in the system. The core of courtyard agricultural ecological engineering is to use courtyard space in an all-round and multi-level way, including land three-dimensional space (ground, underground, above ground, roof, balcony and wall) and water space (water surface, underwater and water surface). Because the land in the hospital is divided into small pieces by houses or other facilities, there are differences in ecological environment such as light, temperature, moisture and soil fertility. Therefore, the use of the courtyard should be adapted to local conditions and different from species, and it must be planted and raised according to the growth and development characteristics of crops or livestock and poultry. In planting, positive plants such as fruit trees and vegetables should be arranged in a strong light environment; Treat negative plants in low light environment. In aquaculture, in order to make full use of space, we can change the traditional plane single-layer culture into three-dimensional multi-layer culture, or use different animal populations to polyculture (chicken, sheep, pig and so on). ), interplanting (different individuals of the same species, livestock, poultry, fish intercropping), polyculture (mainly one kind of culture, with others, such as earthworms, chickens, pigs, etc.) and high-altitude culture, such as house culture. Scorpions, snails and Eupolyphaga can be kept in the basement. Generally, only fish, ducks or lotus roots are raised in the courtyard water. In order to make full use of the limited water body, it is advisable to carry out three-dimensional development, taking the development of aquatic organisms as the main body, combining planting and breeding, layering fish culture, and mixing fish and poultry until. Grapes planted by the pool can be led to the water space by pulling the lead. In the overall utilization of the courtyard, it is advisable to adopt land, water and gas simultaneously and operate in a three-dimensional way; Pond (ditch) fish, mussels, ducks and geese; Grapes and melons are planted on land and beside ponds (ditches), extending to the water surface and developing into space. Laying hens and broilers are kept in captivity under grape racks or melon racks. Pig manure is used to raise pigs and produce biogas, and biogas slurry and biogas residue are fed to fish, forming a virtuous circle of three-dimensional production system.