Excuse me, who invented the Taiji circle figure?

Taiji Bagua Diagram is a combination of Taiji Diagram and Bagua Diagram. Taiji diagram is a circular pattern, and the yin and yang fish intersect head to tail. Eight diagrams are a regular octagonal pattern with a special symbol on each side. These eight symbols are called "Eight Diagrams":

According to legend, Taiji Bagua Map was invented by Fuxi, the ancestor of China ancient mythology. At that time, before the invention of characters, human beings used this kind of "continuous long strokes" and "intermittent short strokes" to express their understanding of the objective world. Later generations made up the Song formula to help him remember these eight symbols:

Do it three times, Kun six times, shake Meng, cover the bowl, leave the middle empty, the ridge is full, the sink is missing, and the sink is broken.

About 1000 BC, Zhou Wenwang, the founder of Zhou Dynasty, was imprisoned by Shang Zhouwang, the last emperor of Shang Dynasty. According to Sima Qian's statement in Historical Records, Fuxi drew hexagrams and Wang did, and it was at this time that it was written.

Study on the Origin of Taiji Diagram of Yin and Yang Fish

Taiji map is called "the first map of China". From the beams and columns of Dacheng Hall of Confucius Temple to the landmarks of Louguantai, Sanmao Palace and Baiyun Temple; From cassock to fortune teller's divination booth; From traditional Chinese medicine, qigong, martial arts

So what are the three paintings that Cai visited from Sichuan? Or what does Xie Zhongzhi's Yi San Map look like? I can't see it today, and Jue Yuan didn't explain it at that time. Hu Weiwei speculates: "So there are three pictures obtained in the first season, one of which is the congenital Tai Chi map. The second is to cover Nine palace map and the five elements of the map. "

Zhao in the early Ming Dynasty? Qian (135 1 ~ 1395) contained this picture in the original meaning of six books, and said: "This picture has been handed down from ancient times to the hermit in Shu, but it was kept secret. Although Zhu has not seen it, it is Chen Bofu's today. " At that time, most people believed this statement, only Ji Pengshan expressed doubts. He said, "Zhu He has no books to explain. Is there any reason to keep the text secret? " (Quoted from the Book of Changes by Yang Shiqiao in Ming Dynasty). Hu Weiwei not only agrees with Jue Yuan's statement, but also agrees with Zhu Zhen's statement, saying that Chen Tuan released the seeds by innate map and spread them to Shao Yong and Shao Yong. "People who were born with ancient changes will know this map." It is concluded that this picture belongs to Chen Tuan and comes from the participation contract.

The taiji diagram of Yin-Yang fish comes from Yijing, Fire-Water Wide Diagram or Three-Five to Fine Diagram, which I think is also worth analyzing. The last two pictures are handed down by Xiao Peng in the Five Dynasties to explain the Book of Changes. However, after checking the orthodox Taoist scriptures, Xiao Peng did not have these two pictures in the Book of Changes, but only a "mirror image". (Of course, it is not excluded that other lost versions include these two pictures. ) To say the least, even if Xiao Peng made these two pictures or even if they are in the "participation contract", it can't be concluded that they are the source of Taiji pictures. For the same reason. From the graphics of these two pictures, we can't see the traces of Taiji, but they have ideological origins. The first chapter of the "Avatar Deed" says: "The ridge is wide and the hub is on the right axis." Special emphasis on separation is the sun and the moon, and the sun and the moon are "easy." There is yang in yin and yin in yang. "Fire-water Wide Map" is the image expression of two hexagrams: Kan (water) and Li (fire). Isn't this idea that yin and yang are combined into one, yin has yang, yang has yin, and yin and yang change the basic idea of Taiji diagram? Judging from the genealogy described by Jue Yuan and others, Taiji is closely related to Taoism. Bai Yuchan, the Wuyi monarch, is the fifth ancestor of Nanzong, and the "hermit in Shu" may be a Taoist in Shu.

The ideological origin is different from the graphic origin. It seems difficult to investigate where the Taiji diagram came from. Let's see who made the earliest Taiji diagram.

First of all, we should set a standard for the graphics of Taiji diagram (because there is no standard, the graphics of primitive times mentioned above are all called "Taiji diagram"). The real taiji diagram should be the mutual positive pattern of yin and yang fish inside, and the circular pattern of gossip or sixty-four hexagrams outside. As for whether the "dragon map" and "congenital map" advocated by Chen Tuan are such figures, there is no way to verify them. So it is difficult to judge that Chen Tuan was the first person to make this picture. Whether this picture was made by Xue Weng or a hermit in Shu is unknown. By searching the existing literature, we found that the earliest Tai Chi map was made by Zhang Xingcheng in Yi Xuan in the Southern Song Dynasty.

Zhang Hangcheng, whose date of birth and death is unknown, lived in12nd century. Shaoxing (113l ~1137) is a scholar. In the second year of Daodao (1 166), he presented seven books on Yi-ology to the emperor, among which Yi Xuan was one.

Wing Xuan is also called Wing Yuan. There are two existing editions, one is Xin Hai edited by Qing Ganlong and Li Diaoyuan, and the other is the first edition of series integration, edited and published in 1935.

Today, Mr. Guo He published "Yi Xian Tu-Hun Tian Xiang Not Written by Zhang Xing" in the fourth issue of Zhouyi Studies 1995.

There are four reasons: (1) Zhang Xingcheng's "Tai Chi concept is concrete and physical." "It is different from Zhu and Cai's later view of the universe, which takes' the empty man is in the middle' in the ring of" Congenital Map "as Tai Chi". (2) Hong Mai didn't mention it, and Zhu didn't comment. (3) Shao Yong doesn't talk about the sky with the skill of "Huntian". (4) Yi Xuan is annotation "Tai Xuan". "How can there be a diagram of this binary symbol system in Taixuan's book, a ternary symbol system?" I think these points are very debatable.

First, the concepts of Taiji Metaphysics and Taiji Metaphysics are not directly related to the Taiji diagram of Yin and Yang fish. Guo said: If Zhang Xingcheng didn't take the imaginary part of the congenital image as Tai Chi, then "there would be no such congenital image". I really don't know what the two have to do. The middle of the Taiji diagram of Yin and Yang fish is not a virtual place, but a real place (composed of black and white). For example, according to Guo, it is only "physical". Isn't it more natural and reasonable to evolve a "physique" figure from the Taiji concept of "physique"? (Of course, it's not that simple. I will analyze it in detail below. On the contrary, the so-called "metaphysical" Tai Chi concept of "the middle way is empty" can only derive a hollow circular Tai Chi diagram, but it is difficult to deduce the "metaphysical" of "Yin and Yang fish interacting with each other"

Taiji diagram.

Second, Hong Mai, who is in charge of national history books, said that if he saw the Taiji diagram of Yin and Yang fish, he wouldn't use a black and white semicircle to represent the two vessels ("Sixty-four hexagrams are born from the two vessel diagrams"). This speculation is not convincing. No matter whether Hong Mai sees the fish diagram of Yin and Yang, there is no reason to force him not to use the black-and-white semicircle Taiji diagram. He can prefer a black-and-white semicircle diagram to a yin-yang fish diagram. In fact, at that time, most people preferred the black-and-white semicircle Tai Chi diagram, because it simply and vividly expressed the principle of Tai Chi giving birth to two instruments (no less than the fish diagram of Yin and Yang). For example, Zhu commented: "Kameyama takes a piece of paper, draws a circle, and draws half with ink. Yun: This is Yi. This is great! " "Yi" is just a yin and a yang, making many things. ("Zhuzi Language" Volume 65) "The picture on the left belongs to Yang, and the picture on the right belongs to Yin". Besides, no matter how knowledgeable Zhu Fuzi is, there may be something he has never seen.

West side. This argument is untenable.

In fact, in four years (1 193), Zhu asked Cai to go to Shu. After Cai obtained three paintings from a hermit in the middle of Shu, he may have shown them to Zhu, because in the second year of Qingyuan (1 196), Zhu said in a letter to Cai Jitong: "The day before yesterday, it was said that grinding a cliff and carving a river,' nature' must be engraved, which is very good. ..... The three maps must be sealed, which has existed since ancient times, and it is easy to send people to Bo Mo. " (Volume II of Zhu Wen Official Document Continuation, answer to volumes 60 and 61 of Cai Ji's General Book) The "congenital" map mentioned here is probably this "congenital Taiji map" (there are 64 diagrams of Yin and Yang fish on it). But the following year (the third year of Qingyuan 1 197), there were only two pictures carved on Gezao Mountain: River Map and Luoshu. Why didn't you carve the "congenital map" in the end? I think there may be two.

There are three reasons: First, it is difficult to carve a millstone, because this painting is full of sixty-four hexagrams (this is certain, as to whether it is a "Yin-Yang fish" picture or a square picture of sixty-four hexagrams), and it is difficult to carve these complicated hexagrams, so Zhu envisioned "carving hexagrams and printing them". Second, it is not important to compare with He and Luo maps. According to Hu Weiwei's speculation, this picture "originated in Bai Yang, and it is not as good as being widely circulated." It can be seen that this picture is not as authentic as River and Luo Lai. Hu Weiwei's sentence is to explain why Cai Jitong is "secretive", but in fact, both Cai Jitong and Zhu feel that it is not so important and it is difficult to engrave, so they abandoned it. In this regard, Mr. Shu Jingnan believes that; So only two pictures were carved, because this picture is already included in the Eight-point River Map and Jiugong's Luo Shu, and three pictures are one picture. (China Taiji Map and Taiji Culture)

Page 20) This statement is suspicious, because it is not certain whether there are river charts and Luo books based on yin and yang fish. How can you say "three pictures and one picture"?

The only person who really attaches importance to this painting and realizes the "wonderful" way from it is Zhao? Modest, he said: "Taste it, there is the natural beauty of Tai Chi believing in Yin and Yang, and Yin and Yang believing in gossip." The word "Miao" was realized by Zhao's repeated play ("clever play"). It can be seen that the predecessors did not play with it in this way, nor did they understand its beauty, so of course they did not pay attention to it. Therefore, we can't deny Zhang Hangcheng's inheritance or production of this picture just because Hong Mai and Zhu didn't comment on it.