What kind of person is Kim?

Sima Yu, a Jian Wendi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, has a low historical evaluation in The Book of Jin, but it is strange to observe and think carefully.

Guo Pu, a fortune teller, was quoted as saying that "Jin Zhechang must be the same person", and later the temple name was recorded as "Taizong". At the end of Historical Review, it is said that "although the emperor knew God, it was not beneficial to the world, so it is better to understand what Xie An called the flow." Saman Zhi Daolin once said, "There is a far body, but there is no far god". Xie Lingyun traces back to what he has done, and thinks that people who have contributed are all floating clouds. "

Ironically, he has no political talent and is a political loser. So its anemometer must be hacked. As for comparing him with Hui Di and Kuaixian, one possibility is that he is addicted to gossip and is the king of national subjugation, because in the Tang Dynasty, gossip became the mainstream, and the other possibility is that he is extreme. Third, it may be because Huan Wen is good.

Jiankanglu also recorded this historical review, and it is very likely that the Book of Jin copied Jiankanglu. Because the content of this historical review is not smooth and the turning point is abrupt, many historical reviews in the Book of Jin have such defects, such as the historical reviews at the end of the Book of Jin and Jin Hui Di Ji. "The Book of the Old Tang Dynasty" records: Tang Xiu's "Book of Jin" "Historians are full of literary spirit, arrogant, fond of taking fallacies and breaking things, so that they are widely heard; He also commented that the competition was gorgeous and unrealistic, which was quite ridiculed by scholars. "

According to this, some people think that Sima Yi was expected to be a child, and finally failed politically, and Guo Pu's prediction failed.

The evaluation of the whole emperor Ji is very contradictory and strange.

I have studied his relevant historical materials and historical comments, and think that the great contrast between the beginning and the end of The Book of Jin Jian Wendi Ji is not because he was given high hopes when he was a child, but because his predictions failed, but because the Tang people re-edited the Book of Jin and reconstructed the history of the Jin Dynasty.

The existing Book of Jin was written by people in the Tang Dynasty. The historical books of the Jin Dynasty compiled by the Southern Dynasties are basically lost. The compilation of the Book of Jin by Tang people was based on the compilation of the Book of Jin by Zang in the Southern Qi Dynasty and was processed according to the political needs of the new period.

In the early history books, Liu annotated Shi Shuo Xin Yu, and quoted Xie An's comments in the Book of Jin written by Liu during the Liu and Song Dynasties, greatly praising his virtue and literary talent.

Let me give an example of the Law of Funeral: a virtue persistently says "Jane" and a moral knowledge says "Wen". Simple, reasonable and humanized for the world. I still like the scene of the instrument. It is appropriate to call "Taizong" and "Wen Jian". -(Liu's "Jin Ji"

It shows that there were two Taizong in the dynasty before Jian Wendi, namely Shang Taizong and Han Taizong.

Xiu De, the emperor of Tai Jia, was a salty vassal and the people were well-off. Yi Yin wrote three lectures on Taijia, which was called Taijia and Taizong.

The contribution of the world is greater than that of Emperor Gao, and Demeo wins more than Emperor Xiaowen. The temple of Emperor Gao should be that of Emperor Taizong, and that of Emperor Xiaowen should be that of Emperor Taizong. -"Historical Records"

Some people think that the temple name of Taizong must be the second monarch of the dynasty. In fact, none of the previous Taizong was the second monarch of the dynasty.

Tai Jia was the fourth monarch of Shang Dynasty. The founding monarch of Shang Dynasty was Cheng Tang, but the prince died before he was founded. The second monarch is Waic, the younger brother of Taiding; The third monarch is Ren Zhong, the younger brother of Waic. The fourth monarch is Tai Jia, the son of Tai Ding.

Emperor Wendi was the fifth emperor of the Han Dynasty. The first Emperor Gaozu and the second Emperor Hui Diying died young in, followed by the tragedies of the two young emperors.

The first emperor in the Eastern Jin Dynasty was Zhong Zongyuan, the second was Su Zuming, the third was Xian Zongcheng (the eldest son of Ming Chengzu), the fourth was Kang (the youngest son of Ming Chengzu), and then was Xiao, Ai and Haixi. Then there is simple text. Cheng Kang Gamu Ai Haixi is short. Although his prose is short, he helped the Three Dynasties to love Haixi for many years.

Xie An's words quoted in the Book of Jin are obviously black, demonstrating the view that "it is not beneficial to the world" and satirizing his incompetence. The emperor will only make it clear when he fails. Although I think Hui Di is cute, in the context of historians, it is obviously either serious or black irony. He also said that Jane's ability to speak clearly is better, which is obviously not true boasting, but further irony. Because after evaluating a person's incompetence, how can you seriously say that you are better at talking? Either sarcastic or sarcastic. The historian who quoted this sentence is obviously used for irony.

And if Xie An really said that, his original intention should be ridicule, and historians are probably taking it out of context and deliberately discrediting it.

Although I am opposed to historical nihilism, I find that some historians take it out of context and deliberately smear it. In Jin Hui Di Ji, historians blame Huidi for the demise of the Western Jin Dynasty. In the historical commentary, they cite examples of toad, porridge and black Hui Di, which makes people feel that Hui Di is an idiot. This is obviously taken out of context and deliberately smeared. The example of toad porridge can only be said that Ming Huidi was born well and had no common sense. Hui Di is not an elite, but he is not an idiot when studying historical materials.

Xie An also loves to say that it is a national mistake not to accept it.

(Xie An) Wang Xizhi and I tried to climb the smelting city, daydreaming and aiming high. Xi's name says:' Yu Xia is diligent, and his hands and feet are calluses; King Wen eats it and gives it every day. Now that there are many suburban bases, it is appropriate to consider self-efficacy and talk about waste, which is not suitable for today. An said, "Qin Wei Shang Yang died the next year. How can he say that he is ill? -"Forty-nine Biographies of Jin Scrolls (Xie An)"

Xie An likes talking and won't despise a person who says he can only talk. If you are a person who hates talking, it must be ironic to judge that a person can only talk.

If Xie said that, there should be no malice, and the biggest possibility is to tease him. Wang Meng, a friend of Jane's prose, once said that Jane's prose is stupid. Anyone who knows the culture of Wei and Jin Dynasties knows that there are many scholars in Wei and Jin Dynasties. If you don't understand the delusions of the scholars in Wei and Jin Dynasties, you can read this article "Poetry in Common Place-Deep Psychological Interpretation of Idioms in Wei and Jin Dynasties"/html/2016/0204/34640533.shtm.

According to Su Hui, Volume 12, No.6, Xie An obviously likes this short essay with emotional tendency. Xie An is also Jane's life minister.

When Jin Xiaowu was twelve years old, it was winter, and he didn't wear clothes during the day, only wearing a single shirt with five or six floors. I am very tired at night. Xie Gong remonstrated, saying, "The Eucharist should be timed. Your majesty is too cold during the day and too hot at night. I'm afraid it's not a care. " The emperor said, "The day moves and the night is quiet." When Xie Gong went out, he sighed, "It's as reasonable as the first emperor." -"Shi Shuo Xin Yu"

There are corresponding historical materials in the Book of Jin, which is suspected of plagiarism. "Xie An tasted the essence of (Jin Xiaowu) and did not reduce the first emperor."

Moreover, according to the temple number given to bamboo slips by Xie An, he spoke highly of bamboo slips. When Emperor Gaozu was in power, ministers called him a master every day. After the death of Emperor Gaozu, they also said at the memorial service that "the power of the world is greater than that of Emperor Gaozu, and the temple of Emperor Gaozu should be the temple of Emperor Taizu". Anyway, the discussion is more like a serious evaluation.

Subjectively, Xie An should not be the kind of villain who praises the emperor against his will in court and speaks ill of the emperor behind his back. Objectively speaking, when Xie An died, Wen Jian's son Xiao Wu was still in office.

Think carefully, this has nothing to do with Xie An, but mainly the subjective tendency of historians. Liu of the Southern Dynasties quoted Xie An's last words, apparently to praise the short prose, while historians of the Tang Dynasty quoted those words that could not tell the cause and effect, just for the sake of black prose, which was black and black.

In the history books of the Southern Dynasties.

Emperor Wen is deep, elegant and has a town. Taste with Taizai, Wuling, Huan Wen to Zheng Banqiao, gentle decree, no honking, Wu and others surprised. Wen pretended to be dumbfounded, but in fact he was shocked. He was anxious to get off the bus. The emperor acted as cool as a cucumber, and the color of his voice remained unchanged. Wen called it his virtue. Therefore, the commentator said, the fear is so deep that if the emperor is false, the map of Wen usurped is absolutely gone. -(Liu Song) Tan Daoluan's "Continued Jinyang Autumn"

In the past, when Beijing fell and Ding moved eastward, Jin and Yuan dynasties began to form a pattern, and bamboo slips remained among the people.

In the past, Emperor Taizong of the Han Dynasty was brilliant, and Jin Jian was warm and prosperous. Don't forget the past, the teacher of the future is also.

Yesterday, the Han Dynasty was revived, and the bamboo slips extended to the Jin Dynasty, making me a Hongji and making me stay here permanently. -"The Book of Southern Qi"

The husband's way is not long, but it is not long. It is difficult to enlighten saints because of difficulties and dangers. Therefore, Changyi rebelled against morality, filial piety, chaotic politics in Haixi, simplified literature to promote the calendar, expanded the inheritance, Shao Longbao's life, checked the ancient books and records, and made things clear. -"Liang Shu"

"Literatures on the calendar, expanding the thread and starting the base" corresponds to Guo Pu's "Pusher, must also be this person" and "Taizong". Wen Jian had been in power conscientiously for decades before he became emperor for eight months.

The Southern Dynasties were independent, while the Tang Dynasty was unified. The evaluation criteria for the emperor are different.

To sum up, I think Guo Pu's prediction of Di Chu is an early historical review, the mainstream evaluation of him in the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties, and ultimately the mainstream view of him in the Tang Dynasty. It was in the Tang Dynasty that negative evaluation overwhelmed positive evaluation.

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People's evaluation of historical figures is often influenced by the values of their times and serves politics.

The early criticism of Jane's essays should be due to the country's stability, relatively clear politics and relatively prosperous culture during his administration.

Later historians were so black and simple. After in-depth research and thinking, I think it is mainly related to the changes of Huan Wen's literary criticism.

When Huan Wen was in the Southern Dynasties, criticism was not eliminated, as can be seen from Shi Shuo.

Shen Yue of Xiao Liang also followed Huan Wen's example in Song Shu and endorsed Emperor Wu of Song. Its fundamental purpose is to support Xiao Liang.

(Xiao Liang) The Book of Song Wudi: Huan Wen's outstanding talent is unparalleled in the world. After the tripod moved, the hope of heaven and man changed.

Emperor Liang Yuan also compared himself to Zhuge Liang and Huan Wen, which shows that Huan Wen's criticism at that time was not destroyed by later generations.

Jin Fu Huan Wen, a character. At the end of the year, suddenly there was a monk, whose name was unknown, who came from far away. He was named Tan Yue. I am not constant, I am respectful, I live in the door. When you have finished taking a shower, it is time to move. Look with suspicion. I saw Ni wielding a knife naked, breaking his belly and dirty his body, beheading his head and breaking his branches. Wen Guai came back in horror. When he came out of the bathroom, he was as usual. When asked, Ni replied, "If you chase, you will." When Wen Fangmou won the championship, he was disappointed to hear the news. Therefore, we must guard against terrorism and finally observe the Minister's Day. I don't know where I am after resigning. -"The Postscript of Finding God"

The person who wrote "Therefore, abstain from fear and always observe the Minister's Day" should be the person before the Sui and Tang Dynasties.

In the unified Sui and Tang Dynasties, the monarchical power was strengthened. Due to the political need to safeguard imperial power in the new period, ministers were prevented from coveting imperial power. Seeing Huan Wen's reputation, he portrayed Huan Wen as a negative example of traitors and villains, exaggerating its harm.

(Sui) jing yuan: In the early days, according to Zhuge Liang's story, he used his power to enter the DPRK, seek his aunt back and visit the immortals. To be summoned to the capital, so yue to ... Ji Hai, Huan Wen died, not a book officer, but also surrendered. The article comes from Xiankang, which is arrogant and arrogant. He abandoned the East China Sea to set up bamboo slips, aiming to seize them. If the chaos is big, the pawn will be exempted from punishment, and he will take his official position and not write a book, so as to punish evil for Jin.

(Tang) The Book of Jin: Catch the stone gate to block the road, destroy the city with soldiers, violate the good policy, shame the defeat of the master and the apprentice, take it out on the court, accuse it of favoritism, abolish the power of the Lord, kill people to show their desire, knowing that the treasure life is not available, and the artifact is irresistible (Tang obviously wants to safeguard the career of Emperor Li Er for thousands of years, and satirize the present with ancient times). Is it counterintuitive? Is it counterintuitive? What is the treasure axe suitable for, and what does man and god dislike? ...

Since he exaggerated his harm, he had to go to the prince and emperor who had been in power for a long time.

I also think that the Book of Jin, due to its subjective tendency, deliberately exaggerates Huan Wen's power through historical data collation and historical comments, and exaggerates the short essay very weakly, so as to set off Huan Wen's domineering. It is the same as the demonized queen and retarded emperor in the book of the New Tang Dynasty.

The main purpose of the Guardian is to demonize Huan Wen and Wu Zetian, so as to set a negative example and prevent the powerful minister or empress dowager from changing dynasties. The power of Huan Wen and Wu Zetian was not exaggerated by people in Tang and Song Dynasties to beautify them. Historians praise a historical figure, either for his achievements or for his virtues. They will never flatter this man's power and flatter him that he raised the emperor.

A comparison between Liu Song's Continued Jinyang Autumn and Li Tang's The Book of Jin.

(Liu Song) Tan Daoluan's "Continuation of Jinyang Autumn": The emperor is deep and elegant. Taste with Taizai, Wuling, Huan Wen to Zheng Banqiao, gentle decree, no honking, Wu and others surprised. Wen pretended to be dumbfounded, but in fact he was shocked. He was anxious to get off the bus. The emperor acted as cool as a cucumber, and the color of his voice remained unchanged. Wen called it his virtue. Therefore, the commentator said, the fear is so deep that if the emperor is false, the map of Wen usurped is absolutely gone.

(Tang) The Book of Jin; Wen, as a civil and military official, has made outstanding achievements and made great influence at home and abroad. Although the emperor is in a high position, he is only silently guarding the Tao and is often afraid of deposing. First of all, the confusion is too small, and Haixi is useless. When the emperor ascended the throne, he was too confused. The emperor was evil ... because he recited the poem "A man with lofty ideals is in danger, and a loyal minister is in danger", and he burst into tears. Although the emperor knows the laws of heaven, he has no intention to help the world, so Xie An is called the flow of Huidi. It is better to speak clearly than to understand. Saman Zhi Daolin once said, "There is a far body, but there is no far god". Xie Lingyun traces back to what he has done, and also thinks that those who add fuel to the flames are floating clouds.

The ultimate goal of historical criticism is to satirize the present and safeguard the imperial power, and it is the same now. The difference lies in satirizing the reliability of the present with the past. Generally speaking, the early history books are more reliable than the later ones because they are recent. Of course, this is not absolute, and it should be analyzed in detail with historical materials.

In these two historical comments, the former conveys Huan Wen's fear of Jian Wendi, that is to say, Jian Wendi can control Huan Wen, while he is here, Huan Wen dare not usurp the throne. The idea conveyed by the latter is that Huan Wen is particularly domineering and Jian Wendi is particularly cowardly and failed, which are in direct proportion. The latter is so exaggerated that many people who don't understand this period of history and do not study historical materials deeply think that Huan Wen is so powerful as Cao Cao.

However, a closer look at the historical data shows that Huan Wen is not as domineering as the historical review said, and he is not short of manpower.