Lucheng Fortune Telling _ Lushan Fortune Telling

Who is the editor of The Analects of Confucius?

The Analects of Confucius is one of the classic works of Confucianism, which was compiled by Confucius' disciples and disciples. This is a very traditional saying, and there is nothing wrong with it. It is.

In 479 BC, on Thursday, 10 years, on April 11th, 15 years, that is, on February 21st in the Gregorian calendar, Confucius died. Buried in Lucheng (now Qufu) North Temple. Lu Aigong said, "If we don't hold the sky, we won't be old, so we can leave you on the throne alone and stay here for a long time. Alas! Father! No self-discipline. " After the death of Confucius, many disciples kept the tomb for three years, and Gong, the only son, built a tomb in front of Confucius and kept it for six years. During the time when the disciples were guarding the master's tomb, it seemed that they were extremely uncomfortable with the master's death. They all think that someone should take the place of master to keep his disciples in line. Among the many disciples of Confucius, if they look like Confucius, their knowledge and character are recognized by the same school. The so-called "words with children are like Confucius." (Biography of Zhong Ni's Disciples in Historical Records). So "an apprentice is a master, and a master is like a master." But in any case, there are still many disciples who even moved their homes to the periphery of the tomb, including the tomb of Zhu Lu in Zigong. But the fall of a generation of superstars is bound to make Confucius disciples lose their core. A very realistic question is placed before all the living disciples: what should I do next?

As we know, Confucius once said "stand at thirty". The same is true of the situation. According to historical records, Confucius began to establish civilian education and give lectures at the age of 30. The earliest students of Confucius were: Qin Shang (547 BC ~? ), Yan Wuji (546 ~? ), Ceng Dian (546 BC ~? ), Ran Geng (544 BC), Zhong You (542 ~ 480 BC), Qi Diaokai (540 BC ~? Among these disciples, it can be seen from their ages that they are basically the same age as Confucius. Let's take Zhong Yuanlai as an example. He is older than Confucius Xiao Jiu. In the Spring and Autumn Period, he was born in Bianqiao, surabaya county. According to historical records, Luz was Confucius' favorite student. Famous for political affairs. Frank personality, courage and talent, dare to criticize Confucius. Confucius knew him very well and spoke highly of him. He thought that there could be a number of ministers, "a thousand times the country can be endowed with governance", and said that he "turned a deaf ear to bad words" and "Lutz was brave enough to smell them". Unfortunately, he was killed because of infighting when he slaughtered Dr. Kong Mao's family. It is precisely because of Confucius' educational achievements that Luz is good. Because before he met Confucius, Luz was basically our gangster today. Biography of Zhong Ni in Historical Records says: "Lutz is contemptible, brave and upright, crowned with a rooster and wearing a porpoise, and lashed out at Confucius. Confucius set a gift to lure Luz, and after Luz took Confucianism as a token, because Confucius invited him as a disciple. " Pei Qian's Collection of Historical Records said: "Wearing a rooster, accompanied by dolphins. Both are brave, and Lutz is brave, so he is crowned. " Wang Chong said in On Balance and Self-willedness: "It's disgusting to smell the sound, shake the chicken and excite the dolphin, kiss the lips, wear a comb and wear a dolphin, and listen to the sage." All these clearly show that Luz was very reckless before being enlightened by Confucius. He tried to bully Confucius many times, and Confucius tempted him with gifts and told him a lot about being a man before he worshipped Confucius as a teacher. Even though he worshipped Confucius as his teacher, Luz basically did not change his nature of Mount Tai. For example, almost none of Confucius' disciples can criticize Confucius in person or even embarrass him.

Of course, Lutz's recklessness towards Confucius is not disrespect for Confucius. In Confucius' life, Lutz can be said to be the best bodyguard, who has been responsible for Confucius' life support. So although he refuted Confucius, Confucius always regarded him as a confidant. Confucius spoke highly of Luz. For example, "If a speech can go to prison, what is the reason?" "The Analects of Confucius Yan Yuan" said, "No, float on the sea with a fork. For me, what is the reason? " The Analects of Gongye Chang. Confucius also said: "I have my own reasons, and I don't listen to bad words."

Of course, on the whole, Lutz still has many advantages. Besides being loyal and trustworthy, he is also a great dutiful son. Among the twenty-four filial sons compiled by the ancients in China, three are disciples of Confucius, including Luz.

I said so much about Luz just to illustrate a problem, that is, among the early disciples of Confucius, we can call them disciples or friends. Most importantly, these disciples or friends have almost no innate knowledge advantage. First of all, they were all born in poverty, so it goes without saying that other early disciples, such as Ceng Dian, were also declining aristocrats and could only make a living on dozens of acres of land. Qin Jin, the father of Qin Shang, and Liang Shu, the father of Confucius, are also friends famous for their courage. Ran Geng was born in poverty. Such a disciple, together with his friendship with Confucius and his original family situation, can be called a disciple, but it is impossible to be serious in the process of learning, which is what we are talking about today. According to historical records, except for Qi Diaokai's original opinions, the others are all obedient or reckless. It seems impossible to say that the Analects of Confucius was compiled by these people.

The fact is also impossible, because Luz died two years earlier than Confucius, and the birth and death years of other early disciples are basically incomplete. But in terms of Confucius' age, the society at that time belonged to longevity. Since those people are very close to Confucius' age, they should all live at Confucius' age, and there is no data to show that they compiled Confucius' quotations at this time.

Of course, these disciples who were closely related to Confucius did not compile The Analects. Have any younger disciples compiled The Analects of Confucius? Of course, what I'm mainly talking about here is when Confucius was alive. There is such a saying. Liao Yan of the Qing Dynasty (A.D. 1644- 1705) said: "There is no conclusive evidence that the Analects of Confucius was written by disciples of Confucius in the past, so I call it a book written by the Great Sage. Is it possible that someone else wrote it for me? "That is to say, the sages in the article are all words cut by Confucius. Or a group of disciples have something to say, which is negative. We should take Confucius as the right one. " Twenty-seven Songtang collections, seven volumes mixed. Li Yong (1659 ~ 1733) said: "The taste of The Analects of Confucius is determined by saints. After learning the classics, you can read them separately, but the Analects of Confucius is pleasing to the ear. " Ancient prose in Pingyi. Huang Kan (488 ~ 545) said in On Semantic Sparse: "This book is either the words of disciples or sometimes vulgar words. Although it was unknown to Confucius, it was printed by Confucius at that time. The necessary seals can be pre-recorded. "

These scholars' views are only based on their own imagination. They think that there are so many quotations from Confucius in The Analects of Confucius that it must be compiled by Confucius himself, at least under his auspices. That is, it was sealed or ruled by Confucius. We can kill people without a stick, which shows that such a judgment is possible. We say that those disciples who are similar in age to Confucius do not have such conditions. Younger disciples (of course not too young), such as Min Zikai (536-487 BC), are 15 years younger than Confucius. However, we can immediately deny this speculation, because many things mentioned in The Analects of Confucius happened long after Confucius died. If the Analects of Confucius is sealed or ruled by Confucius, will Confucius be resurrected after his death? Therefore, no matter from which angle, Confucius did not appear the Analects of Confucius when he was alive.

To say that Confucius can't engrave, seal or cure the Analects of Confucius is not to completely deny that the Analects was written by Confucius' disciples. Why? Because, among Confucius' disciples, there are several second-generation disciples who are both smart and literary, and much younger than Confucius. Yan Hui (52 BC1~ 48 BC1) is impossible, because although he was thirty years younger than Confucius, he died while Confucius was alive. There is a record in Yongye: Ai Gong asked, "Who is a studious person?" Confucius said to the Japanese: "Those who have Yan Hui are eager to learn, will not be angry, and will not have second thoughts. Unfortunately, they will die soon. I am also dead today, and I have never heard of a good scholar. " Yan Hui died in 48 BC1year, that is, when Confucius was 7 1 year old, he was only 4 1 year old. At this time, Confucius once said, "Hey! The day has passed! The sky is lost! " (Advanced Analects of Confucius). This shows that although Yan Hui was mentioned many times in The Analects of Confucius, it only shows that Confucius really liked Yan Hui, but what is certain is that Yan Hui did not participate in the compilation of The Analects of Confucius. Look at some second-generation disciples. Ran Yong (522 BC ~? Confucius, aged 29), Ran Qiu (522 BC ~? , little Confucius was 29 years old), Zi Gong (520 BC ~? , little Confucius 3 1 year), Ziyou (506 BC ~? Confucius, 45 years old), Xia Zi (507 BC ~? , little Confucius is 44 years old), Zhang Zi (503 BC ~? , little Confucius is 48 years old), especially if (5 18 ~ BC? Confucius, 33 years old), Gao Chai (52 BC1~? Confucius, 30 years old), Fan Chi (505 ~? , little Confucius was 46 years old), Zaiyu (522 ~ 458 BC, little Confucius was 29 years old), Gong Xichi (509 ~? , little Confucius was 42 years old), Zeng Shen, (505 ~ 432 BC, little Confucius was 46 years old), Gong Sunlong (498 ~? Little Confucius is 53 years old. This is the youngest disciple of Confucius who is well documented. Anyone who has read The Analects of Confucius will know at a glance that of so many disciples, only one did not appear in The Analects. If we use ordinary psychology to speculate, why can their names appear in the Analects of Confucius (except the previous seniors)? The answer seems to be: these people compiled The Analects.

Song Xiangfeng (1779 ~ 1860) said that The Analects was written by Zhong Gong, Zi You and Xia Zi.

Fu Xuan (2 17 ~ 278) said: "Once upon a time, Zhong Ni was gone, and the disciples of Zhonggong followed the words of the master and called it the Analects of Confucius" (Fu Zi Series).

Lu Jiuyuan (1139-1193) said in the "Xiangshan Quotations": "Zheng Kangcheng (Zheng Xuan) and Wang Su claimed that The Analects of Confucius was edited by themselves, and some people could take the exam. For example, the second chapter of "Cher" contains a chapter of "If" and a chapter of "Ceng Zi" is downloaded, all of which are called "Zi" but unknown, covering the ears of Xia Dynasty. "

Zhai Hao (? ~ 1788) thinks that besides Xia Zi and Zi You, there may be Zhang Zi.

He said, "Choose Saint-Door Literature and say you and Xia Te. Confucius compiled Spring and Autumn Annals only to show travel and summer. Ziyou and Xia Zi wrote The Analects of Confucius in advance, which is appropriate and logical. Lu Xiangshan is based on respecting his son. Mencius said that those who want to respect things and have children, Zhang has it, and Xia also. In Article 19 of The Analects of Confucius, there are many famous sayings of sages. Most of them are children's and children's tours, and Zhang ranks first. Although Ceng Zi is called the "son", he is the third son. It is also like the master's respect for his teacher. And "Zhang Zishu God", clearly see the language. Then you and Xia Wai should belong to Zhang Zi as the recorder. The first group of Confucianists didn't talk about Zhang Zi, but they talked about Zhong Gong. I wonder why. "Textual research four books and general examination.

Kang Youwei, a close friend (1858 ~ 1927), said in the preface to the Analects of Confucius: "There are twenty articles in The Analects of Confucius, which record the words and deeds of Confucius' younger brother, but Ceng Zi is a backward scholar, and Zheng Xuan thought it was Zhong Gong, Zi You and Xia Zi, but it was not. Yi Kao's book is called disciple or word or name, but Ceng Zi is called' Zi'. He specifically described Ceng Zi's manipulations, which were compiled by Ceng Zi's disciples later. Fu Zhonggong, You and Xia are all older, while yours has the longest life span, exceeding 90 years. Ann has been compiled by Zhong Gong, You and Xia, but Ceng Zi, the son, is waiting for Zeng Men to remember his brothers and sisters? "

Lu Jiuyuan was named after his name in The Analects of Confucius. He said that this book was written by Ceng Zi, Ziyou and Xia Zi, and Kang Youwei drew the conclusion from this inference.

Gu said in The Analects of Confucius: "Confucius, Minzi and Ranzi were all from Shandong. After the death of Confucius, Gai was founded in Shandong. It is the book Qi Lun and Lu Lun. Although this biography is called Lu Lun, it was taught by his disciples, Min Zi and Ran Zi. His disciples respected his teacher very much. When he met the teacher, he changed his name to' Zi' to teach his disciples, so it is said that he had a son, Ceng Zi, Min Zi and Ran Zi. About, Youzi, and occasionally Ranzi and Minziqian, Gu explained that Youzi and his disciples are many, but Minzi and Ranzi's disciples are few. If there are many disciples, it will spread widely and be easy to unify. If the number of disciples is small, it will be biased and there will be more mistakes. Therefore, there are very few disciples of Min and Ran, and it is uncertain whether Min and Ran's names are Chinese characters or "Zi". " (The Analects of Confucius Doubt)

As for Mencius and Xunzi, they are both called "Zi", while the beggars' sect is called "Saint-Gate Dependence". What's more, Mencius was Ceng Zi's disciple and grandson.

Liu Zongyuan said that the Analects of Confucius "recorded the death of Ceng Zi, so he went to Confucius." Analysis of The Analects of Confucius in Liu Zongyuan's Selected Works of Hedong. Gu's explanation for this is that "they are the Analects of Confucius, Qi Lun, Lu Lun and Shu, with different sentences, and later generations have taught them a lot." Ceng Zi's death in Lun Heng was not helped by Ceng Zi's followers. Otherwise, since there are many virtuous disciples of Confucius, they will not write, and then after the second disciple is alienated, they will be promoted to write? "("The Analects of Confucius Suspicious ")

If it is incidental, Gu's statement is reasonable.

According to the analysis of these materials, The Analects of Confucius is really what Confucius' disciples preached, and then the disciples attached more understanding to it.

It seems reasonable to say that the editor of The Analects of Confucius is a disciple of Confucius, but some people can continue to imagine because there is no fixed cognition in history. Many people think that the Analects of Confucius was compiled by Confucius. The master here is actually the disciple we usually understand.

Han Art History and Literature: "As for The Analects of Confucius, when Confucius responded to his disciples, people talked with them and heard what Confucius said. All the disciples at that time had their own notes. A master is a chess piece, and a master compiles in compiling. Therefore, it is called The Analects of Confucius. " This statement is indeed well-founded, because in the Analects of Confucius, although most of them are dialogues between Confucius and his disciples. But we can see the word "master" everywhere. If there is a saying in "Establishing Man", Confucius said, "Take part! My path is consistent. " Zeng Zi said, "Wei." When the child came out, the master asked, "What is it?" Ceng Zi said: "The master's way is loyalty and forgiveness." The master here refers to Ceng Zi's disciples. In Taber, "Ceng Zi was ill, so he called his brother and said,' Give me enough! "Open your hand!" "The owner here is also a disciple of Ceng Zi. There is a saying in Zi Han: "Luz made his master a minister because he was ill. "The ward said,' It's been a long time, and it's an affair again! There is no minister, only a minister. Who is bullying me? Bullying the sky? Instead of dying at the hands of ministers, why not die at the hands of two or three sons? And give it a big burial, or die on the road? ""The owner here is Lutz's disciple. There is a saying in Advanced that "Yan Yuan is dead, and his master wants to bury him. Confucius said, "No." The master gave it a heavy funeral. Confucius said, "If I return, I will treat my father instead of my son." . Not me, but my husband's second and third sons. "The disciple here is Yan Hui's disciple. This shows a very important fact, that is, when Confucius was alive, he taught not only his disciples, but also his younger disciples, not only his older disciples. Therefore, the phenomenon of intergenerational transmission has formed. In the teaching process, different people have different memories and different understandings of Confucius' words. Moreover, in the process of communication, each teacher did his own thing, so the quotations or questions and answers of Confucius or his disciples or even his disciples were not unified for a long time after Confucius' death. Liu Zongyuan said "or ask", and Confucianism called "The Analects of Confucius", and Confucius' disciples wrote it down. Can you believe it? Before things happen. Confucius has the least disciples, and Confucius is 46 years old. Ceng Zi died of old age. It was the death of Ceng Zi, the minister, and Confucius had a long way to go. Ceng Zi's death left only a few disciples of Confucius, and I think Ceng Zi's disciples did it. What? This is a book that disciples must use words, but only Ceng Zi has words. As the saying goes, the number of disciples is also ... Today, I only know that Ceng Zi is dead, and Gaile is a disciple of Chunzi and Zisi. Or:' Confucius' disciples wrote miscellaneous notes on his words, but it was Zeng's disciples who died in his book. (Analects of Confucius by Liu Zongyuan in Hedong)

He said in the Qing Dynasty, "Confucius is the least involved, 46 years younger than Confucius. It's the death of Ceng Zi, the minister, so it's far away to go to Confucius. After Ceng Zi's death, there were only a few disciples of Confucius. I think Ceng Zi's disciples did it. Stealing the Analects of Confucius was named by Ceng Zi's disciples. " (Ask Right in the Eleven Classics, Volume 1)

I don't think there is any big doubt that Zeng Shen or his disciples participated in compiling The Analects. Except for Zeng Shen, the least of the Confucius disciples mentioned above, Zeng Shen was born in 505 BC and died in 432 BC. Little Confucius is 46 years old That is to say, after Confucius died, he lived for another 40 years, and he began to be a disciple when Confucius was alive. It can be seen that there are many conditions for being called "Zi". Smart, eager to learn, young, early to learn. More importantly, Ceng Zi has a high moral level and may be more loved by his disciples, so he is called "Zi" by his disciples like Confucius. Also, Confucius' grandson Zisi is a disciple of Ceng Zi. When Zisi was born, his grandfather was a 69-year-old man. He just finished his wandering life and began to concentrate on deleting poems, writing books, making music and arranging Spring and Autumn Annals. It can't be based on his grandson, but after his death, his grandson was only four years old (Zisi was born in 483 BC and died in 402 BC. Zisi also learned from the teacher that Grandpa was great, and Ceng Zi's moral character and knowledge were the same as Grandpa's. Therefore, I worship my grandfather and love me, love my dog. Call his grandfather "Zi" and contact the teacher. As for Zeng's other disciples, they are also respectfully called "Zi". If we look at many Confucian works or books about Confucius, they are almost always called Zi. The most typical book, such as The Book of Filial Piety, mentions Ceng Zi. If there is a dialogue, it is only a dialogue between Confucius and Ceng Zi. Accordingly, many historians believe that the Book of Filial Piety is the work of Ceng Zi. However, I think it was also written by Ceng Zi's disciples. Because, your disciple can call it "zi", but I don't necessarily. Because of his respect for the teacher, he can't dare to be an equal with the teacher.

When it comes to being called "Zi", besides being eager to learn, there is also an age problem. If you were born in 5 18 BC, the year of your death is unknown, and Confucius is 33 years old. The reason why he is called "Zi" is not necessarily because he is young, but also because he has the opportunity. Twenty because, after the death of Confucius, Confucius' disciples need to have a psychological sustenance. And if you look like Confucius, all the disciples respect you as a teacher. Ma Qian said in the Biography of Zhong Ni's Disciples in Historical Records: "Confucius has neither, but all his disciples yearn for him. He looks like Confucius. Disciples are like teachers, and teachers are like teachers. "

By analyzing the phenomenon that You Ruo and Zeng Shen are called "Zi", I can draw the conclusion that more participants in the compilation of The Analects must be their disciples or re-disciples. As for Min Ziqian and Ran Qiu, they are sometimes called "Zi" because of their respect, age and the participation of their disciples. It's just that the state of these two people has not reached its peak. Looking at the more than 20 Confucius disciples mentioned in The Analects of Confucius, most of them are much younger than Confucius, except those who were often praised during their lifetime. In other words, it is these second-generation disciples or disciples of the second-generation disciples who take part in collating the conversations between teachers and their own teachers (that is, Confucius disciples) and then editing them into books. As for the original name, there is no historical data to prove it.

On the whole, according to historical data and reasonable conjecture, I think the editor of The Analects of Confucius should be: 1, Confucius himself. Because since a disciple of Confucius respects Confucius so much, it is impossible to call him by his first name directly. But there are several "hills" in The Analects. Confucius said, "Zuo Qiuming is ashamed of his clever words, good gifts and full respect, and Qiu is ashamed of it. Zuo Qiuming is ashamed of it, and Qiu is ashamed of it. This shows that words like this are not only said by Confucius, but also read by Confucius after being recorded by his disciples. It may have been compiled into a booklet similar to today's. 2. People who are familiar with Confucius. We know that in the Analects of Confucius, all dialogue parts are expressed by Confucius, Confucius and Yue, but we also notice that Confucius is used in many places. What does this mean? Because it is impossible for Confucius' disciples or disciples to address Confucius directly, it is likely that some friends of Confucius or Lu officials have compiled their own records into the compilation of The Analects. 3. Confucius disciples. There is no need to doubt this, because these people are all around Confucius. They have heard many of Confucius' remarks with their own ears and have the most say. 4. Pass on the disciples again. Some of these disciples may have seen or listened to Confucius' lectures or listened to his teacher's words. In order to spread ideas, sages always wanted to collect more quotations from Confucius for future generations, so the number of words in The Analects of Confucius increased with the passage of time. 5, the younger generation of Confucian scholars. Two or three centuries after Confucius' death, Confucius' remarks were constantly collected and sorted out. Although many younger generations are not disciples of Confucius, they agree with Confucius' thoughts, so they also participate in the collation of Confucius' quotations. 6. It is not excluded that the rulers of many vassal States are also processing and deducing Confucius' remarks in order to rule the people with Confucius' thoughts and thus serve their rule.

The above is the formation process of The Analects. But there may have been quotations about Confucius and his disciples, but there has never been a title, that is, the remarks of Confucius and his disciples continued to spread for a long time after Confucius' death, but there was no such name as The Analects.