What is the job of the Prime Minister?

Prime Minister: Official name. The thigh of the ancient emperor of China. Canon led hundreds of officials, assisted the emperor in managing state affairs and knew everything. Prime minister system Zhuge Liang, the prime minister of Shu in the Three Kingdoms period.

Originated in the Warring States Period. Beginning with the King of Wu in the Qin Dynasty, there were left and right prime ministers, but sometimes there were prime ministers. Wei Ran, Lv Buwei and others all occupied this position. After the reunification of Qin, there were only left and right prime ministers. At the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty, Xiao He became prime minister and later moved to Guo Xiang. After his death, Cao Can succeeded to his throne. Huidi and Lv Hou set up left and right prime ministers in the early years of Wendi, and only one prime minister was set up in the future. At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, various kingdoms proposed the central government and set up prime ministers in their feudal countries. In the fifth year of Emperor Jingdi (formerly 145), it was renamed Xiang. After Zhu Yuanzhang, the emperor of Ming Dynasty, killed the prime minister Hu, the prime minister system was abolished. At the same time, the province of Zhongshu was abolished and power was concentrated in the emperor. The absolute monarchy was strengthened, and the struggle between imperial power and relative power ended in the victory of imperial power.

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Cheng Shuo Wen Jie Zi explains: "Cheng, a man, comes from a deep mountain. The mountain is high and pleasing. " Duan Yucai commented: "Easy, wings. ..... Anyone who is in a high position will be willing to accept it. " In ancient times, the homophone motto "Cheng" and "Cheng" belonged to the sixth part of the ancient pronunciation, so it was not wrong for Duan Yucai to use "Cheng" to explain "Cheng". "Zuo Zhuan's eighteen years of mourning for the public": "Make a handsome teacher. Please accept. " Success means success. Yang Shuda's "History of Lin Shu in Jiweiju Primary School Cheng Zheng": "The word formation is like the shape of an elevator, which is the beginning of existence, but Xu Jun does not know it, but it is a training; The training of upward movement is based on saving the next generation. " In fact, Yang Shuda's statement is still problematic. Now, according to Oracle bone inscriptions, the signal of "Cheng" is that "one person is trapped and can be rescued from the left and right", that is to say, the "One" below "Cheng" is not a mountain or water, but a mortar-shaped trap. Cheng's original meaning is "help", which is a verb. Later, when it was used in official positions, it became a noun, and it was generally put behind, meaning "the person who assisted ……", such as the army who assisted the chief; Xian Cheng is the person who assists the county magistrate. Cheng, the prime minister, is not behind the scenes, so he is not an assistant, but an assistant of the son of heaven. Xiang Shuo Wen Jie Zi explained: "Xiang, provincial vision." In today's words, it means "look carefully", which is the original meaning of the word "phase", such as "the mouse has its skin" in the Book of Songs, and there are traces of this usage in our daily language: the fortune teller's "face reading", which means "look carefully at the face". Later, the word was also used as "Xiang", meaning that the blind can't see anything and need help to see. The person who helped him to see is called Xiang, so Xiang means "help" in the accident of "seeing", but it is still not out of the category of "seeing". By the Zhou Dynasty, this "phase" had a new extension in its use. During the Zhou Dynasty, many activities were held, such as courtship, league meetings, banquets and sacrifices. These emperors and princes may not be proficient in etiquette, but they can't joke. Therefore, there must be someone familiar with etiquette to help guide them. This person is known as "Xiang Li", such as "Sixteen Years of Gong Xuan in the Spring and Autumn Period": "The minister of the Winter Jin Dynasty laid a flat on the royal family, and the king decided to enjoy it, and the original Xiang Gong paid tribute." "Xiang" is also referred to as "Xiang" for short, such as Zuo Zhuan in the Spring and Autumn Period in the 18th year of Huan Gong: "In autumn, the Duke of Qi began to study, and the son welcomed it, and looked forward to it with high melody." It also has this meaning in our daily language. Married comrades all know that having a "best man" when they get married is the "phase" of this "ceremony". In the Spring and Autumn Period, people who "greet each other" are generally important ministers or assistants in the ceremony. So "Xiang" completely broke away from the original meaning of "viewing from other provinces" and became the meaning of "senior assistant of upper class". There was the embryonic form of the later "prime minister".

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"Tongzhi", "Tongdian" and even "Literature General Examination" all say: "The Yellow Emperor has six phases. Yao has sixteen phases. Tang Yin has left and right sides. Zhou Chengwang has left and right sides. " None of this is credible. The meaning of "Xiang" as a "senior assistant" only appeared around the Spring and Autumn Period, and the Yellow Emperor could not know it in advance. The earliest prime minister, with a history, appeared in the second year of King Ai of Qin Dynasty (309 BC). "Historical Records of Qin Benji" said: In two years, "the first prime minister, Li, Wei left and right". Chili disease is also recorded in Historical Records Biography of Gan Mao: "King Wu ... took Chili seeds and Gan Mao as prime ministers". Qin mourned, which is very famous in history. He became famous not because he was born great, but because he died strangely. He just made a bet with others, and as a result, his eyes were bleeding and his legs died. But he is definitely not stupid in business. The two appointed prime ministers are both famous, and the right prime minister is ill. Maybe you haven't heard of it. Do you know "think tank"? The origin of this word is that the people of Qin praised the illness of the dead, which shows its cleverness; Gan Mao, everyone has heard since childhood that Ganluo and Gan Mao, who were "twelve-year-old worshippers of the Prime Minister", are Ganluo's grandfathers, so they are naturally not small roles. After that, the position of prime minister existed, and it was renamed in the middle, such as Guo Xiang, Situ, Great Prime Minister, Prime Minister, Three Books with the Same Book, Tang Tangshi and Knowing Political Affairs. And there are too many changes in the middle. But most of the time, this position still exists. In the 13th year of Hongwu in Ming Taizu (1380), the post of prime minister was completely cancelled by the central government. At that time, he was removed from the post of prime minister, and the right to make suggestions was vested in six ministries, and the decision was vested in the emperor. The last three prime ministers were Li Shanchang, Hu and He. It was the last three prime ministers and tens of thousands of people related to them who died for the prime minister system: Li Shanchang, a former prime minister, was sentenced to Hu clan in Li Shanchang ten years later (1390), and more than 70 people including his wife, daughter, brother and nephew were executed; Hu, the left prime minister, was executed for treason, killing more than 30 thousand people in a row for ten years; Prime Minister Right was also implicated in the Hu case and was executed in exile. Therefore, some people say that the beginning of the prime minister system is comedy, but the end is tragedy.

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The prime minister is responsible for managing military plans or other important affairs and assisting the emperor in handling state affairs. The emperor summoned officials, two thousand stones and Dr. * * to discuss with him before the command to avoid arbitrariness. General government affairs can be decided by the Prime Minister. When the emperor has something to do, he often consults with the prime minister, who sometimes refutes the imperial edict and expresses reservations about the emperor's orders. The specific functions and powers of the prime minister are: appointing officials or recommending talents to the emperor; For local officials, they have the right to test and reward; Responsible for laws, decrees and related prison affairs; If there are riots in the local area, the prime minister will send officials to suppress them; Also bear certain responsibilities in military or border defense; State records and various maps and other documents are kept by the Prime Minister's Office. In the Western Han Dynasty, the imperial censor assisted the prime minister with roughly the same responsibilities, so many affairs were often handled by the prime minister and the imperial censor. The title of Prime Minister is Wanshi, with a monthly salary of 350 Hu and 60,000 yuan. There are two officials with a long history. They are the assistants of the Prime Minister. Otherwise, there are few histories, signs, etc. In addition, there are western Cao, eastern Cao, playing Cao, gathering Cao, discussing Cao and other institutions, which are in charge of removing officials, counties and States, discussing chapters, collecting rent and other affairs respectively. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty held the enthronement ceremony for five years (before 1 18), and also set up a direct department to specialize in stabbing hundreds of officials to death and criticizing offenders, which strengthened the supervision function of the prime minister.

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origin

In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, physiognomists were mostly heroes of the founding of the People's Republic of China, who held important positions and dared to speak and remonstrate. For example, Emperor Lu wants to make Zhu Lu king, and the imperial tomb opposes it face to face; When Jingdi was in Zhou Yafu, he opposed sealing Wang xin and abolishing the criminal Prince Herry Liu. When I arrived in Liang Wudi, it was used as a photograph, which created a precedent for cloth and clothes. With the strengthening of centralized monarchy, Liang Wudi reused court officials and didn't trust the prime minister. His incumbents, such as Xue Ze, Zhao Zhou, Zhuang, Tian, are all cautious and incompetent. At the end of Emperor Wu, Huo Guang was General Fu. From then on to the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Fu's power was greater than that of the prime minister, and Fu was mostly served by consorts. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, the functions and powers of prime ministers were taken away by the imperial palace, such as Wei Xuancheng and Kuang Heng. In front of the monarch and dignitaries, A Yi bowed to them to maintain his position.

Three metric system

When Han became emperor, He Wu suggested the establishment of three metric systems on the grounds that it was difficult for the prime minister to handle many thorny political affairs alone. Therefore, it is a measure to disperse the power of the prime minister to change the imperial history into a general official, with Fu, the general official and the prime minister as the three officials. The prime minister and the suggestion are divided into three, and the three fairs are actually three zaifu. When he lost his emperor, he changed the prime minister to Da Situ. At the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Da Situ was changed to Situ, Fu was changed to Qiu. Among the three fairs, autumn is the most respected. At the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, in order to strengthen the power of the monarch, the power belonged to the monarch, assisted the court ministers, and only retained the three fairs. Later, power was transferred to consorts and eunuchs. Sangong Han became an empty name. The three metric system was implemented until the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty.

Dong Zhuo Guo Xiang

Dongdong Zhuozhuo is the Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty.

For the prime minister, Liang Gangqiang is overbearing, just like being above all officials. Later, Cao Cao (see Emperor Wu of Wei and Cao Cao) abolished the three fairs and reinstated Cao Cao, the Prime Minister and the Imperial Adviser.

, and since the prime minister. Both Dong Zhuo and Cao Cao monopolize power, just like monarchs. The Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties sometimes set up prime ministers or prime ministers at the time of changing dynasties, just like Dong Zhuo and Cao Cao, which was not a normal official system. The Sui Dynasty set up three provinces and six departments, and the internal history of the province, the internal history of the province, the Yan Na of the province under the door, and the Shangshu of the province were all equivalent to the prime ministers. After the Tang and Song Dynasties, Shangshu Province or Zhongshu Province sometimes set up a left and right prime minister, which was equivalent to the original Shangshu left and right servants, ranking second only to Shangshu Order or Zhongshu Order and holding real power. In the early Ming Dynasty, there was no order in Zhongshu Province, only about the appointment of the Prime Minister, with great power. Later, it was abolished by Ming Taizu, and the functions and powers of the prime minister were exercised by the cabinet university, which was not restored until the late Qing Dynasty.

Zhu Yuanzhang abolished Guo Xiang.

In the 13th year of Hongwu (1380), Zhu Yuanzhang, in the name of "rebellion", killed the prime minister Hu, ordered the cancellation of Zhongshu Province, abolished the prime minister, and the emperor personally took charge of six departments (see the system of three provinces and six departments for its development) and directly managed state affairs. At this point, China's prime minister system of 1600 years was abolished (Hu also became the last prime minister).

The prime minister is the highest official position in the feudal bureaucracy, and he is the person who manages state affairs according to the will of the monarch. Sometimes called, often called the Prime Minister, or "Xiang" for short. For example, The Chen She Family: "Governors will be better." "Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru": "And mediocrity is still shameful, and the situation is almost the same! "Shuxiang:" Where is the famous Prime Minister's Temple, in the Silk City near a deep pine forest. " Preface to China Daily < Guide to the Southern Tour: "Except the right prime minister and the envoys of the Tang Dynasty, all other armies are under my control. "

The conflict between editing this paragraph and imperial power

Few great emperors can endure excessive power for a long time. Therefore, relative rights have been decreasing in the history of China. Among them, there are three remarkable changes: Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty established a court. There were three provinces in the Tang Dynasty. Ming Taizu Hongwu was abolished for thirteen years, and it was a combination of monarchical power and relative power.