Are there really these eight people in the history of crossing the sea by the Eight Immortals?

The word "Eight Immortals" has always had different meanings in the history of China, and it was defined as, (Han Zhongli),, Zhang, Cao Guojiu, Han Xiangzi, Lan Caihe and He Xiangu in Wu Yuantai's Journey to the East in the Ming Dynasty.

During the Stegosaurus period in the Northern Song Dynasty, Shamen Island (now Temple Island) was the place where the imperial court imprisoned prisoners. From the third year of Stegosaurus, all illegal soldiers were sent to Salmon Island. Year after year, there are more and more prisoners on the island. However, the imperial court only distributes food rations to 300 people in the whole island every year, and the food is becoming more and more insufficient. Later, Li Qing, the guard leader of Shaman Island, thought of a vicious method: when more than 300 people were captured, some of them were bound by their hands and feet and drowned in the sea, so that the number of prisoners on the island was always less than 300. In this way, more than 700 people were killed in two years. In order to survive, prisoners often jump into the sea to escape, but most of them are swallowed up by the rough waves. At one time, more than 50 prisoners were killed. About 30 miles from Shamen Island to Penglai, most of the prisoners were exhausted and drowned in the water, leaving only eight swimmers with strong martial arts and strong physique. They swam downstream to the shore and hid in the lion cave at the foot of Ya Dan Mountain in the north of Penglai. The next day, fishermen found them. They were all very surprised when they heard that eight people had crossed the ocean from Salmon Island to come here. They called it "God", and the story spread among the people, known as "Eight Immortals", evolved into the story of "Eight Immortals Crossing the Sea" today.

1, Li Tieguai, also known as Li and Ming Xuan, also known as Li Ningyang, Li Hongshui and Li Kongmu. Lu Xun's A Brief History of Chinese Novels says that his surname is Li and his name is Xuan. Zhao Yi's Yu Cong Kao also said that his surname was Liu. The year of birth and death is about 465438 BC+08-326 BC. Jin Kun, a Pakistani (now Lijiaba, Shimen Town, jiangjin district, Chongqing), still has the remains of Yaowang Temple and Machamp Temple. According to folklore, he was originally very big and handsome. Practice in Dangshan Cave. Once in the fairy society of the old gentleman in Taishang, when wandering, his body was mistakenly cremated as a disciple, and his wandering soul had nowhere to return. It started with the body of a hungry man. Unkempt, naked and lame, water sprayed on bamboo sticks and turned into iron bars, so it was called "Tie Guai Li".

According to folk historical records, he was famous for his talent and intelligence in Pakistan when he was young. Li Er rode an ox to Pakistan, and he had the opportunity to know Li Xuan when he was a child. Seeing his extraordinary understanding, the King of Pakistan invited Li Xuan to be an official many times, but he refused. In 3 16 BC, Pakistan was destroyed by Qin Huiwen. At that time, years of war, people living in poverty, starving everywhere. After becoming an immortal, Tie Guai Li specialized in pharmacology, refined the ointment for treating rheumatism and bone pain, saved all beings in Enze Village, won the support of the people, and was named "King of Medicine".

2, Han Zhongli, the original compound surname, name right, later changed to MG, Yantai people, word, number and millet, also known as Zhengyangzi. According to legend, it was like a fire when it was born. Because of Tie Guai Li's enlightenment, he went up the mountain to learn Taoism. After going down the mountain, fly swords to cut tigers and donate money to help the people. Finally, he ascended to Lv Dongbin with his brother Jane on the same day. The archetypes of his characters appeared in the Five Dynasties and the early Song Dynasty. His deeds were recorded in the Chronicle of Xuanhe, Jane Yizhi and History of Song Dynasty. It was only later mistaken for the separation of Korea and China and attached to the Han Dynasty. Books such as "The Mirror of Immortals in Past Dynasties" and "A General Examination of Continued Documents" say that Zhong Liquan and Li Zhongfu are named Yunfangzi and Zhengyangzi. A native of Xianyang in the Eastern Han Dynasty, his father Zhong was a general of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and his brother Zhong was a corps commander, who later became an immortal. In the Tang Dynasty, there was indeed a man named Zhong Liquan. His three quatrains are recorded in all Tang poems, and it is said that "Xianyang people, when they meet an old friend, get a fairy trick, and when they meet a real person in Huayang, they go to Wang Xianren and spread to Kongtong Mountain. They were named Mr. Fang Yun, and then they went immortal. " The poems he left in the world are called Three Poems to Avoid Chang 'an Restaurant, including "Always bring a pot of wine when sitting and lying down, and don't teach your eyes to know the imperial city", "It's not easy to get the word, so I'm willing to follow it when I return", which is quite "fairy flavor" and should be a good man.

The legend about his birth is very vivid. It is said that one day, a giant strode into his mother's inner room and said loudly, "I am Huang Shenshi in ancient times, and I am a nurse here." Suddenly, I saw different lights burning like fire, and then Han Zhong was born. When he was born, he was as old as a 3-year-old child. He was born with a lucky face, a round forehead, thick ears and long eyebrows, a big mouth and cheeks, long lips and round arms. What's more strange is that he is silent day and night, and he doesn't cry or eat. Until the seventh day, he suddenly said: "I am traveling in Zifu, and the book is Yujing." This sentence alarmed his parents. Because Zifu and Yujing are the Miyagi of the Jade Emperor in the sky, they thought he was a reincarnation of a fairy, and their parents hoped that he would take more power when he grew up, so they named him Quan. It is said that when Li Zhong grew up, he served as an ancient adviser in the imperial court. Later, he was called to Tibet, defeated and lived in seclusion in Zhong Nanshan. When I met King Donghua, I got the real recipe for longevity, followed by fire and dragon sword. Later, I met a real person in Huayang and taught him Taiyi Drunken Road, Fireman then Road and Dong Xiao Xuanxuan Road. Finally, I got the secret that the No.4 peak jade box was forbidden in Kongtong Mountain and became a fairy. Legend has it that he transformed Lv Dongbin in the Tang Dynasty and was one of the five northern ancestors of Taoism.

3. Lv Dongbin, namely Lv Yan, is named Dong Bin and Chunzi. The myths and legends about him probably originated in Yuezhou area in the Northern Song Dynasty. There are many stories reflected in novels and operas.

Lv Dongbin was born in Hezhongfu, Zhou Pu (now Yongle Town, Ruicheng, Shanxi). Formerly known as "Xie" or "Yan", the word Dong Bin, the word Hang He, the road number Chunyangzi, posthumous title Hui people. Lv Dongbin is the founder of Quanzhen Taoism, the mainstream in the world, a famous fairy in China legend and one of the Eight Immortals of Taoism. Whether in Taoism or in folk beliefs, it has an extremely important position. His poems are included in The Complete Poems of Tang Dynasty and The Summary of Ci. In the Song Dynasty, Luo Dajing's A Record of He Lin Yu, Hong Mai's Jian Yizhi and Ji Xian Zhuan all recorded it. Tang Xiantong was in the middle and served as county magistrate twice. It is said that he is from Jiujiang, originally an imperial clan of the Tang Dynasty, and his surname is Li. In order to avoid the disaster of the marquis of Wu, he changed his surname to Lu. He made his debut as Shao Guang, who spent more than 20 years in the imperial examination, so he traveled around the world and was enlightened by Zhong Liquan. He is one of the most humane Eight Immortals. He is handsome and funny, and he is good at eliminating violence for the people. He is also good at drinking and lusting. There is a legend of "Three Performances by Lu" in the world. There are numerous legends about him, but we can also see that he was originally a scholar who longed for Taoism in the Tang Dynasty, and was later deified into a fairy. Up to now, Lv Zu Temple in Yuanjiashan, built by Yuan Keli, the minister of the Ministry of War of the Ming Dynasty, is still preserved in Sui County, Henan Province.

4. He Xiangu, formerly known as He Xiugu, was born in the period of Wu Zetian in the Tang Dynasty. When she was born, Ziyun walked around the room with six beams of light overhead. Smart and agile since childhood, brilliant. /kloc-When she was 0/5 years old, she dreamed that God taught her to eat mica powder, so she was as light as a fly, shuttling between the mountains, going out every morning and picking berries at night to honor her mother. Later, when Wu Zetian heard about it, she sent messengers to invite her, but she didn't know the direction halfway. Some people say that she flew in Tang Zhongzong on the eighth day of August. There is also a saying that when He Xiangu entered the mountain at the age of 13, he met a fairy named Lv Dongbin and Lv Ci. After eating, he was not hungry, and he could predict good or bad luck, which was quite effective. People in the village regarded him as a god and built a building for them to live in. Later, Lv Dongbin became an immortal.

He Xiangu is the only female of the Eight Immortals, and there are different opinions about her life experience. She comes from the Tang Dynasty. At the beginning of the Song Dynasty, Guang Yi was quoted as "He Erniang" in Taiping Guangji. She is a peasant woman who knits shoes. Later, because her home was too stuffy, she swam in Luofu Mountain, lived in a mountain temple, and often collected wild fruits for monks to eat in. Once, a monk from Zhou Xun Mountain Temple, 400 miles away, came to Luofushan Temple and said that one day a fairy went there to pick bayberries. It was verified that that day was the day when Ernian picked the fruit. Besides, everyone doesn't know where Ernian picked so many wild fruits, so she thinks Ernian is a fairy who picks fruits in Zhou Xun Mountain Temple. From then on, Ernian became famous and no longer lived in a mountain temple. "Continued Examination" said that when Tang was born, He Xiangu was from Zengcheng, Guangdong. When he was born, there were six bright lights on his head, and he was born with a "fairy family". At the age of thirteen, he met a Taoist in the mountains and ate a peach. From then on, he was neither hungry nor thirsty, and he was as light as a fly, and he could foresee the fortunes of life. Later, she was called to Beijing and left halfway. She is from the Song Dynasty. The notes of some scholars in the Song Dynasty often refer to her as a native of Yongzhou (Lingling) in the Northern Song Dynasty. Some people say that when she was young, she met strangers and became famous for eating peaches. It is said that she was grazing in the country, and when she met a stranger, she gave dates and ate them and became immortal. The notes of the Song Dynasty also recorded some deeds of He Xiangu's divination and fortune prediction for others. At that time, scholars and curious people rushed to other places for divination.

Lan Caihe was a hermit in the Tang Dynasty. This story was first seen in Shen Fen's Biography of Immortals in the Southern Tang Dynasty. Xu Mingjie, whose real name is Botong, is one of the Eight Immortals in China folk and Taoist legends (6 15-760). He was born in Shishi, the ancient town of Tanghe in the Tang Dynasty. Here, he was born in Qinghai, Qinghai Lake and Kunlun Mountain. Yuan zaju Lan Cai He said that his surname was Xu Mingjie. Blue Cai He is his musical name.

His deeds are recorded in Shen Fen's Biography of Immortals in the Southern Tang Dynasty, Tai Ping Guang Ji in the Early Song Dynasty and Lu You's Book of Southern Tang Dynasty. He was from the late Tang Dynasty to the Five Dynasties. He is eccentric and likes drinking and singing. He usually wears a tattered blue shirt, boots on one foot and bare feet on the other. What's more unnatural is that he wears cotton-padded clothes in summer, but he lies in the snow and is steaming in winter (continuing fairy tales). Usually, he holds a big clapper more than three feet, while playing bamboo boards, while begging along the street. He sings a lot of songs, most of which are touching the scene, which makes the world feel unfathomable and fairy-like. He's crazy. When someone gives him money, he will probably donate it to the poor. Lan Caihe has no fixed place to live, and is at home everywhere. He has been seen in childhood and old age, and his appearance remains the same. Later, when he got drunk at Haoliang Restaurant, there was the sound of a cloud crane playing the flute. Suddenly, he flew into the clouds, dropped his boots and belt, and left Ran Ran.

6. Zhang, also known as. Originally a Taoist priest in the Tang Dynasty, it is said that he lived in seclusion in Tiaoshan, Hengzhou, and Tang Wuze claimed to be a hundred years old. When Wuhou told him to come out of the mountain, he pretended to be dead. I often ride a white donkey upside down and go to Wan Li every day.

There is a real Zhang Guo in history. In the first century of the Tang Dynasty, Zhang Guo, named as an immortal by Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, was recorded as a "Guangzong Xingzhou native" (now a native of Zhangguzhai Village, Guangzong County, Hebei Province). There are old and new books in the Tang Dynasty. When Wu Zetian lived in seclusion in Zhongtiao Mountain, everyone said that he had the secret of immortality. He claims to be several hundred years old. Wu Zetian sent messengers to summon him. In the twenty-first year of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, Wei Ji, the secretariat of Hengzhou, played his anecdotes to the emperor. Xuanzong called him, and Zhang Guo pretended to be dead. It took him a long time to wake up, so the messenger was afraid to go forward. Xuanzong heard about it and sent Xu Jiao to invite him. Zhang Guo has to go to Beijing. He is good at magic, and often lives in seclusion in Zhongtiao Mountain in Hengzhou, shuttling between Fenjin and China. According to folklore, he lived for hundreds of years, so people call him Zhang. It is said that when Emperor Taizong and Tang Gaozong knew about this, they sent messengers to the palace to summon him, but he didn't want to go. In the Wu Zetian period, he had to be called out of the mountain and play dead halfway. In the period of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, Xuanzong sent messengers to invite him to the palace and named him "Dr. Yin Lu" and "Mr. Xuan Tong". Later, Xuanzong prepared to betroth his daughter to him. He sang, "My daughter-in-law got a princess and was born on the flat ground. People like her, but I am afraid." In the end, I didn't agree to this marriage. I quit my job and went back to the mountain. I walked halfway and died in Wupu County, Hengshan Mountain. Disciples said that they had become immortals, and Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty ordered the establishment of qixia temple as a sacrifice in the local area.

It is said that Tang Xuanzong doubted his rumors. He once asked Xing Hepu, who was good at calculating the good and evil of dying young, to tell Zhang's fortune. I don't know Zhang Jiazi, but a teacher is good at ghosts. Xuanzong asked him to see Zhang Guo, but he asked, "Where is Zhang Guo?" I can't see across the street that "Tai Ping Guang Ji" also records that Zhang claimed to be Emperor Yao. When Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty asked the warlock "Ye Fashan" Zhang about his origin, Ye Fashan said, "If you dare not speak, you will die." Later, he said, "Zhang Guo is a white bat essence in the beginning of chaos." He fell to the ground dead. After Xuanzong intervened, Zhang Guo saved him.

7. Han Xiangzi, whose real name is Qingfu, is Han Yu's nephew. According to legend, Han Xiang studied Taoism in his early years, followed Lv Chunyang, and then died under a peach tree and in a corpse.

It is said that he was the nephew of Han Yu in the Tang Dynasty, and his real name was Han Xiang. Its image is a handsome man holding a flute. Legend has it that the Prime Minister of the Han Dynasty appeased a daughter named Lingling, who was both talented and beautiful. Is engaged to Han Xiang. However, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty wanted to marry her to the emperor and nephew to appease her, but he strongly disagreed. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was furious and dismissed Han Xiang. Lingling died of grief, and Han Xianghua became a white crane. Inspired by Zhong Liquan and Lv Dongbin, he became the son of Han Hui in Changli County, whose real name was Xiangzi. He lost his father at an early age and was raised by his uncle Han Yu. When I grew up, I learned the art of spiritual practice from Zhong and Lu Erxian. Han Yu strongly opposed it and scolded him. As a result, Han Xiangzi became a monk and lived in seclusion in Zhong Nanshan Temple, and achieved a positive result, ranking among the Eight Immortals. Later, Han Xiangzi deformed his uncle Han Yu many times, but Han Yu didn't realize it many times. Later, Han Yu was banished to Chaoyang and passed through Languan, where he was caught in heavy snow and frozen in the snow. Xiangzi came to clear the way and point out the maze. Han Yu finally realized that he had become a fairy.

8. Cao Guojiu, surnamed Cao, is from Xuzhou. It's Cao's younger brother, so he's called my uncle. Because of his brother Jing's crime of unlawful homicide, Cao Jing endured humiliation and retired, lived in seclusion in the rocks, dressed in wild clothes and determined to fix the truth. After the transformation of Zhong Liquan and Lv Dongbin, Cao Guojiu became a true secret and became a monk, and was introduced to Xianban by Zhong Liquan and Lv Dongbin. Among the Eight Immortals, his deeds are the least and his background is the latest.

His life experience is similar, which is related to the Cao Empress. There is a legend in the history of Song Dynasty, Cao Shu, the word Gong Bo, the grandson of Cao Bin, and the brother of Cao Empress. He is gentle and easy-going, familiar with temperament and loves to write poems. He was crowned King of Jiyang County, and he lived a smooth life at the age of 72. As Xianjing said, Cao Guojiu was pure and kind, did not like wealth, but yearned for the immortal way, while his younger brother was arrogant and illegal, relying on the situation to run amok. Cao Guojiu was deeply ashamed of his evil deeds, so he went into the mountains to practice, met Zhong Liquan and Lv Dongbin, and became a disciple. Cao Guojiu soon became a fairy road. Cao Guojiu described in The Journey to the West is similar to the above.