Critical Thinking of Chaos University

The cognitive boundary of 1. 1 is not a boundary composed of experience and knowledge, but a boundary cast by thinking structure. People's predicament and tragedy come from this, and we are trapped in it and can't get out. On the other hand, every progress of human civilization stems from logical changes. If these boundaries are broken again and again, mankind will make progress.

1.2 It used to be thought that scientists inherited the previous generation from generation to generation, and moved towards the truth one by one. Later, it was discovered that later scientists were not the inheritors of predecessors, but simply "out of place." The older generation of scientists were imprisoned in the "paradigm" of the older generation. The so-called scientific progress is actually that the later generation has changed the life of the previous generation. For example, only by admitting that Newton's mechanics is wrong can we fully accept Einstein's theory of relativity and science progress.

1.3 The same is true of the growth of life. If we find a basic point outside our own boundary, just look back at the boundary, and the boundary we originally lived in will be gone … So your space, your breath and your freedom will be greatly increased, although it will still be within a boundary, but this boundary is even bigger. This is what the movie The Truman Show tells.

1.4 You need someone who tied the bell to solve the problem. The boundary is defined by the thinking logic model, and the key to break through the boundary is also in the thinking model. What tools can help us break the thinking mode? This tool is called critical thinking.

2. 1 Everyone is a digger. Bee digging effect. What makes you so sure that you are not a digger? Man is a brain with two brains, system-intuition is determined by genes, system-dualism is determined by thinking, and rationality is determined by the established thinking mode in the subject's brain. 99% of human behavior is determined by genes. Spontaneous reaction and intuition are no different from digging bees. The so-called "follow your feelings". The rationality of 1% is determined by the established mode of thinking, which is just "justifying itself" for intuition.

For millions of years, rapid decision-making has been the first element of survival, and it has evolved to the extent of being constructed into genes. This is how the system came into being. In the past 30 years, cognitive psychology and neuroscience research have found that there are many spontaneous mental modules in genes, which is the same as digging bees. For example, in face recognition mode, a baby can recognize his mother soon after birth, distinguish facial expressions in a few days and recognize different faces in six months. Now the artificial intelligence invented by Li Feifei, a professor at Stanford University, is very powerful, but only a computer can identify whether an animal is a cat or a dog. And children can do it in six months. So for people: genes are decision makers and brains are executors.

2.3 gene mutation for millions of years. The human cognitive revolution began 70,000 years ago, and it was too late for gene mutation. Therefore, the rational model is not a genetic model, but a "cultural evolution", which is the fast lane. A brief history of mankind

3. 1, whether it is called mental model, thinking model or thinking model, is a rational tool evolved by human beings, regardless of what kind of expression. Charles Munger's mode of thinking determinism: We think we have a rational decision, but in fact, 99% of the decisions are decided by the established mode of thinking. Maybe some people don't even know there is such a thinking mode.

3.2 In short, 99% of human decisions are embedded in genes, and this part of intuition is beyond our control, but 1% is determined by established thinking patterns, which forge the boundaries of our lives. Breaking this boundary is the only way to progress. Therefore, the so-called effective learning must be training how to think, not how to obtain information.

3.3 Chaos University's educational philosophy, one is thinking mode, and the other is deliberate practice. Most people make decisions by intuition. We hope that very few people can guide our intuition with reason through training. The object of training is the thinking model, while reason is lazy and usually does not start. How to make it the same routine as "built in genes"? Through deliberate practice.

4. 1 Thinking patterns are important, but are they all good? Are they all good for people? Are we controlling the thinking mode, or is the thinking mode controlling us?

4.2 Do genes serve us or do we serve genes? In the book Selfish Genes, we humans and all living things exist only to help genes replicate. Today, the mainstream scientific community recognizes this view. Man is not the spirit of all things, but the survival machine of genes.

5. 1 Why do smart people do stupid things? One is the lack of correct thinking mode, and the other is that there are some harmful thinking modes in the brain, and the latter is more harmful. For example, in Beyond IQ, among Americans today, 40% believe in supernatural phenomena, 25% believe in astrology, 46% believe in psychotherapy, 49% believe in demon possession, 37% believe in haunted houses, 32% believe in ghosts, 14% have seen fortune-tellers, and 10% think of themselves and themselves. If we do research and statistics in China, the figure will definitely be higher. These polluted thinking patterns should be washed away.

5.2 What should I do? If we want to live a wise life, we must evaluate our thinking mode. Academic vocabulary is critical thinking. It is divided into two tools, the philosophical tool is called logical three connections, and the scientific tool is called falsifiability. These two tools are basically enough to clean more than 70% of the polluted thinking patterns.

6. 1 logical consistency. As I said before, it is frustrating that there is no truth in this world, but it makes us very scared. What should we judge to make decisions and take actions? There is no absolute truth, but there is temporary correctness. What is right? The criteria are logical consistency: self-consistency (belief is consistent with observed evidence), other consistency (belief can be consistent with other unverifiable beliefs, especially basic subject knowledge) and continuous consistency (compatible with emerging experience and information). It is not that some beliefs must be true, but if they are logically consistent within a boundary, they can be determined to be correct and can be used as a basis for judging decisions and actions.

6.2 Most of our daily beliefs can't pass the test of logical consistency. At present, there are: the law of entropy increase, relativity, quantum mechanics, natural selection, diminishing compensation and so on.

6.3 With the progress of science, is the accuracy getting higher or lower? The knowledge update speed is fast, the technology progress speed is fast, the product update speed is faster and faster ... the accuracy is declining.

6.4 Deliberate practice: No matter how much you like or hate an idea, you should first test whether the logic behind it is self-consistent. An opinion, no matter how many people and how authoritative it is, will be questioned if it is illogical. We should abandon "practice is the only criterion for testing truth" and adopt "logical consistency is the only criterion for testing correctness". Of course, without basic philosophical and scientific thinking, all the big talk above is nonsense.

7. 1 The second tool of critical thinking comes from science: falsifiability. There are four criteria to test the thinking mode in Robot Rebellion. First, avoid installing models that are harmful to you (such as calling for suicide, no matter how collective it is for anyone, no matter how great it is disguised as a slogan). Second, try to install only belief models that reflect the true face of the world (such as basic science before 12). Third, try to install only models that do not exclude other possibilities (because real thinking models are inclusive). Fourth, it is important to avoid those thinking patterns that resist evaluation (this is the most harmful, and it is a blatant resistance to evaluation and questioning, such as "believing is spiritual, not believing is invalid" and "elf hypothesis").

7.2 Western scientific thinking is nothing more than "hypothesis" and "proof". The first step is to put forward a hypothesis, and the second step is to prove it. There are two ways to prove the hypothesis, one is the confirmation method, and the other is the falsification method. We use the confirmation method every day (if a hypothesis is right, there will be relevant evidence, if there is relevant evidence, the hypothesis is right), but more importantly, the falsification method (if a hypothesis is right, there will be relevant evidence, if there is no relevant evidence, the hypothesis is wrong). A theoretical hypothesis that cannot provide a falsification method is not recognized by the scientific community.

7.3 Whether you have falsifiability is the first indicator to distinguish science from pseudoscience. This was put forward by Karl Popper, who proposed that three things are not science and cannot be falsified, including Freud's psychology, astrology and individualism.

Summary: The premise of critical thinking is that all our behaviors are actually determined by genes and thinking patterns. Thinking patterns exist independently of us, and many of them are harmful and must be evaluated. This evaluation method is critical thinking. It has two tools, one in philosophy is called logical three connections, and the other in science is called falsifiability. Mastering these two tools, 70% of all kinds of strange thinking patterns can be washed away.

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