Hakka dialect in Heyuan, Guangdong Province

The source sound of Heyuan City is the oldest Hakka dialect! ~ ~ Of course, there is a close relationship between Hakka water source sound, Hakka eastern Guangdong sound and She language. In particular, Hakka water source sounds are very close to She dialect, and basically belong to the same dialect. Hakka dialect (including water source sound and Yuedong sound) belongs to the same language as the She nationality, and the biggest difference between them is not in language, but in culture, customs and traditions. In a certain context, we can even say that the Hakkas of the Han nationality refer to some Han people who speak She language. However, as Han people, Hakka people (including Suwon and Yuedong) are not easy to accept this statement emotionally. In the opinion of some experts, it should be said that the language of She nationality has been "sinicized" or "Hakka". The current reality is that if she language is regarded as Hakka of Han nationality, then "she is not her"; If the Hakka dialect of the Han nationality (including water source sound and eastern Guangdong sound) is regarded as She language, it is also "overthrowing the existence of Hakka". Therefore, it can only be said that in history, she nationality and Hakka people have close relations, frequent interactions and far-reaching mutual influence.

Heyuan Hakka water source sound comes from Jiangyou, which is the earliest Hakka dialect.

In Heyuan city, Hakka dialect is divided into water source sound and eastern Guangdong sound. Shuiyuanyin is a dialect of Dongjiang water source. In fact, the earliest old guests from Jiangxi said when they arrived at the gathering place, and they would never move again. Shuiyuanyin is the earliest Hakka dialect that flowed from the Central Plains to Longchuan, Heyuan and Huizhou via Jiangxi, so it is also called Hakka ancient sound. The sound of water source spreads along the Dongjiang River basin. This is the route of Zhao Tuo, the king of South Vietnam, and it is also the route of Jiangxi's old customers going south on a large scale. The earliest gathering place of Hakka ancestors was Longchuan Tuocheng. Historically, Tuocheng was the earliest place to establish a county government. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, Tuocheng had convenient land and water transportation, and Hakka ancestors lived in Tuocheng, so it was natural to form a stable voice in Tuocheng. Judging from the distribution of water source sound, it spreads from Tuocheng to northern Guangdong, Guangzhou, Huizhou and Zengcheng. Therefore, Hakka dialect was first introduced to Guangdong, and it was regarded as the water source sound of local dialect, which spread from Tuocheng, and the water source sound of Tuocheng is the most representative Hakka ancient sound.

Ruan Yuan's "Guangdong Tongzhi" volume 93 quoted "Changning County Records": "There are two dialects, one is the sound of water, and the other is the sound of mountains. According to legend, when the city was built, Fujian people came here to be Yi Shan, and the people on the right side of the river were the water source. Every country is different and similar. " Changning County was established in Qin Long three years after analyzing Heyuan, Wengyuan and Yingde in Ming Dynasty. Because of this, in the third year of the Republic of China, the Qing Dynasty was renamed Xinfeng County. Although there were counties in the Ming Dynasty, they were not compiled and passed down from generation to generation. Its earliest county annals are Changning County Annals 10, edited by Wu in the 9th year of Qing Dynasty. According to the Records of Huizhou Prefecture in the Ming Dynasty, "There are many accents in the county, which are close to Shan and Heyuan and slightly to the right." At that time, the Hakka dialects in Guishan (now Huiyang) and Heyuan were the closest to the pronunciation at that time (that is, the Mandarin of the Ming Dynasty, that is, the Mandarin at that time). Therefore, Hakka dialects in Huizhou and Heyuan in Ming Dynasty were close to Mandarin. Therefore, Hakka people from all over the world should regard Huizhou and Heyuan Hakka dialects as one of the standard sounds of modern Hakka dialects.

Cai Yongjian (1776 ~ 1835), a Fujian research expert, wrote in Miscellanies of Xishan: "There are seven provinces in Fujian, and their regions are Sheshi, Sanshan, Jianzhoushan, Shaowu Wuyi, Longmen in Zhangyan, Wu Tai in southern Zhang Jun and Guangdong in Gan Ting. Cai Yong, a native of Dongshi, Jinjiang, was born between Qianlong and Daoguang years (Li Jiaqing Dynasty). Because of his resistance to the Qing Dynasty, the Seven Zubo was shunned by the Qing court, and he "abandoned literature and sailed the boat, expanded the sea and prospered the field" and traveled overseas to learn from others. His manuscript of Miscellaneous Notes on the Western Hills contains "Ganting Yueshan", which was later revised and finalized as "Hakka". This historical fact can prove that Cai Yongyuan lived in the era when the word "Hakka" appeared. Probably he didn't hear the word "Hakka" at first, but later he heard about it and wrote it in Miscellanies of Xishan. In addition, he also called Guangdong, Deshan, Shejia in the whole county, Wuyi in Shaowu and so on. It can be seen that Hakkas, She people and Nuo people are not unified with each other, but are just similar and close to each other. In addition, by the way, some people now think that the She nationality originated from "Shanyue". From the manuscripts preserved by Cai Yongjian, it can be seen that it was the Hakka people, not the She people, who were considered as "Shanyue" at that time.

It was not until the 1930s that the word "Hakka" began to appear overseas.

China immigrants from Fujian and Guangdong came to Singapore and Malaya because they were "strangers" and out of the need of safety, mutual assistance and customs, Chinese communities with language affinity and geography as the link came into being. In his book "Social History of Chinese in Singapore and Malaysia", Mr. Yan made statistics on Chinese guilds in Singapore and Malaysia in the early period (1801-kloc-0/870), including "dialect organizations" and "clan organizations". It can be said that dialect organization is a regional organization and clan organization is a blood organization. There are 33 dialect organizations, including Hakka dialect, Minnan dialect, Zhao Guang dialect, Chaozhou dialect and Sanjiang dialect. Hakka dialect organizations are 10, that is, there are (1) Jiaying Society, (2) Huizhou Society of Malacca, (3) Chayang Society of Malacca, (4) He Ying Society of Malacca, (5) Huizhou Society of Penang, (6) He Ying Society of Xingzhou and (7) Penang. Note: Hakka gangs are divided into three branches: Jiaying, Chaoting and Huifu. The jiaying school consists of five genera of jiaying; Chaoting Gang consists of Tai Po, Fengshun, Hepo, Huilai in Chaozhou and Tingzhou in Fujian. Huifugang consists of ten genera of Huizhou Prefecture and four counties of Zengcheng, Longmen, Dongguan and Baoan in Dongjiang River Basin in eastern Guangzhou.

The first "Penang Jiaying Guild Hall" was founded in 180 1 year (the sixth year of Qing Jiaqing), and it was the first Chinese Guild Hall in Singapore and Malaysia. It was founded by Hakkas in Meixian, Jiaoling, Xingning, Wuhua, Pingyuan and other places, but it was not named "Hakka" or "Hakka", but was named after its prefecture and county names in Tangshan. Clubs organized by Hakkas in America and Africa are no exception. Most of them named the guild hall after "harmony between people" and "benevolence". For example, people and clubs in San Francisco (1854), Panama (1858) and Mauritius (1877). "Harmony among people" and "benevolence" both have the same meaning, and "harmony" means hoping that fellow villagers will "abide by etiquette and justice, help each other with one heart and one mind, and don't have their own opinions". In addition, there are five people in Jiaying, and the guild hall they established is also named after He. For example, the "harmony" of "He Ying Guild Hall" also means this; "Ying" refers to Jiaying V). From the name of the guild hall, we can see that Hakka people pay attention to peace and unity. It was not until 1930s that Hakka communities named after "Hakka", "Hakka" and "Chongzheng" appeared, such as Singapore Hakka Association (1929) (the predecessor of Nanyang Hakka Association), Chekamer Hakka Association (1936) and Gulai Hakka Association (65449). The words "Hakka" and "Hakka" have been added to the name of the guild hall.

The naming of early Hakka clubs in Nanyang and other areas shows that until the middle of the Qing Dynasty, the Hakka people living in the base camp of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, now Meizhou City, did not have a particularly clear concept of "I am a Hakka". At that time, all they could identify with was blood, geography and language.

The word "Hakka" can only be traced back to Guangdong Province after Qing Yongzheng.

The reason why the appellation of "Hakka" appeared was the reclamation tide caused by "moving the sea to restore the border" in the early Qing Dynasty; Guangzhou fu, Zhaoqing and Huizhou coastal areas first appeared, mainly in Guangzhou and Zhao. It is a general term for Hakka immigrants from Jiangxi, Fujian, Chaozhou, Jiaxing and Huizhou by local Cantonese-speaking aborigines. Therefore, the appellation of "Hakkas" appeared during the fourth great migration of Hakkas, and the earliest time was after the promulgation of the "Re-demarcation Order" in the 23rd year of Kangxi (1684).

Hakka base camp (Meizhou) has no tradition of calling itself "Hakka".

For people who live in the base camp where Hakka people live in northern Guangdong, eastern Guangdong and even southern Jiangxi and western Fujian, they are surrounded by the same kind, and there is no condition or need to agree with the new name "Hakka". Therefore, when they moved to Sichuan, they naturally did not bring the word "Hakka". They only know that they are from Guangdong. "Cantonese" is a natural proposition, which is embodied in the naming of the guild hall. They named their own guild hall "Guangdong Guild Hall".

Although there is a saying of "Hakka" in Taiwan Province Province, it does not refer to the people who speak Hakka.

There is no record of "Hakka" in Taiwan Province literature in the late Qing Dynasty, which is the biggest difference from Guangdong literature in the Qing Dynasty. Even the words "Hakkas", "Hakkas" and "Hakkas" recorded in the ancient books of Taiwan Province Province in the Qing Dynasty are not only used to refer to "Hakkas", but also refer to those who have crossed the ocean without obtaining the household registration in Taiwan Province Province, including Fujian people. This situation is very different from that of Guangdong Province in the Qing Dynasty.